DOCSLIB.ORG

1946 Aqa Law AS 2E(Cvr)-Not Endorsed.Indd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1946 Aqa Law AS 2E(Cvr)-Not Endorsed.Indd AQA Law Second Edition Law Nick Price Richard Wortley Peter Smith Jennifer Currer Series editor Richard Wortley AQA Law AS Second Edition Nick Price Richard Wortley Peter Smith Jennifer Currer Series editor Richard Wortley Text © Nick Price and Richard Wortley 2008, 2012 Original illustrations © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2008, 2012 The right of Nick Price and Richard Wortley to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published in 2008 by Nelson Thornes. This edition published in 2012 by: Nelson Thornes Ltd Delta Place 27 Bath Road CHELTENHAM GL53 7TH United Kingdom 12 13 14 15 16 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4085 1946 2 AQA examination questions are reproduced by permission of AQA. Cover photograph: Cultura Creative/Alamy Illustrations by Gordon Lawson; additional illustrations by Hart McLeod Ltd Page make-up by Hart McLeod Ltd and White-Thomson Publishing Ltd Printed in Turkey by Ömür Printing and Binding Company Contents Introduction v Unit 1B Table of cases vi The legal system 75 Table of statutes x Unit 1A Introduction 75 Law-making 2 5 The civil courts and other forms of dispute resolution 76 Introduction 2 1 Outline of civil courts and appeal system 76 1 Parliamentary law-making 3 2 Other forms of civil dispute resolution 79 3 Advantages and disadvantages of forms of 1 Influences on parliamentary law-making 3 civil dispute resolution 86 2 The legislative process 10 3 Advantages and disadvantages of 6 The criminal courts and lay parliamentary law-making 17 people 94 4 Parliamentary supremacy 19 1 Outline of criminal courts and appeal system 94 2 Delegated legislation 24 2 Magistrates 95 3 Jurors 101 1 Types of delegated legislation 24 4 Advantages and disadvantages of 2 Control of delegated legislation 32 using lay people in the criminal courts 106 3 Advantages and disadvantages of delegated legislation 38 7 The legal profession and other sources of advice and funding 113 3 Statutory interpretation 41 1 The legal profession 113 1 Approaches to statutory interpretation 41 2 Funding and other sources of legal advice 123 2 Aids to interpretation 45 3 Evaluation of the legal profession, funding 3 Advantages and disadvantages of the rules and other sources of advice 129 of interpretation 49 8 The judiciary 137 4 Judicial precedent 55 1 Judges 137 1 The doctrine of judicial precedent 55 2 Independence of the judiciary 149 2 Methods of avoiding judicial precedent 64 3 Evaluation of the judiciary 152 3 Advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine of judicial precedent and the methods of Practice questions 159 avoiding precedent 67 Practice questions 70 iii Unit 2A 13 The courts: procedure and damages for negligence cases 230 Criminal liability 164 1 Outline of civil courts and appeal system Introduction 164 for a negligence case 230 2 An outline of the procedure of a negligence 9 Underlying principles of criminal case up to trial 233 liability 165 3 Damages 238 1 Introduction to criminal liability 165 Practice questions 244 2 Actus reus 168 3 Causation 170 4 Mens rea 174 Unit 2C 5 Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea and transferred malice 176 The law of contract 246 6 Strict liability 179 Introduction 246 10 Non-fatal offences 183 14 Formation of contract 247 1 Introduction to the offences 183 1 Introduction to formation of contract 247 2 The nature of the offences 183 2 The offer 250 3 Assault 184 3 Acceptance 256 4 Battery 185 4 Intention to create legal relations 260 5 Section 47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 186 5 Consideration 262 6 Section 20 of the Offences Against the 15 Breach of contract and the courts: Person Act 1861 188 procedure and damages 265 7 Section 18 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 189 1 Breach of contract 265 11 The criminal courts: procedure 2 Outline of civil courts and appeal system 267 and sentencing 192 3 An outline of the procedure of a contract case up to trial 270 1 Outline of criminal courts and appeal 4 Damages 272 system 192 Practice questions 276 2 Outline procedure to trial 195 3 Sentencing 199 Index 278 Practice questions 207 Acknowledgements 282 Unit 2B Tort 209 Introduction 209 12 Liability in negligence 210 1 Introduction to liability in negligence 210 2 The duty of care 213 3 Breach of duty 217 4 Damage caused by the defendant’s breach 224 iv Introduction ឣ About this book Nelson Thornes has developed this book to ensure that it offers you the best support for your AS course and helps you to prepare for your exams. You can be confident that this book has been reviewed by subject experts, and is closely matched to the requirements of your specification. ឣ How to use this book The book content is divided into chapters matched to the sections of the AQA Law specification for Units 1 and 2. Unit 1A (Law-making) and 1B (The legal system) cover Unit 1. Unit 2A (Criminal liability), 2B (Tort) and 2C (The law of contract) cover Unit 2. The features in this book include: In this topic you will learn how to: Each chapter is made up of two or more topics. At the beginning of each of these topics, you will find a list of learning objectives that contain targets linked to the requirements of the specification. Key terms Key cases Terms that you will need to be Cases that demonstrate a key legal able to define and understand. concept. Link Activity These refer you back to other Things for you to do that will points in the book that consider reinforce the information you have similar issues. just learned. Study tips Hints to help you with your study and to prepare you for your exam. Practice questions Questions in the style that you can expect in your exam. You should now be able to: A bulleted list of learning outcomes at the end of each chapter summarising core points of knowledge. v Table of cases A Bourhill v Young (1943): [1942] All ER 396; 215, 