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Lassen 15 Restoration Project Heritage Resources Specialist Report

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Lassen 15 Restoration Project Heritage Resources Specialist Report Lassen 15 Restoration Project Heritage Resources Specialist Report Prepared by: Vicki Adkison Section 106 Compliance Archaeologist And Gerald R. Gates Heritage Resource Program Manager for: Warner Mountain Ranger District Modoc National Forest February 2016 Lassen 15 Restoration Project Heritage Resources Specialist Report, 2016 Lassen 15 Restoration Project Heritage Resources Specialist Report Introduction This report identifies the background information necessary for considering the effects of a proposed undertaking on Heritage Resources. Such resources are prehistoric and historic archaeological sites and features, collectively called “historic properties” if determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), or if unevaluated, assumed to be eligible and managed as such. This report is prepared in compliance with the Section 106 provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act (as amended). This report focuses on the Heritage Resources within the Lassen 15 Restoration Project area and discusses the existing and desired conditions, and addresses the direct, indirect and cumulative effects of the proposed alternatives to the archaeological properties and cultural resources within the project area. The Lassen 15 Restoration Project area is located in the northern portion of the Warner Mountain Ranger District. The analysis area lies within portions of T46N, R14E and R15E; T45N, R14E and R15E; and T44N, R15E, MDM. These locations may be found on the USGS Sugar Hill and Davis Creek 7.5’ topographic maps. The overall analysis area is approximately 25,000 acres. Please refer to the primary Environmental Analysis document for more specific environmental setting and background information. Methodology for Analysis The methodology used for this Heritage Resource section includes utilizing existing information on Native American tribal territory; historical background information from the overview prepared by William S. Brown Sr. (1945), and the Forests’ Heritage Resource Inventory Base Maps containing both previous acceptable archaeological coverage and recorded archaeological and historic site locations. Some previous archaeological surveys undertaken in the 1970s have not been entered into our base maps due to problems with the adequacy of the transect spacing and today’s standards. The archaeological sites recorded at that time are represented here, but not the unacceptable survey acres. According to the Modoc National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (1991) the following standards (S) and guidelines (G) are designed to facilitate proper identification and management of the Forests’ cultural resources: 1. (S) Inventory to identify cultural resource properties prior to any project, activity or license which may affect significant cultural resources consistent with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended) and other pertinent laws and regulations. Adjustments will be made to projects to comply with cultural resource laws. HeritageLassen15EASpecReport_0212162.docx 1 Lassen 15 Restoration Project Heritage Resources Specialist Report, 2016 2. (S) Evaluate cultural resources to determine National Register of Historic Places eligibility. 3. (S) Conserve properties that have been designated on, or are eligible for designation to, the National Register of Historic Places. (Eligibility is assumed if evaluation is incomplete.) 4. (G) Provide for the use and enhancement of cultural resources for educational, scientific, recreational, and other public purposes to the extent consistent with management requirements. A. Interpret significant cultural resources through signing, brochures, displays, self-guided tours, and programs. Treat and interpret significant cultural resources appropriate to their assessed value and associated level of public interest. B. Continue cooperative efforts with local groups such as the Modoc County Historical Society. 5. (S) Protect access and use of sites and locations important to traditional Native American religious and cultural practices consistent with the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978. 