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Strategic Maritime Environment in Indian Ocean: Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan Sheeza Nadeem M.Phil

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Strategic Maritime Environment in Indian Ocean: Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan Sheeza Nadeem M.Phil 2020 Nadeem & Askari. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons‐ Attribution‐Noncommercial‐Share Alike License 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. Journal of Politics and International Studies Vol. 6, No. 2, July–December 2020, pp.203–215 Strategic Maritime Environment in Indian Ocean: Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan Sheeza Nadeem M.Phil. Scholar, University of Management and technology, Lahore Muhammad Usman Askari Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International relations, University of Management and Technology, Lahore. ABSTRACT Pakistan naval forces are well organized and strong enough to maintain its defense and border security against any kind of naval aggression. The purpose of this essay is to describe all the possible challenges and opportunities faced by Pakistan in Indian Ocean. Moreover, there is a tri- polar interest of US, China and India in the Ocean. The major interest of these states in Indian Ocean is due to its huge significance, immense natural assets, trade and world connectivity. Pakistan with the help of China, is going towards the stairs of success through Gwadar port, which can provide a gateway to Asian states and other world. No doubt, Pakistan’s navy is performing well and trying their best to deal with the situation in the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, chances of success and opportunities never have an ending point for anyone. So Pakistan should always further search these opportunities and utilize them in an appropriate manner. Keywords: Indian Ocean, Maritime, Pakistan, India, China, Challenges, Opportunities Introduction From the ancient times, when people used to fight with sticks and swords, to the time of technological advancement of 21st century; sea power dominate the world. No matter how much advance technology countries have, if they are weaker from opponents in term of waters, they will always be vulnerable. As Napoleon realized in his last time that the most important factor of his downfall was the loose control over seashores. Among the most important Ocean regions, the Indian Ocean has become the center of global attention. All the global players are aware of the fact that Indian Ocean has immense significance due to its strategic location and sources it has. However, despite of its smallest size in the world oceans, Indian Ocean is blessed one in terms of maritime environment and resources. Littoral states are very lucky to be part of this water body. As far as the size of Ocean is concerned, the Indian Ocean covers at least one fifth of the world’s total ocean area and is bounded by Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (known as the western Indian Ocean), India’s coastal waters (the central Indian Ocean), and the Bay of Bengal near Myanmar and Indonesia (the eastern Indian Ocean). Pakistan is one of the luckiest littoral states of the Ocean. States usually have to face troubles and blessings at one time, same as the case with Pakistan. Although it is true that Pakistan has many opportunities being a part of this Ocean but at the same time it has to face all the troubles in terms of 203 Sheeza Nadeem & Muhammad Usman Askari challenges. Coping with them is not an easy task for Pakistan. In this essay, the major focus will be laid on Pakistan’s challenges and opportunities in the Indian Ocean. Moreover, theoretical lens will also analyze the topic with one main research question. No doubt that every part of Indian Ocean is very important but the northern part is most significant due to its nearness from three major choke points, Babul Mandeb, Hormuz strait and Mozambique Channel. These points are the major hub of trade and transportation of energy resources. As far as Pakistan is concerned, the Navy of Pakistan performs it’s all assigned duties with full zeal. The foremost one is maintaining regional stability. During past, Pakistan has faced many serious challenges and threats against maritime stability. The disturbance in maritime security can directly affect the economy of Pakistan. For Pakistan, it is mandatory to maintain its Ocean related security. For this, Pakistan has joined hands with US and assured its full interest in US-led Coalition Maritime Campaign Plan in 2004. Some major goals of this coalition have huge significance for Pakistan as well. These include keep eye on all illicit acts like counter maritime terrorism which can be a bad virus for Ocean’s safety and security. Undoubtedly, Pakistan’s Navy has conducted victorious operations to stable northern side of Indian Ocean. The world has witnessed the importance of Indian Ocean because of its location, resources, trade routes, and