Orthoptera, Ensifera, Grylloidea)

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Orthoptera, Ensifera, Grylloidea) Pedro Guilherme Barrios de Souza Dias Análise cladística e morfologia do complexo fálico de Phalangopsidae, com ênfase em Luzarinae (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Grylloidea) Cladistic analysis and morphology of phallic complex of Phalangopsidae, with emphasis in Luzarinae (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Grylloidea) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, na área de Zoologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Silvio Shigueo Nihei São Paulo 2015 i Ficha Catalográfica Souza-Dias, Pedro Guilherme Barrios de Sistemática das espécies brasileiras de Phalangopsidae, com ênfase em Luzarinae (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Grylloidea) X + 170p. Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Orthoptera . 2. Grylloidea. 3. Grilo. 4. Taxonomia. 5. Complexo fálico I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof. Dr. Silvio Shigueo Nihei Orientador ii Às minhas mulheres, Mãe, avó e irmã iii Mama told me when I was young Come sit beside me, my only son And listen closely to what I say. And if you do this It will help you some sunny day. Take your time... Don't live too fast, Troubles will come and they will pass. Go find a woman and you'll find love, And don't forget son, There is someone up above. And be a simple kind of man. Be something you love and understand. Forget your lust for the rich man's gold All that you need is in your soul, And you can do this if you try. All that I want for you my son, Is to be satisfied. Boy, don't you worry... you'll find yourself. Follow you heart and nothing else. And you can do this if you try. All that I want for you my son, Is to be satisfied. Lynyrd Skynyrd iv Agradecimentos Ao Dr. Silvio Shigueo Nihei, sou muito grato por confiar em meu trabalho e me aceitar como aluno de seu laboratório, mesmo estudando um grupo distinto. Obrigado pela confiança, pelos conselhos, pelo auxílio em campo, pela compreensão e pela amizade, pois o considero, além de orientador, um amigo. Este trabalho não seria possível sem todo o seu apoio material e pessoal. Muito obrigado! Ao Dr. Andrej Gorochov, pela recepção em São Petersburgo e toda a atenção para que o aluno brasileiro não passasse frio, pelas ótimas conversas regadas a café, pela paciência nas explicações e pelos grilos e livros cedidos; À Dra. Laure Desutter-Grandcolas, por ter me recebido tão bem em Paris (como na China), por estar sempre aberta a discussões, ouvindo e respeitando minhas opiniões, e por ter aberto as portas de seu laboratório e da coleção de grilos do MNHN; Ao Dr. Francisco de Assis Ganeo de Mello (Chico), por ter me ensinado taxonomia, pelas discussões, pelo empréstimo de material e por deixar sempre as portas de seu laboratório abertas; Ao Dr. Edison Zefa, pelas ótimas conversas e conselhos, por ter me apresentado os grilos há 12 anos e pelo empréstimo de material; À Profa. Dra. Eliana Marques Cancello, pelo empréstimo dos tipos do MZSP; Ao Dr. Márcio Bolfarini, querido amigo sempre presente, pela amizade, pelos causos, e todas as nossas discussões e conversas nestes últimos anos, além da parceria inestimável; À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa concedida, além da bolsa PDSE para a realização de meus estudos em São Petersburgo; Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, em especial ao prof. Dr. Marcelo Rodrigues de Carvalho, por todo o apoio financeiro durante meu doutoramento, financiando expedições de coleta e participação em congressos; À Pro-Reitoria de Pós–Graduação da Universidade de São Paulo pelo auxílio concedido para participar do congresso de orthopterologia na China; v À Secretaria de Pós-Graduação, especialmente a Lilian Parpinelli por toda a ajuda durante o doutoramento, principalmente nos últimos meses; Ao Dr. Marcelo Ribeiro Pereira, pelo empréstimo de material de Viçosa; Aos pesquisadores do projeto “Biota de Orthoptera do Brasil” MCT/CNPq/MMA/MEC/CAPES/FNDCT—Ação Transversal/FAPs No. 47/2010—, em especial ao Dr. Carlos Frankl Sperber, por ter me inserido no projeto e pela disponibilização de material; Aos amigos do laboratório, em especial o “Anderson” Tama, “Rodrigo” Primo, “Mayra” Bala, “Lucas” Tropeço, “Filipe” Mutreta e Daniel Máximo; Aos amigos do Departamento de Zoologia, em especial a Julia Benetti, Renato Nagata, Orlemir Carrerete, Thiago Loboda, João Paulo “Mamilo”, Jorge Audino, Karla e Alípio pela convivência e amizade nos últimos anos; À Mariane Targino, pela paciência, companhia, revisão crítica dos textos e imprescindível ajuda. Seu apoio foi fundamental para a conclusão deste estudo. Muito obrigado! Ao querido amigo Domingos