DOCSLIB.ORG

THE QUARTERLY REVIEW of BIOLOGY

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

VOL. 43, NO. I March, 1968 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW of BIOLOGY LIFE CYCLE ORIGINS, SPECIATION, AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN CRICKETS BY RICHARD D. ALEXANDER Museum of Zoology and Departmentof Zoology The Universityof Michigan,Ann Arbor ABSTRACT Seven general kinds of life cycles are known among crickets; they differ chieff,y in overwintering (diapause) stage and number of generations per season, or diapauses per generation. Some species with broad north-south ranges vary in these respects, spanning wholly or in part certain of the gaps between cycles and suggesting how some of the differences originated. Species with a particular cycle have predictable responses to photoperiod and temperature regimes that affect behavior, development time, wing length, bod)• size, and other characteristics. Some polymorphic tendencies also correlate with habitat permanence, and some are influenced by population density. Genera and subfamilies with several kinds of life cycles usually have proportionately more species in temperate regions than those with but one or two cycles, although numbers of species in all widely distributed groups diminish toward the higher lati­ tudes. The tendency of various field cricket species to become double-cycled at certain latitudes appears to have resulted in speciation without geographic isolation in at least one case. Intermediate steps in this allochronic speciation process are illustrated by North American and Japanese species; the possibility that this process has also occurred in other kinds of temperate insects is discussed. INTRODUCTION the Gryllidae at least to the Jurassic Period (Zeuner, 1939), and many of the larger sub­ RICKETS are insects of the Family families and genera have spread across two Gryllidae in the Order Orthoptera, or more continents. and are identifiable by their jump­ Crickets occupy today all of the major ing hind legs, three tarsal segments, terrestrial habitats between approximately lati­ C and long tactual cerci bearing tudes 55° N and 55° S, or, roughly, the region clumps of knobbed hairs. They range in body between the boundaries of the northern and length from l or 2 mm to over 50 mm. The southern coniferous forests, or taiga (Fig. l). family comprises some 2455 known species, In the course of achieving this broad distribu­ presently arranged in 14 subfamilies and about tion, they have evolved at least seven kinds of 333 genera (Table I). Fossil evidence dates life cycles, most of them more than once in 1 2 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY [VOLUME 43 various parts of the world. These different .!,"Cl .C:"t:1 ........ -i:: "'01 bO adjustments to climatic variation involve far 0 01 -~; fl d d "'-bl) "[t more than the simple synchronizing of resis­ ...~ ::Id l~ V -a-01 g ..o.~ ~"'..0 8 tant life stages with harsh seasons. Within vO 01 .C: d v~ <I.I 5l each species studied, there are also genetically u"' 01 s- ._,· C ~ ti ..0Ei "'V .,0 !'.l01 V and environmentally induced variations in 01 C: ..,"',2 0 8 0 t .., .... ."Cl j:l morphology, physiology, and behavior that are ::;; ~ ...... 0 ti si "Cl bO consistent with life cycle pattern, latitude, and < .....~ d "' ..: '\s ~ 0.. < -~ ., ..,-~i-s ..9 habitat. Particularly during the past two dec­ :c i·; ";' ~ ades, the nature of many of these phenomena, u .s~:a., ii.,o bl) ~ -~ '\? ;,.,.-~ ..0 § "o ... ~ including some of their probable origins and s . ~,d M """"o :::,"t:I 01 <I.I ., histories, has been clarified by parallel and ;a-~ ~ f;!·> v· v"t:I ~ v"t:I d O 01 e!'S; complementary investigations in Europe, 01 0 - ~~ s..8 ~s] - ., bl) s ...... Japan, Australia, and North America. (J This paper summarizes the available infor­ gd ,..;"0-i mation and compares variously related species z -~o..-~ 01 se .., 9 .8 ""; d.., in an attempt to reconstruct some of the evo­ --~ 'ii ;:;s 0.. .c: l::., -~ 8 ~ .., 0:, ... ·;:: <I.I <I.I 8 fa<:::, oz lutionary changes by which known combina­ z~ "t;I ~ :g :::, • =· tions of characteristics have come about. ~~ ~..:I .;:f': d 01 El -~ o..- -~= ~ gjg " -6 ~ ... d g-is :g ~ ~ ] 0 O;..: :E~ 8·t ... ::I KINDS OF LIFE CYCLES ~... ~ ~~ zo ..:1..: \..'.) Crickets are oviparous, hemimetabolous in­ -s" ,e .,; sects. Their eggs are injected into soil, plant ._ .., ..0..,... C .c: ..,"' .c: 01 01 stems, or twigs, or laid in burrows. There are fa< -j:l -£ ...l ;:;~ !'.i from five to twelve juvenile instars, or molt ~ -~ .., t:: .c:., .c:!'.i ,; < ..,z ~< ::I ,,, ... ~~ u stages, and the juveniles resemble the adults, r"' l ... ::I <I.I ~ ~ " :c ..0 ..0 ~ -eG ... live in the same general habitats, and eat the .£:) ,;; fl):.= ~~ ~t ..,;:! ..,u <I.I- _v same kinds of food. Most species studied seem l:: .........~ ~ ·s.E..,...... ]~ to eat either plant or animal food of a wide -s" ,,, variety; some tree crickets are believed to sub­ C ,,; el 0 0 - 0 <J:) sist largely on aphids, and some mole crickets .