244, 245 A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Bradford v Robinson Rentals (1967): [1967] 1 All ER Department (2004): [2002] EWCA Civ 1502; 21 267; 227 A-G v Fulham Corporation (1921): [1921] 1 Ch 440; Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl (1983): [1982] 1 All ER 293; 35 258 Adams v Lindsell (1818): [1818] 1 B & Ald 681, Brown (R v) (1993): [1993] 2 All ER 75; 59, 60, 62, [1818] 106 ER 250; 257, 259 65, 68, 69 Addie v Dumbreck (1929): [1929] All ER 1; 57, 65, Brown and Stratton (R v) (1998): [1998] Crim LR 485; 66, 74 188 Adler v George (1964): [1964] 1 All ER 628; 42 Bulmer Ltd v J Bollinger SA (1974): [1974] 4 CH 401; Agricultural Horticultural and Forestry Training Board 43 v Aylesbury Mushrooms Ltd (1972): [1972] 1 All ER Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880): [1880] 5 CPD344; 280; 36 259 Allen (R v) [1872]: [1872] LR ICCR 367; 42, 50 Allen v Emmerson (1944): [1944] KB 362; 49 Alphacell v Woodward (1972): [1972] AC 824; 180–1 C Anns v Merton London Borough Council (1978): Candler v Crane Christmas (1951): [1951] 2 KB 164; [1977] 2 All ER 492; 66 61, 62, 65, 66, 73 Appleson v Littlewoods Pools (1939): [1939] 1 All ER Caparo v Dickman (1990): [1990] 1 All ER 568; 464; 260, 276 214–6, 217, 244 Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1892): [1893] All Corporation (1948): [1947] 2 All ER 680; 35 ER Rep 127; 253–4, 257, 277 Re Castioni (1891): [1891] 1 QB 149; 47 B Chan-Fook (R v) (1994): 2 All ER 552; 187 Chapelton v Barry UDC (1940): [1940] 1 All ER 356; Balfour v Balfour (1919): [1919] 2 KB 571; 64–5, 66, 252, 253 261, 276 Chappell v Nestlé (1959): [1959] 2 All ER 701; 263, Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital 276 Management Committee (1968): [1968] 1 All ER Cheshire (R v) (1991): [1991] 3 All ER 670; 171 1068; 224–5 Church (R v) (1966): [1966] 2 All ER 72; 178 Belfon (R v) (1976): [1976] 3 All ER 46; 189–90 Coltman v Bibby Tankers (1987): [1987] 3 All ER Bergin v David Wickes Television Ltd (1994): [1974] 1068; 53 PIQR 167; 232 Corr v IBC Vehicles (2006): [2006] EWCA 331; 228 Bettini v Gye (1876): [1876] 1 QB 183; 266 Costa v ENEL (1964): [1964] EMLR 425; 20 Bingham Justices ex p Jowitt (R v) (1974): [1974] The Cunningham (R v) (1957): [1957] 2 All ER 412; Times 3 July; 109 175–6, 185, 188, 207 Blake (R v) (1997): [1997] 1 All ER 963; 182 Customs and Excise Commissioners v Cure and Blaue (R v) (1975): [1975] 3 All ER 446; 172 Deeley Ltd (1962): [1962] 1QB 340; 35, 36 Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • House of Lords Official Report
    Vol. 764 Tuesday No. 31 14 July 2015 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) HOUSE OF LORDS OFFICIAL REPORT ORDER OF BUSINESS Questions Authors: Rights and Income........................................................................................453 Mediterranean: Migrant Trafficking.............................................................................455 Income Per Capita........................................................................................................458 Criminal Justice: Secure College ..................................................................................460 Psychoactive Substances Bill [HL] Report.............................................................................................................................463 Future of the BBC Question for Short Debate............................................................................................521 Psychoactive Substances Bill [HL] Report (Continued)........................................................................................................536 £4·00 Lords wishing to be supplied with these Daily Reports should give notice to this effect to the Printed Paper Office. No proofs of Daily Reports are provided. Corrections for the bound volume which Lords wish to suggest to the report of their speeches should be clearly indicated in a copy of the Daily Report, which, with the column numbers concerned shown on the front cover, should be sent to the Editor of Debates, House of Lords, within 14 days of the date of the Daily Report.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossrail Act 2008 Page 1
    Crossrail Act 2008 Page 1 Crossrail Act 2008 2008 CHAPTER 18 Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited. UK Statutes Crown Copyright. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty©s Stationery Of®ce. An Act to make provision for a railway transport system running from Maidenhead, in the County of Berkshire, and Heathrow Airport, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, through central London to Shen®eld, in the County of Essex, and Abbey Wood, in the London Borough of Greenwich; and for connected purposes. [22nd July 2008] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen©s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:± Extent Preamble: England, Wales, Scotland Works Law In Force 1 Construction and maintenance of scheduled works (1) The nominated undertaker may construct and maintain the works speci®ed in Schedule 1 (ªthe scheduled worksº), being± (a) works for the construction of an underground railway between, in the west, a tunnel portal at Royal Oak in the City of Westminster and, in the east, tunnel portals at Custom House and Pudding Mill Lane in the London Borough of Newham, (b) works for the construction of other railways in the London Boroughs of Barking & Dagenham, Bexley, Ealing, Greenwich, Hammersmith and Fulham, Havering, Hillingdon, Newham, Redbridge and Tower Hamlets, the City of Westminster, the Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, the District of Basildon and the Borough of Brentwood in the County of Essex, the Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead and the Borough of Slough in the County of Berkshire and the District of South Bucks in the County of Buckinghamshire, (c) works consequent on, or incidental to, the construction of the works mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b).