Garrone Neto (Netão), pelo suporte e, principalmente, pela grande amizade; Ao meu grande amigo Ícaro Nunes, há 15 anos sempre presente; À minha família de São Paulo: Douglas Rodrigues, mais que um amigo, um irmão, e ao Carlos Roberto Guinossi, um grande primo-irmão. O apoio destes dois figuras foi fundamental para o término deste estudo; Por fim, mas não menos importante, à minha família: à minha mãe, avó e irmã, por me transformarem no que eu sou hoje. Sou ainda eternamente grato às minhas tias, especialmente as tias Bela, Gringa, Enir e Inês pelo suporte nesses tempos de turbulência. vi Sumário Resumo ................................................................................................................... vi Abstract .................................................................................................................. vii Introdução Geral ................................................................................................. 1 Referências Bibliográficas .................................................................................. 4 Objetivos .................................................................................................................6 Capítulo 1 – Terminologia genital e propostas de homologias para o complexo fálico de Phalangopsidae 1. Introdução ................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 A primeira terminologia de Chopard ........................................................................ 8 1.2 A terminologia de Walker ......................................................................................... 9 1.3 A terminologia de Snodgrass ................................................................................... 10 1.4 A segunda terminologia de Chopard ...................................................................... 12 1.5 A terminologia de Randell ....................................................................................... 14 1.6 A terminologia de Alexander & Otte ...................................................................... 14 1.7 A terminologia de Ander ......................................................................................... 15 1.8 A terminologia de Alejo Mesa ................................................................................. 16 1.9 A terminologia de Andrej Gorochov ....................................................................... 20 1.9.1 Evolução do complexo fálico ............................................................................... 21 1.9.2. Estruturas genitais presentes em Grylloidea ........................................................ 24 1.10 A terminologia de Laure Desutter-Grandcolas ...................................................... 27 1.10.1 Evolução do complexo fálico em Ensifera ......................................................... 28 1.10.2 Evolução do complexo fálico em Grylloidea ..................................................... 29 2. Material e Métodos. ................................................................................................ 37 2.1 Material examinado ................................................................................................. 37 2.2 Armazenamento, dissecção e exame do material .................................................... 38 3. Resultados e Discussão ............................................................................................ 40 3.1 Evolução do pseudoepífalo em Phalangopsidae ...................................................... 43 3.1.1 Lophi medianos ..................................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 Lophi laterais e baços pseudoepifálicos ............................................................... 46 3.1.3 Apódemas pseudoepifálicos e rami ...................................................................... 53 vii 3.1.4 Parâmeros pseudoepifálicos ................................................................................. 53 3.1 Evolução da invaginação ectofálica em Phalangopsidae ........................................ 56 3.1.1 Apódemas ectofálicos ventrais ............................................................................ 56 3.1.2 Arco ectofálico ..................................................................................................... 57 3.1.3 Projeções ectofálicas dorsais ................................................................................ 57 3.2.4 Projeções ectofálicas ventrais ............................................................................... 57 3.2.5 Dobra ectofálica ...................................................................................................
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