~ u 8 $ ,, z <J:) .;:,.. ; ~ on roots and earthworms. C .: ~ The seven general kinds of cricket life ~ ~ x cycles, six of which are illustrated in Figures 2 ~ ~ ~ .., C<") 0 ...... C<") and 3, are the following: z ~ .... <J:) "'< .., (l) Continuous breeding without any diapause "' c.; in environments without marked seasonal changes. Examples are Acheta domesticus (Lin­ .., !!l naeus), Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker) (species ~ !!l < <I.I ~ that are found around the world near human z ~u .::1... .., ,,, ·.:: u habitations, but that otherwise occur only in !!l u "t;I <I.I ti "t;I s ~ tropical regions); Gryllus assimilis Fabricius in O' ..:.: u <I.I d i -~ ·.:: OJ the West Indies, Mexico, and extreme southern ..,s u u ·a. ...l 0 er, <I.I ., bO United States (Florida, Texas, California); u <I.I -5i d ... ::I 0 Teleogryllus mitratus (Burmeister) in tropical !-< ~ ~ ...l Asia (Masaki and Ohmachi, 1967); and Tohila atelomma Hubbell, a cave inhabitant in Yu­ OJ >, <I.I 01 catan (Hubbell, 1938). [When references are .., .., <I.I 01 01 d .s est e ·;::: ,,, not given, life cycle determination is based on i i:: ·;::: Cl.. < i: 0 my studies. I have reared all species mentioned "' :g <I.I .., bl) ::,= i:: 0.. u d except Tohila atelomma, Myrmecophila ne­ 01 5 "' u 8 d -; <I.I d .., .c: brascensis, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, and those ..0 ..fa< ..i:i.. i:i.. :a~ n .....= TABLE I-Continued ! Scleropterinae Stiff-Winged Crickets 3 16 soil surface, leaf Palearctic, Ethiopian, medium to large; wings hard, horny, litter Oriental, Australian and opaque r, ~ Pteroplistinae Feather-Winged Crickets I 3 low herbs and water Oriental, Australian tiny, soft-bodied t'l surface C) "Trigonidiinae Sword-Tailed Crickets 28 380 trees, bushes, herbs, World-wide small or tiny, delicate, usually pale r,~ leaf litter brown in color t'l .. 0 Cachoplistinae None I 4 soil surface? Ethiopian, Oriental, tiny, soft-bodied :,;;, Australian ..... "Mogoplistinae Short-Winged Crickets 14 200 bushes, herbs, ground World-wide small or tiny, short forewings, en- litter larged pronotum, body with scales ~ ::i.. "Myrmecophilinae Ant-Loving Crickets 5 45 ant nests World-wide tiny, wingless, hump-backed, no audi- § tory organs, short antennae, reduced eyes. C)~ "Nemobiinae Ground Crickets 16 200 soil surface World-wide small, cf with tibial or tegminal gland s;: "Gryllinae Field and House Crickets 70 550 soil surface and World-wide large size, yellow to black, ~ with ::j shallow burrows long ovipositor 0 ~ "Brachytrupinae Short-Tailed Crickets 12 42 soil surface and deep World-wide resemble Gryllinae except with short burrows (except Europe) or no external ovipositor ~ Q •Gryllotalpinae Mole Crickets 6 65 subterranean World-wide mostly large, heavy bodied; shovelling ..... forelegs, pointed head, cylindrical C) body, dense body setae ~ Totals 14 333 2455 ~ • Subfamilies discussed in this paper. <:.>o 4 THE QUARTERLY RETIIEW OF BIOLOGY [VOLUME 43 0 0 !:e !Q 0 ~ 0 (X) 0 0 <:t 0 (X) 0 ~ 0 !£ 0 (t) from Asia and Africa, and I have studied vir­ sis Luggar, in Austin, Texas: "During April tually all North American species.] This kind and May the testes, in active spermatogene­ of cycle is rarer than might be supposed. Many sis... " and "At this same period of the tropical and sub-tropical crickets are evidently year the abdomen of the female Myrmecophila cyclic in association with dry and wet seasons. is found to contain a few very large elliptical Wheeler (1900) even implies seasonality in the white eggs. ." ant nest inhabitant, Myrmecophila nebrascen- 2. One generation each year with egg dia- MARCH 1968] LIFE CYCLE ORJGlNS AND SPECIATION IN CRICKETS 5 Jan Feb vernalis fu/toni veletis pennsylvanicus firmus rubens assimilis FIG. 2. DIAGRAMS OF THE LIFE CYCLES OF THE SEVEN FIELD CRICKETS (Gryllus spp.) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATING FOUR OF THE SEVEN GENERAL KINDS OF LIFE CYCLES KNOWN IN CRICKETS Gryflotalpa grylIota/pa Nemobius sylvestris FIG. 3. DIAGRAMS OF THE Two-YEAR LIFE CYCLES REPORTED FOR Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa IN SPAIN (Morales, 1940) AND Nemobius sylvestris IN ENGLAND (Gabbutt, 1959) G THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY [VOLUME 43 pause during winters or dry seasons. Examples life cycle in tropical India for the univoltine are Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), Mio­ burrowing cricket Brachytrupes achatinus Stoll, gryllus verticalis (Serville), Valerifictorus mi­ which may be related to this one. Most individ­ cado (Saussure) (introduced) in North America; uals mature in June, but eggs are not laid un­ all North American Nemobiinae north of til September or October; thus juvenile growth about the 30th parallel; most temperate, vege­ is retarded during winter, and the summer dry tation-inhabiting Gryllidae (involving three sub­ season is spent in a prolonged adult stage. families: Oecanthinae, Trigonidiinae, and Ene­ (6) Two generations each year with juvenile opterinae); Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) diapause during winters. Examples are Gryl­ in Australia (Hogan, 1960), T. emma (Ohmachi lus rubens Scudder and G.
Recommended publications
  • Soundscape of Urban-Tolerant Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae, Trigonidiidae) in a Tropical Southeast Asia City, Singapore Ming Kai Tan

