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An Overview of the Cave and Interstitial Biota of Croatia

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An Overview of the Cave and Interstitial Biota of Croatia NAT. CROAT. VOL. 11 Suppl. 1 1¿112 ZAGREB December, 2002 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CAVE AND INTERSTITIAL BIOTA OF CROATIA Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej Croatian Natural History Supplementum Museum PUBLISHED BY / NAKLADNIK CROATIAN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM / HRVATSKI PRIRODOSLOVNI MU- ZEJ, HR-10000 Zagreb, Demetrova 1, Croatia / Hrvatska EDITOR IN CHIEF / GLAVNI I ODGOVORNI UREDNIK Josip BALABANI] EDITORIAL BOARD / UREDNI[TVO Marta CRNJAKOVI],ZlataJURI[I]-POL[AK, Sre}ko LEINER,NikolaTVRTKOVI], Mirjana VRBEK EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD / UREDNI^KI SAVJET W. BÖHME (Bonn,D),I.GU[I] (Zagreb, HR), Lj. ILIJANI] (Zagreb, HR), F. KR[I- NI] (Dubrovnik, HR), M. ME[TROV (Zagreb, HR), G. RABEDER (Wien, A), K. SA- KA^ (Split, HR), W. SCHEDL (Innsbruck, A), H. SCHÜTT (Düsseldorf-Benrath, D), S. []AVNI^AR (Zagreb, HR), T. WRABER (Ljubljana, SLO), D. ZAVODNIK (Rovinj, HR) ADMINISTRATIVE SECRETARY / TAJNICA UREDNI[TVA Marijana VUKOVI] ADDRESS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD / ADRESA UREDNI[TVA Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej »Natura Croatica« HR-10000 ZAGREB, Demetrova 1, CROATIA / HRVATSKA Tel. 385-1-4851-700, Fax: 385-1-4851-644 E-mail: [email protected], www.hpm.hr/natura.htm Design / Oblikovanje @eljko KOVA^I], Dragan BUKOVEC Printedby/Tisak »LASER plus«, Zagreb According to the DIALOG Information Service this publication is included in the following secondary bases: Biological Abstracts ®, BIOSIS Previews ®, Zoological Record, Aquatic Sci. & Fish. ABS, Cab ABS, Cab Health, Geo- base (TM), Life Science Coll., Pollution ABS, Water Resources ABS, Adria- med ASFA. In secondary publication Referativniy @urnal (Moscow), too. The Journal appears in four numbers per annum (March, June, September, December) / Izlazi ~etiri puta godi{nje (o`ujak, lipanj, rujan, prosinac) NATURA CROATICA Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, 2002 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CAVE AND INTERSTITIAL BIOTA OF CROATIA Editor SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC HRVATSKI CROATIAN PRIRODOSLOVNI NATURAL HISTORY MUZEJ MUSEUM This publication is financed by Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia and Croatian Biospeleological Society CONTENTS PREFACE ....................................3 INTRODUCTION ................................3 1. GENERALITIES (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) ...............3 2. KARST AND CAVES .............................4 2.1. The Karst (by MLADEN KUHTA)......................4 2.2. Caves (by BRANKO JAL@I] and ROMAN OZIMEC) .............8 3. BIOSPELEOLOGY ..............................11 3.1. The history of biospeleology (by ROMAN OZIMEC and SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) .........14 3.2. Biospeleological organisation in Croatia (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC).....................18 4. THE FLORA OF CAVE ENTRANCES (by SUZANA BUZJAK) .........20 5. CAVE FUNGI (by NEVEN MATO^EC) Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Anamorphic (Mitosporic) fungi.......21 5.1. Introduction ...............................21 5.2. Major taxa with notes on cave biodiversity and ecology.........22 5.3. Preliminary Checklist of troglobiotic fungi and fungi occuring both in and out of cave underground in Croatia ............25 6. HYPOGEAN FAUNA.............................27 6.1. Hypogean aquatic fauna .........................27 INVERTEBRATES...............................27 Porifera (by TATJANA BAKRAN-PETRICIOLI)..................27 Hydrozoa (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) .................28 Turbellaria .................................28 Temnocephalidea (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) ............28 Tricladida (by ROMAN OZIMEC) .....................29 Mollusca ..................................30 Gastropoda (by TON]I RA\A) ......................30 Bivalvia (by BRANKO JAL@I]).......................30 Polychaeta (by BRANKO JAL@I]) .......................30 Oligochaeta (by MLADEN KEROVEC) .....................33 Hirudinea (by MLADEN KEROVEC)......................34 Crustacea..................................35 Copepoda (by IVAN^ICA TERNJEJ) ....................35 Ostracoda (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) ...............35 Syncarida (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) ................36 Isopoda (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC).................36 Amphipoda (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC)...............37 Thermosbaenacea (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) ............40 Decapoda (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC)................40 Hydracarina (by ROMAN OZIMEC)......................41 Diptera (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC and ROMAN OZIMEC)........41 VERTEBRATES ................................42 Pisces and lampreys (by NIKOLA TVRTKOVI] and MARIJANA FRANI^EVI]) ..42 Amphibia (by