the countries it has. Indian Ocean provides critical sea trade routes that connect the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia with the broader Asian continent to the east and Europe to the west. A number of the world’s most important strategic chokepoints, including the Straits of Hormuz and Malacca through which 32.2 millions of barrels of crude oil and petroleum are transported per day more than fifty percent of the world’s maritime oil trade are found in the Indian Ocean Region, which itself is believed to be rich with energy reserves. Nearly forty percent of the world’s offshore petroleum is produced in the Indian Ocean, coastal beach sands and offshore waters host heavy mineral deposits, and fisheries are increasingly important for both exports and domestic consumption (Gupta, 2010). “Without a decisive Naval force we can do nothing definitive, and with it everything honorable and glorious.” - General George Washington, December 1780. The Indian Ocean is bounded by Iran, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh to the north; the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and Australia to the east; Antarctica to the south; and Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to the west. In the southwest it joins the Atlantic Ocean south of the southern tip of Africa, and to the east and southeast its waters mingle with those of the Pacific Ocean (Chowdhury, 2013). Naval Theorists and Indian Ocean Many great thinkers have thrown light on the significance of sea power. These thinkers have acknowledged that one who has the dominant position at sea, will be victorious among all. Alfred Mahan asserted that “whoever controls the Indian Ocean will dominate Asia; the destiny of the world will be decided on its waters.” (Sempa, 2014). 204 Strategic Maritime Environment in Indian Ocean: Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan Robert D. Kaplan, acknowledging the importance of the Indian Ocean, asserts that “It is my contention that the Greater Indian Ocean, stretching eastward from the Horn of Africa past the Arabian Peninsula, the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent, all the way to the Indonesian archipelago and beyond, may comprise a map as iconic to the new century as Europe was to the last one” (Kaplan, 2010). He is particularly good at connecting realities on the ground with geopolitical implications, such as when visiting Gwadar, strategically located port city in the South of Pakistan, with the potential to turn into another Dubai yet strongly dependent on Pakistan’s political stability. His analysis is equally enlightening when he argues that the “frontier between Pakistan and Afghanistan is no frontier at all, but the heart of an Indo-Persian and Indo- Islamic continuum that straddled the high plateau of Central Asia for millennia.” Given his freewheeling approach, the author somehow achieves to reflect India’s mind-boggling diversity, ranging from his interviews in Gujarat to Delhi and Kolkata, and he identifies great hurdles India will need to overcome, such as sectarian violence yet he also rightly observes that “India stands dramatically at the commanding center of the Indian Ocean”, which may provide it with crucial edge in the competition against China (Kaplan, 2011). General MacArthur viewed Indian Ocean as significant in terms of resources and geostrategic location. MacArthur travelled this ocean with his team to look over all the resources. He asserted that this ocean is far much important for US. The neighboring states would be very advantageous position respectively Strategic Environment The US Interests in Indian Ocean US is very interested in Indian Ocean from Past till present time because of Ocean’s huge and great resources, trade routes and global level of connectivity. No doubt, Indian Ocean has immense strategic importance in the world. US, being a superpower never ever wants to absent from the scene. US has Indo-Pacific strategy in Indian Ocean. US has some major goals to acquire regarding Ocean. It has included Freedom of Navigation, regional security, anti-terrorism policy acts, anti- piracy acts. Most prominently, US has a goal to develop strong bond with Indian Ocean’s regional powers like India and China. As far as US goal to acquire healthy relations with these states is concerned, US has declared China as revisionist state according to its 2017, US national security strategy. US claim that China is rapidly modernizing its military assets. China is a direct threat to US in the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, US is very interested to develop good relation with India. As US knows that India and China are currently dominating Indian Ocean. China’s Interest in IOR China is one of the giant of Indian Ocean spreading its wings in all over the Ocean through CPEC project and Gwadar port. China has also string of pearls. China is 205 Sheeza Nadeem & Muhammad Usman Askari very interested in Indian Ocean in terms of Maritime Silk Road.
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