    Soundscape of Urban-Tolerant Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae, Trigonidiidae) in a Tropical Southeast Asia City, Singapore Ming Kai Tan

    Soundscape of urban-tolerant crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae, Trigonidiidae) in a tropical Southeast Asia city, Singapore Ming Kai Tan To cite this version: Ming Kai Tan. Soundscape of urban-tolerant crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae, Trigonidiidae) in a tropical Southeast Asia city, Singapore. 2020. hal-02946307 HAL Id: hal-02946307 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02946307 Preprint submitted on 23 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Soundscape of urban-tolerant crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae, Trigonidiidae) in a 2 tropical Southeast Asia city, Singapore 3 4 Ming Kai Tan 1 5 6 1 Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire 7 naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; 8 Email: [email protected] 9 10 11 1 12 Abstract 13 14 Urbanisation impact biodiversity tremendously, but a few species can still tolerate the harsh 15 conditions of urban habitats. Studies regarding the impact of urbanisation on the soundscape 16 and acoustic behaviours of sound-producing animals tend to overlook invertebrates, including 17 the crickets. Almost nothing is known about their acoustic community in the urban 18 environment, especially for Southeast Asia where rapid urbanisation is widespread.
  • Traditional Knowledge Regarding Edible Insects in Burkina Faso

