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3T? //S/D W*. SS70 Vol » I a CASE STUDY of INTERPERSONAL 3T? //s/d W*. SS70 Vol » I A CASE STUDY OF INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCES IN A BAND MUSIC SETTING: BOHUMIL MAKOVSKY (1878-1950) AND HIS ASSOCIATION WITH SELECTED INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC IN THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA DISSERTATION Volume I Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Richard Charles Dugger, B.M., B.M.E., M.M. Denton, Texas May, 1992 3T? //s/d W*. SS70 Vol » I A CASE STUDY OF INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCES IN A BAND MUSIC SETTING: BOHUMIL MAKOVSKY (1878-1950) AND HIS ASSOCIATION WITH SELECTED INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC IN THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA DISSERTATION Volume I Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Richard Charles Dugger, B.M., B.M.E., M.M. Denton, Texas May, 1992 Dugger, Richard Charles, A Case Study of Interpersonal Influences in a Band Music Setting: Bohumil Makovsky (1878-1950) and His Association with Selected Individuals Involved in Instrumental Music in the State of Oklahoma. Doctor of Philosophy (Music Education), May, 1992, 771 pp., 7 tables, references, 267 titles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interpersonal influences which Bohumil Makovsky, Director of Bands and Chairman of the Music Department at Oklahoma A&M College from 1915 to 1943, had on his students and peers, as confirmed through the perceptions of selected individuals, and to determine what personal characteristics and means he drew upon to induce changes in his students and peers. Interviews were conducted with forty-two subjects who were former members of Makovsky's college bands or who directed bands in the state of Oklahoma during Makovsky's teaching career at Oklahoma A&M College. Interviews were qualitatively analyzed and quotation compilations were used to determine Makovsky's influences. The primary resource used by Makovsky to influence his students was "legitimate authority." "Interpersonal attraction" and "expertise" also were relatively strong personal characteristics. "Trustworthiness" was of relatively minor importance. Other characteristics, such as "control of resources" used to punish or reward, were of little or no consequence. Makovsky's strongest influences were ideology and pedagogy. His ideological attitude toward the development and display of exemplary personal character traits had a strong influence on many of his students and peers. Makovsky's apparent attitudes toward both self- and organizational- discipline also were important influences. Makovsky's pedagogical approach to certain rehearsal techniques and procedures induced both positive and negative influences in his students and peers. Organizational influences and other musical influences were not considered important by the subjects. The primary means by which Makovsky perpetrated influence was through the use of authoritative statements and expressions. Coercion was used only to insure that his instructions and expectations were followed. He clearly did not use threats, rewards, promises, force, or manipulation to obtain compliance. Makovsky typically did not use persuasion to enact influence, although he did function unintentionally as a role model through his own actions and examples. Copyright by Richard Charles Dugger 1992 111 Photograph of Bohumil Makovsky ca. 1930. (Special Collections and University Archives, Edmon Low Library, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma). IV TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Page LIST OF TABLES xii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND RATIONALE 1 Introduction 1 Background and Scope of the Study 2 Theoretical Bases of Interpersonal Influence 5 Historical Context of the Study 10 Rationale for the Study 18 Purpose and Problems 19 Definitions 20 II. BIOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND 31 III. RELATED LITERATURE AND RESEARCH 72 Overview of Theories on Influence 73 Personal Characteristics and /or Resources Used to Induce Interpersonal Influence 77 Theoretical Writings on Personal Characteristics and/or Resources Used to enact an Influence Attempt Experimental Studies which identify the Personal Characteristics and/or Resources Used to Induce Interpersonal Influence Studies Indicating Personal Characteristics and/or Resources Used Most Often to Induce Compliance Summary of the Personal Characteristics and/or Resources that can be used to Initiate Interpersonal Influence Means of Inducing Interpersonal Influence 97 Theoretical Opinions on the Means of Inducing Interpersonal Influence Summary of the Means of Inducing Interpersonal Influence Effects of Interpersonal Influence Ill Theoretical Opinions on the Effects of Interpersonal Influence IV. METHODOLOGY 118 Preliminary Data Gathering Investigation 119 Main Study 122 Development of the Interview Questionnaire 124 Validity Reliability Selection of Interview Subjects 128 Process of Data Collection 132 Outline of the Interview Questionnaire Treatment of Data 138 V. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND/OR RESOURCES USED BY MAKOVSKY TO INDUCE INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE ... 142 Legitimate Authority 159 Attractiveness 165 Expertise 174 Tone Quality Balance and Blend Emphasis on Rhythmic Precision Intonation Instrumentation Rehearsal Emphasis Repertoire Trustworthiness Control of Resources 196 Praise Punishment VI. THE EFFECTS OF MAKOVSKYS INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE 200 Ideological Influences 201 Character Traits Citizenship and Proper Behavior Responsibility and Obligation Punctuality Attitude Toward Perfection VI Attitude Toward Helping Others Perseverance and Patience Discipline 228 Behavioral Effects Resulting from Makovsky's Attitude Toward Discipline Adopted Disciplinaiy Influences Pedagogical Influences 241 Rehearsal Procedures Demonstration and Imitation Technique of Having Players Perform Individually Businesslike Attitude and Rehearsal Efficiency Technique of Rehearsing Marches Balance and Blend Instrumentation Symphonic Band Sound Sound of the Football/Marching Band Rhythmic Precision and Subdivision Quality of Literature and Repertoire Intonation Instrumental Tone Quality Tempos Summary of Pedagogical Influences Organizational Influences 297 Band Contests at Oklahoma A&M College Adjudication A&M Band Clinics Short Courses Kappa Kappa Psi Administration Musical Influences 308 Guest Clinician/Conductor Private Teacher Original Compositions for Band Negative Influences 316 VII. THE MEANS USED BY MAKOVSKY TO INDUCE INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE 321 Authority 322 Expectation Coercion 329 Intimidation Vll Persuasion 339 Manipulation 344 Rewards, Threats, and/or Force 346 Using an Assistant Director as an Intermediary 346 Motivation 348 Role Model 349 Rehearsal Techniques 354 Meticulous Attention to Details Demonstration / Modeling Technique of Having Players Perform Individually Insistence Upon Listening and Adjusting to Other Players Procedure for Starting a Rehearsal Subdivision of Rhythms Procedure for Rehearsing Marches Summary of the Means Used by Makovsky to Induce Influential Changes in His Students and Peers VIII. FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 337 Introduction 337 Findings 338 The Personal Characteristics and/or Resources Used by Makovsky to Induce Influence The Effects of Makovsky*s Influence on His Students and Peers The Means Used by Makovsky to Induce Attitudinal and/or Behavior Changes Conclusions 353 Ideological Influences Pedagogical Influences Discussion 359 Implications 361 Recommendations for Further Study 361 APPENDICES 364 Appendix A Preliminary Data Interviews Appendix B. Main Study Interviews Appendix C Cover Letter and Informed Consent Form Appendix D. Makovsk/s Band Compositions Appendix E. Biographical Sketches Vlll REFERENCES 390 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME II Page INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME II 414 Ashley Alexander 415 Homer Anderson 417 Tony Anderson 425 Earl Bates 428 Paul Boone 436 Paul Bourek 449 Leon Brown 461 Russell Brown 470 J. Lee Burke 478 Louis Calavan 480 Bob Christian 486 Alice (Hardin) Crowder 489 John Elliott 492 IX Paul Enix 508 Harold Fisher 523 Lee Gibson 529 William Gibson 531 Charles Gilbert 532 Byron Gray 541 Tom Hardin 551 Hiram Henry 558 Robert House 572 Arthur Johnson 587 Willard Johnson 600 Austin Kidwell 608 George Kizer 616 George Kyme 632 Mary Alice (Duncan) Martin 646 Clarence Mills 656 Max Mitchell 670 Susan (Barber) Mitchell 673 Floyd Moyer 679 Melbern Nixon 690 Charles Paul 707 Oakley Pittman 711 Clyde Roller 727 Jimmy Saied 728 Ed Schilde 735 Bill Sharp 736 Ben Shew 742 Howard Smith 751 Floyd Weger 768 Roy Weger 770 XI LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. A comparison of theoretical opinions and experimental studies which identify the personal characteristics and/or resources used to activate an influence attempt 98 2. An identification, compilation, and comparison of the means by which an influential person can induce influence as indicated through the theoretical writings of authority sources 112 3. Interviews with persons who graduated with a degree in instrumental music from Oklahoma A&M College 131 4. Persons who played in Makovsky"s band but received a degree in instrumental music after transferring to another university 131 5. Graduates from Oklahoma A&M College who directed bands yet received a degree in an area other than instrumental music 131 6. Persons who directed bands and came into contact with Makovsky through contests, tours, clinics, and summer short courses yet did not attend Oklahoma A&M College 131 7. The number of interviewees
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