EDUARD KLETE^KI,BRANKO JAL@I] and TON]I RA\A) ....42 6.2. Hypogean terrestrial fauna ........................44 INVERTEBRATES...............................44 Mollusca ..................................44 Gastropoda (by VESNA ŠTAMOL) .....................44 Crustacea..................................47 Isopoda (by JANA BEDEK and SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) ........47 Arachnida (by ROMAN OZIMEC).......................49 Myriapoda (by ROMAN OZIMEC) ......................59 Insecta ...................................63 Apterygota (by ROMAN OZIMEC) .....................63 Pterygota ................................66 Orthoptera (by ROMAN OZIMEC) ...................66 Lepidoptera and Trichoptera (by MLADEN KU^INI]) ..........68 Coleoptera (by BRANKO JAL@I]) ....................69 Diptera (by ROMAN OZIMEC) .....................73 Hymenoptera (by ROMAN OZIMEC) ..................75 VERTEBRATES ................................75 Aves (by JELENA KRALJ)...........................75 Mammalia (by NIKOLA TVRTKOVI]) .....................76 7. FAUNA OF MARINE AND ANCHIHALINE CAVES ............77 7.1. Marine caves (by TATJANA BAKRAN-PETRICIOLI and PETAR KRU@I]) ...77 7.2. Anchihaline caves (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) ...........79 8. PROTECTION OF KARST AND CAVES BIOTA (by SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC) .......................80 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................81 NAT. CROAT. VOL. 11 Suppl. 1 1¿112 ZAGREB December, 2002 ISSN 1330-3430 UDK 575.856:551.442(497.5) AN OVERVIEW OF THE CAVE AND INTERSTITIAL BIOTA OF CROATIA SANJA GOTTSTEIN MATO^EC1 (ed.), TATJANA BAKRAN-PETRICIOLI1, JANA BEDEK2, DRAGAN BUKOVEC2, SUZANA BUZJAK2, MARIJANA FRANI^EVI]3, BRANKO JAL@I]2, MLADEN KEROVEC1, EDUARD KLETE^KI2, JELENA KRALJ4, PETAR KRU@I]1, MLADEN KU^INI]1, MLADEN KUHTA5, NEVEN MATO^EC6, ROMAN OZIMEC6, TON]I RA\A7, VESNA [TAMOL2, IVAN^ICA TERNJEJ1 &NIKOLA TVRTKOVI]2 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, P.O. Box 933, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (e-mail: [email protected]) 2Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 3Institute of oceanography and fisheries, [etali{te I. Me{trovi}a 63, P.O. Box. 500, 21000 Split, Croatia 4Institute of Ornithology, Ilirski trg 9, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 5Institute of Geology, Sachsova 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 6Croatian Biospeleological Society, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 7Speleolo{ko dru{tvo »[piljar«, Ulica Slobode 28, 21000 Split, Croatia Gottstein Mato~ec, S. (ed.), Bakran-Petricioli, T., Bedek, J., Bukovec, D., Buzjak, S., Frani~e- vi}, M., Jal`i}, B., Kerovec, M., Klete~ki, E., Kralj, J., Kru`i}, P., Ku~ini}, M., Kuhta, M., Mato~ec, N., Ozimec, R., Ra|a, T., [tamol, V., Ternjej, I. & N. Tvrtkovi}: An overview of the cave and in- terstitial biota of Croatia. Nat. Croat., Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, 1–112, 2002, Zagreb. The karst areas in Croatia, part of the Dinarides, have been defined biospeleologically as an area of high biodiversity in world terms, covering 26 thousand km2 in all. In this monograph we give data about the biodiversity of subterranean habitats and their biota primarily from a taxo- nomic perspective with special attention being paid to regional diversity. The diversified geomor- phology, hydrology and climate have resulted in a remarkable range of different underground hab- itats in Croatia, viz. inland and coastal caves, superficial and deep phreatic networks, interstitial – hyporheic substrates and other infiltration zones, etc. In Croatia more than 500 obligate subterra- nean species and subspecies are known from caves and interstitial habitats. The majority of subter- ranean species in Croatia are terrestrial biota. There are 299 troglobiont and 170 stygobiont taxa (species and subspecies) recorded. Most subterranean species have very restricted ranges, almost Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, Zagreb, Croatia 2 Gottstein Mato~ec, S. (ed.): An overview of the cave and interstitial biota of Croatia 70% of them endemic to Croatia. Cave fungi are poorly known. Among them there are several im- portant parasitic troglobionts and troglophilic species on cave coleopterans and troglophilic moths in Croatian caves. Some saprotrophic species could be troglobiotic too but their taxonomic and/or ecological status must be clarified in future research. With a respect to the number of troglobionts, the five largest animal groups are Coleoptera, Pseudoscorpiones, Araneae, Gastropoda and Di- plopoda. The beetles (Coleoptera) are predominant. More than 100 cavernicolous beetles (species and subspecies) are known in Croatia. Among stygobionts, the Crustacea predominate. At least half of species described are Crustacea. Among Crustacea, the orders Syncarida and Thermosbae- nacea are exclusively stygobiotic. Numerically, among crustacean stygobiotic Amphipoda dominate in caves and Copepoda in interstitial habitats. The only known stygobiotic sponge Eunapius sub- terraneus Sket et Velikonja inhabits several caves in Croatia. Also, the only known stygobiotic clam Congeria kusceri Bole inhabits a series of caves in
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