    Traditional Knowledge Regarding Edible Insects in Burkina Faso

    Séré et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:59 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0258-z RESEARCH Open Access Traditional knowledge regarding edible insects in Burkina Faso Aminata Séré1, Adjima Bougma1, Judicaël Thomas Ouilly1, Mamadou Traoré2, Hassane Sangaré1, Anne Mette Lykke3, Amadé Ouédraogo4, Olivier Gnankiné5 and Imaël Henri Nestor Bassolé1* Abstract Background: Insects play an important role as a diet supplement in Burkina Faso, but the preferred insect species vary according to the phytogeographical zone, ethnic groups, and gender. The present study aims at documenting indigenous knowledge on edible insects in Burkina Faso. Methods: A structured ethno-sociological survey was conducted with 360 informants in nine villages located in two phytogeographical zones of Burkina Faso. Identification of the insects was done according to the classification of Scholtz. Chi-square tests and principal component analysis were performed to test for significant differences in edible insect species preferences among phytogeographical zones, villages, ethnic groups, and gender. Results: Edible insects were available at different times of the year. They were collected by hand picking, digging in the soil, and luring them into water traps. The edible insects collected were consumed fried, roasted, or grilled. All species were indifferently consumed by children, women, and men without regard to their ages. A total of seven edible insect species belonging to five orders were cited in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. Macrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur), Cirina butyrospermi (Vuillet, 1911), Kraussaria angulifera (Krauss, 1877), Gryllus campestris (Linnaeus, 1758), and Carbula marginella (Thunberg) (35.66–8.47% of the citations) were most cited whereas Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Fabricius, 1801) and Oryctes sp.
  • Population Dynamics and Seed Feeding Tendencies of Field Crickets (Gryllidae) in Wild Blueberry Fields

    Population Dynamics and Seed Feeding Tendencies of Field Crickets (Gryllidae) in Wild Blueberry Fields

    POPULATION DYNAMICS AND SEED FEEDING TENDENCIES OF FIELD CRICKETS (GRYLLIDAE) IN WILD BLUEBERRY FIELDS by Janelle MacKeil Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia July, 2021 © Copyright by Janelle MacKeil, 2021 DEDICATION PAGE To my younger self. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED .............................................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Nova Scotia Wild Blueberry Industry ....................................................................... 1 1.2 Weed Management in Wild Blueberry Fields ........................................................... 2 1.3 Integrated Weed Management in Wild Blueberry Fields.......................................... 4 1.4 Gryllidae as Natural Enemies .................................................................................... 8 1.5 Research Objectives and Hypothesis
  • Influence of Female Cuticular Hydrocarbon (CHC) Profile on Male Courtship Behavior in Two Hybridizing Field Crickets Gryllus

    Influence of Female Cuticular Hydrocarbon (CHC) Profile on Male Courtship Behavior in Two Hybridizing Field Crickets Gryllus

    Heggeseth et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2020) 20:21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-1587-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Influence of female cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile on male courtship behavior in two hybridizing field crickets Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus Brianna Heggeseth1,2, Danielle Sim3, Laura Partida3 and Luana S. Maroja3* Abstract Background: The hybridizing field crickets, Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus have several barriers that prevent gene flow between species. The behavioral pre-zygotic mating barrier, where males court conspecifics more intensely than heterospecifics, is important because by acting earlier in the life cycle it has the potential to prevent a larger fraction of hybridization. The mechanism behind such male mate preference is unknown. Here we investigate if the female cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile could be the signal behind male courtship. Results: While males of the two species display nearly identical CHC profiles, females have different, albeit overlapping profiles and some females (between 15 and 45%) of both species display a male-like profile distinct from profiles of typical females. We classified CHC females profile into three categories: G. firmus-like (F; including mainly G. firmus females), G. pennsylvanicus-like (P; including mainly G. pennsylvanicus females), and male-like (ML; including females of both species). Gryllus firmus males courted ML and F females more often and faster than they courted P females (p < 0.05). Gryllus pennsylvanicus males were slower to court than G. firmus males, but courted ML females more often (p < 0.05) than their own conspecific P females (no difference between P and F).
  • Duration of Development and Number of Nymphal Instars Are Differentially Regulated by Photoperiod in the Cricketmodicogryllus Siamensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

    Duration of Development and Number of Nymphal Instars Are Differentially Regulated by Photoperiod in the Cricketmodicogryllus Siamensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