6. (G) Protect cultural resources largely by directing activities or use away from sensitive areas, by maintaining confidentiality, and by informing Forest users of cultural resource protection requirements. Since 1976, 31 surveys for prehistoric and historic archaeological resources have been conducted within the current project area. These 31 surveys satisfy the Forest Plan standard to “identify cultural resource properties prior to any project, activity or license,” meeting the guidelines for complete and intensive coverage. They are considered likely to have discovered any archaeological properties that exist in the area surveyed, which covers 67% of the analysis area, and all of the proposed treatment units. The land remaining unsurveyed is located in the southern portion of the analysis area and consists of steep slopes, where intensive survey is not undertaken due to the extremely low sensitivity for archaeological sites. This part of the analysis area does not contain any of the proposed treatment units. Table 1 summarizes the previous surveys, which collectively total about 16,907 acres within the project analysis area. The most recent surveys, undertaken specifically for the Lassen 15 Restoration Project, took place in six fiscal years: FY-2006, FY-2008, FY-2012, FY-2013, FY-2014 and FY-2015. Intensive reconnaissance was first completed on surveyable ground within the analysis area, using compass-based parallel transects. Subsequently, field verification of the previous surveys was undertaken using the same methods in sample areas where survey could be completed safely. Transect spacing did not exceed 20 meters (66 feet) in any of the survey areas. New survey for this project totaled about 6,647 acres. HeritageLassen15EASpecReport_0212162.docx 2 Lassen 15 Restoration Project Heritage Resources Specialist Report, 2016 Table 1. Previous Archaeological Surveys in the proposed Project Area. HRSR NO. REPORT NAME DATE 05-09-0041 Cold Creek Timber Stand Improvement 1976 05-09-0046 Shartell Site Prep 1976 05-09-0073 Cottonwood Flat Site Preparation 1977 05-09-0115 Bear Valley Site Prep 1978 05-09-0136 Fender Flat & Milk Spring Precommercial Thin 1978 05-09-0138 Sugar Hill Thin 1978 05-09-0075 Crane Timber Sale (Field Checks) 1984/1985 05-09-0471 Lassen Creek/Cold Creek Stream Improvement 1986 05-09-0485 Spring Development 1987 05-09-0495 Wildlife Habitat Improvement Prescribed Burn 1987 05-09-0544 Sugar Hill Rx Burn 1988 05-09-0708 Lassen Timber Sale 1978 05-09-0723 Sugar Hill Thin V 1991 05-09-0723 Sup. Sugar Hill TSI 1993 05-09-0781 Obsidian Mining 1992 05-09-0788 Crane Timber Stand Improvement #1 1992 05-09-0789 Crane Timber Stand Improvement #2 1992 05-09-0958 Davis Creek C&H Allotment 1994 05-09-0963 Sugar Hill Timber Stand Improvement 1994 05-09-0964 North Warners Forest Health 1994 05-09-0991 Lassen Creek Range Improvement 1995 05-09-0992 Bear Valley Forest Health Plan 1995 05-09-0997 Modoc Tribe Ride 1997 1997 05-09-1340 Sugar Hill Gap Survey 2003 05-09-1419 Sugar Hill Forest Health 2005 05-09-1423 Horizon/Zilkha Wind Energy 2006 05-09-1437 OHV Corridors 2006 05-09-1468 Lassen Creek Watershed 2006/08 05-09-1645 Lassen Creek Watershed Phase I 2012 05-09-1663 Lassen Creek Ecological Restoration 2012 2013 05-09-1684 Lassen Creek Ecological Restoration 2015 2015 There were 302 archaeological/heritage resource properties identified within the current project analysis area. Fourteen (14) of the previously recorded sites could not be relocated. Four sites not included in the total were determined to be “non-cultural obsidian” deposits. All of the sites are summarized in Appendix A. The majority of these sites have not been assessed for their eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The mitigation measures proposed below will meet the Forest Plan guideline to protect such properties by following the approved treatment options found within the current Regional Programmatic Agreement (PA) with the California State Historic Preservation Office (USDA FS, 2013). Existing Condition Archaeology. This portion of northeastern California has been occupied and used by Native American populations for at least 10,000 years. Native peoples continue to live in and use the HeritageLassen15EASpecReport_0212162.docx 3 Lassen 15 Restoration Project Heritage Resources Specialist Report, 2016 area today. The prehistoric past, prior to 1826, has been divided into several time periods based upon the types and styles of tools used by the Native peoples. The earliest known period is called the Early Holocene and dates between 10,000 – 5,000 BC. It is followed by the Early Archaic from 5,000 – 1500 BC, and the Middle Archaic from 1500 BC to AD 700, and the Late Archaic from AD 700 – 1350. The Terminal Prehistoric period goes from AD 1350 to the early 1800s. After nearly 40 years of systematic archaeological surveys for Historic Preservation compliance there have been about 8,200 archaeological sites located and recorded to date. Ethnographic Information The Achomawi groups claiming this portion of the Warner Mountains were the Hewisedawi and Kosalektawi bands of the larger Hokan speaking Achomawi of the Pit River region. The Hewisedawi territory claimed was that area south of Lassen Creek/Willow Creek and west of the crest of the Warner’s to a point just south of Joseph Creek and up to Cedar Mountain. The Kosalektawi occupied the western flank of the Warner’s
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