    Eur. J.Entomol. 100: 275-281, 2003 ISSN 1210-5759 Duration of development and number of nymphal instars are differentially regulated by photoperiod in the cricketModicogryllus siamensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) No r ic h ik a TANIGUCHI and Ke n ji TOMIOKA* Department ofPhysics, Biology and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University 753-8512, Japan Key words. Photoperiod, nymphal development, cricket,Modicogryllus siamensis Abstract. The effect of photoperiod on nymphal development in the cricketModicogryllus siamensis was studied. In constant long- days with 16 hr light at 25°C, nymphs matured within 40 days undergoing 7 moults, while in constant short-days with 12 hr light, 12~23 weeks and 11 or more moults were necessary for nymphal development. When nymphs were transferred from long to short day conditions in the 2nd instar, both the number of nymphal instars and the nymphal duration increased. However, only the nym­ phal duration increased when transferred to short day conditions in the 3rd instar or later. When the reciprocal transfer was made, the accelerating effect of long-days was less pronounced. The earlier the transfer was made, the fewer the nymphal instars and the shorter the nymphal duration. The decelerating effect of short-days or accelerating effect of long-days on nymphal development varied depending on instar. These results suggest that the photoperiod differentially controls the number of nymphal instars and the duration of each instar, and that the stage most important for the photoperiodic response is the 2nd instar. INTRODUCTION reversed (Masaki & Sugahara, 1992). However, the Most insects in temperate zones have life cycles highlymechanism by which photoperiod controls the nymphal adapted to seasonal change.
  • Insects 2006 (Includes Publications Since the Last List and Some That Were Not Included in the Last List)

    Insects 2006 (Includes Publications Since the Last List and Some That Were Not Included in the Last List)

    Insects 2006 (includes publications since the last list and some that were not included in the last list) Compiled by P. Hansen Arthur, B. J. & Hoy, R. R. (2006). The ability of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea to distinguish sounds in the vertical plane. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 1546-1549. Bailey, W., MacLeay, C. & Gordon, T. (2006). Acoustic mimicry and disruptive alternative calling tactics in an Australian bushcricket (Caedicia: Phaneropterinae: Tettigoniidae: Orthoptera): does mating influence male calling tactic? Phys. Entomol., 31, 201-210. Barber, J. R. & Conner, W. E. (2006). Tiger moth responses to a simulated bat attack: timing and duty cycle. J. Exp. Biol., 209, 2637-2650. Bateman, P. W. & Fleming, P. A. (2006). Sex, intimidation and severed limbs: the effect of simulated predator attack and limb autotomy on calling and emergence behaviour in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 59, 674-681. Bateman, P. W., Verburgt, L. & Ferguson, J. W. H. (2005). Exposure to male song increases rate of egg development in the cricket Gryllodes sigillatus. Afr. Zool., 40, 323-326. Bates, D. L. & Fenton, M. B. (1990). Aposematism or startle? Predators learn their reponses to the defences of prey. Can. J. Zool., 68, 49-52. Berg, A. & Greenfield, M. D. (2005). Sexual selection in insect choruses: Influences of call power and relative timing. J. Insect Behav., 18, 59-75. Bernal, X. E., Rand, A. S. & Ryan, M. J. (2006). Acoustic preferences and localization performance of blood-sucking flies (Corethrella Coquillett) to tungara frog calls. Behav. Ecol., 17, 709-715. Bertram, S. M. & Bowen, M.
  • Risk Profile Related to Production and Consumption of Insects As Food and Feed

    Risk Profile Related to Production and Consumption of Insects As Food and Feed

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed Hardy, Anthony ; Benford, Diane ; PJM Noteborn, Hubert ; Halldorsson, Thorhallur Ingi ; Josef Schlatter, Josef ; Solecki, Roland Alfred ; Jeger, Michael ; Knutsen, Helle Katrine ; Simon More, Simon ; Mortensen, Alicja ; Naegeli, Hanspeter ; Ockleford, Colin ; Ricci, Antonia ; Rychen, Guido ; Silano, Vittorio ; Turck, Dominique Abstract: The present opinion has the format of a risk profile and presents potential biological and chemical hazards as well as allergenicity and environmental hazards associated with farmed insects used as food and feed taking into account of the entire chain, from farming to the final product. The opinion also addresses the occurrence of these hazards in non-processed insects, grown on different substrate categories, in comparison to the occurrence of these hazards in other non-processed sources of protein of animal origin. When currently allowed feed materials are used as substrate to feed insects, the possible occurrence of microbiological hazards is expected to be comparable to their occurrence in other non- processed sources of protein of animal origin. The possible occurrence of prions in non-processed insects will depend on whether the substrate includes protein of human or ruminant origin. Data on transfer of chemical contaminants from different substrates to the insects are very limited. Substrates like kitchen waste, human and animal manure are also considered and hazards from insects fed on these substrates need to be specifically assessed. It is concluded that for both biological and chemical hazards, the specific production methods, the substrate used, the stage of harvest, the insect species and developmental stage, as well as the methods for further processing will all have an impact on the occurrence and levels of biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed products derived from insects.
  • Diverse Reproductive Barriers in Hybridising Crickets Suggests Extensive Variation in the Evolution and Maintenance of Isolation

    Diverse Reproductive Barriers in Hybridising Crickets Suggests Extensive Variation in the Evolution and Maintenance of Isolation

    Evol Ecol (2013) 27:993–1015 DOI 10.1007/s10682-012-9610-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Diverse reproductive barriers in hybridising crickets suggests extensive variation in the evolution and maintenance of isolation Thor Veen • Joseph Faulks • Frances Tyler • Jodie Lloyd • Tom Tregenza Received: 5 July 2012 / Accepted: 21 September 2012 / Published online: 10 November 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 Abstract Reproductive barriers reduce gene flow between populations and maintain species identities. A diversity of barriers exist, acting before, during and after mating. To understand speciation and coexistence, these barriers need to be quantified and their potential interactions revealed. We use the hybridising field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris as a model to understand the full compliment and relative strength of reproductive barriers. We find that males of both species prefer conspecific females, but the effect is probably too weak to represent a barrier. In contrast, prezygotic barriers caused by females being more attracted to conspecific male song and preferentially mounting and mating with conspecifics are strong and asymmetric. Postzygotic barriers vary in direction; reductions in fecundity and egg viability create selection against hybridisation, but hybrids live longer than pure-bred individuals. Hybrid females show a strong preference for G. bimaculatus songs, which together with a complete lack of hybridisation by G. campestris females, suggests that asymmetric gene flow is likely. For comparison, we review repro- ductive barriers that have been identified between other Gryllids and conclude that multiple barriers are common. Different species pairs are separated by qualitatively different Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10682-012-9610-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
  • Trilling Field Crickets in a Zone of Overlap (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus)

    Trilling Field Crickets in a Zone of Overlap (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus)

    SYSTEMATICS Trilling Field Crickets in a Zone of Overlap (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus) THOMAS J. WALKER Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611Ð0620 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91(2): 175Ð184 (1998) ABSTRACT A bimodal distribution of pulse rates in Þeld recordings of calling songs suggests that the ranges of the morphologically similar Þeld crickets Gryllus rubens Scudder and G. nr. integer Scudder (5“integer”) overlap for at least 300 km in western Florida. When sons were reared from 42 females collected at 5 sites on 7 trips to this region during 1977Ð1978, those within a sibship had similar modal pulse rates. At Milton, the westernmost site, 28 of 31 females produced sons with mean modal pulse rates typical of G. rubens; the other 3 were among 6 females collected 1 October 1977 and 30 September 1978 and had modal pulse rates in or near the “integer” range. None of the 11 females from other sites had sons with a mean modal pulse rate indicative of “integer.” Most progenies of females collected at Milton on 25 September 1982 were reared as 2 cohorts of contrasting initial density, and each son was recorded on 2 dates. The mean, temperature-adjusted modal pulse rates of the 39 recorded cohorts, from 22 females, showed no effect of initial density but fell nearly evenly into 2 discrete groups: 46Ð60 pulses s21 with a mean of 52 (G. rubens) and 64Ð78 pulses s21 with a mean of 71 (“integer”). Lack of intermediate sibships indicates that G. rubens and “integer” remain distinct in their zone of overlap.
  • Variation and Repeatability of Calling Behavior in Crickets Subject to a Phonotactic Parasitoid Fly

    Variation and Repeatability of Calling Behavior in Crickets Subject to a Phonotactic Parasitoid Fly

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@CalPoly Variation and Repeatability of Calling Behavior in Crickets Subject to a Phonotactic Parasitoid Fly Gita Raman Kolluru1 Male Teleogryllus oceanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) produce a conspicuous calling song to attract females. In some populations, the song also attracts the phonotactic parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea (Diptera: Tachinidae). I examined the factors affecting calling song by characterizing the calling behavior of caged crickets from an area where the fly occurs. Calling activity (proportion of time spent calling) was repeatable and a significant predictor of female attraction. However, calling activity in the parasitized population was lower than in an unparasitized Moorea population (Orsak, 1988), suggesting a compromise between high activity to attract females and low activity to avoid flies. Calling activity peaked simultaneously with fly searching, so crickets did not shift to calling when the fly is less active. Males harboring larvae did not call less than unparasitized males; however, a more controlled study of the effects of parasitization on calling behavior is needed to evaluate this result. The results are discussed in the context of other studies of the evolutionary consequences of sexual and natural selection on cricket calling behavior. KEY WORDS: crickets; acoustic signals; calling duration; calling activity; calling patterns; phonotactic parasitoids; repeatability; Orthoptera; Gryllidae; Teleogryllus; Ormia. INTRODUCTION Male field crickets produce a conspicuous, long-range calling song to attract females for mating. However, the song may also attract acoustically-orienting natural enemies (Zuk and Kolluru, 1998). Therefore, both sexual selection and natural selection by eavesdropping enemies can shape the evolution of cricket 1 Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.
  • Katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Bio-Ecology in Western Cape Vineyards

    Katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Bio-Ecology in Western Cape Vineyards

    Katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) bio-ecology in Western Cape vineyards by Marcé Doubell Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Sciences at Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Supervisor: Dr P. Addison Co-supervisors: Dr C. S. Bazelet and Prof J. S. Terblanche December 2017 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: December 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Summary Many orthopterans are associated with large scale destruction of crops, rangeland and pastures. Plangia graminea (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) is considered a minor sporadic pest in vineyards of the Western Cape Province, South Africa, and was the focus of this study. In the past few seasons (since 2012) P. graminea appeared to have caused a substantial amount of damage leading to great concern among the wine farmers of the Western Cape Province. Very little was known about the biology and ecology of this species, and no monitoring method was available for this pest. The overall aim of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the biology and ecology of P. graminea in vineyards of the Western Cape to contribute knowledge towards the formulation of a sustainable integrated pest management program, as well as to establish an appropriate monitoring system.
  • The Neuromuscular Mechanism of Stridulation in Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

    The Neuromuscular Mechanism of Stridulation in Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

    J. Exp. Biol. (1966), 45, isi-164 151 With 8 text-figures Printed in Great Britain THE NEUROMUSCULAR MECHANISM OF STRIDULATION IN CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE) BY DAVID R. BENTLEY AND WOLFRAM KUTSCH Department of Zoology, University of Michigan, Aim Arbor, and Institute for Comparative Animal Physiology, University of Cologne {Received 21 February 1966) INTRODUCTION Study of the insect neuromuscular system appears very promising as a means of explaining behaviour in terms of cellular operation. The relatively small number of neurons, the ganglionic nature of the nervous system, the simplicity of the neuro- muscular arrangement, and the repetitiveness of behavioural sequences all lend them- selves to a solution of this problem. As a result, an increasing number of investigators have been turning their attention to insects and especially to the large orthopterans. Recently, Ewing & Hoyle (1965) and Huber (1965) reported on muscle activity underlying sound production in crickets. The acoustic behaviour is well understood (Alexander, 1961) and in the genera Gryllus, Acheta and Gryllodes communication is mediated by three basic songs composed of three types of pulses. While working independently on this system at the University of Cologne (W.K.) and the University of Michigan (D.B.) using various Gryllus species, we found a number of basic differences between the muscle activity in our crickets and that reported by Ewing & Hoyle (1965) for Acheta domesticus. These two genera, Gryllus and Acheta, are so nearly identical that they are distinguished solely by differences in the male genitalia (Chopard, 1961). The present paper constitutes a survey of muscle activity patterns producing stridulation in four species of field crickets.