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDYGUIDE by Robert Lewis
    A STUDYGUIDE BY ROBERT LEWIS www.metromagazine.com.au www.theeducationshop.com.au McLibel (Franny Armstrong, 2005) is an 85-minute documentary film about the attempt by McDonald’s to stop the distribution of a pamphlet that they claimed defamed them. wo of the distributors of the settlement negotiations. Even spies. BEFORE WATCHING THE pamphlet, London Greenpeace FILM Tmembers Helen Steel and Dave Seven years later, in February 2005, Morris, defended themselves in what the marathon legal battle finally McLibel is about the court case turned out to be Britain’s longest-ever concluded at the European Court of that was brought by McDonald’s in civil trial. Human Rights. And the result took Britain to stop the distribution of the everyone by surprise – especially the pamphlet ‘What’s wrong with McDon- McLibel is the story of two ordinary British Government. ald’s?’. The pamphlet made many people who humiliated McDonald’s in accusations against McDonald’s. the biggest corporate PR disaster in McLibel is not just about hamburgers. history. McDonald’s loved using the It is about the importance of freedom To understand what the case was UK libel laws to suppress criticism. of speech now that multinational about you need to study the pamphlet. Major media organizations like the corporations are more powerful than BBC and The Guardian crumbled and countries. It is a long pamphlet, so to make the apologized. task easier it has been divided into Filmed over ten years by no-budget sub-sections in Table 1 on (page 3). But then they sued gardener Helen Director Franny Armstrong, McLibel The whole class should look at the Steel and postman Dave Morris.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting Activists from Abusive Litigation: Slapps in the Global
    PROTECTING ACTIVISTS FROM ABUSIVE LITIGATION SLAPPS IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH AND HOW TO RESPOND SLAPPS IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH Features and Policy Responses Author: Nikhil Dutta, Global Programs Legal Advisor, ICNL, [email protected]. Our thanks go to the following colleagues and partners for valuable discussions and input on this report: Abby Henderson; Charlie Holt; Christen Dobson; Ginna Anderson; Golda Benjamin; Lady Nancy Zuluaga Jaramillo; Zamira Djabarova; the Cambodian Center for Human Rights; iProbono; and SEEDS for Legal Initiatives. Published in July 2020 by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL) TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. SLAPPS IN THE GLOBAL NORTH 2 III. SLAPPS IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH 4 A. Instances of Reported SLAPPs in the South 4 i. Thailand 5 ii. India 7 iii. Philippines 10 iv. South Africa 12 v. Other Instances of Reported SLAPPS in the South 13 B. Features of Reported SLAPPs in the South 15 IV. POLICY RESPONSES TO SLAPPS IN THE GLOBAL NORTH 19 A. Enacting Protections for Public Participation 19 B. Creating Expedited Dismissal Procedures for SLAPPs 20 C. Endowing Courts with Supplemental Authorities to Manage SLAPPs 23 D. Permitting Recovery of Costs by SLAPP Targets 24 E. Authorizing Government Intervention in SLAPPs 25 F. Establishing Public Funds to Support SLAPP Defense 25 G. Imposing Compensatory and Punitive Damages on SLAPP Filers 25 H. Levying Penalties on SLAPP Filers 26 I. Reforming SLAPP Causes of Action 27 V. POLICY RESPONSES TO SLAPPS IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH 27 A. Thailand 28 B. Philippines 30 C. Indonesia 33 VI. DEVISING FUTURE RESPONSES TO SLAPPS IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH 33 REFERENCES 37 I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Following Report Is No Longer Current, and Is to Be Used for Historical Purposes Only
    The following report is no longer current, and is to be used for historical purposes only. CRIMES WITHOUT CONSEQUENCES: The Enforcement of Humane Slaughter Laws in the United States Researched and written by DENA JONES for the Animal Welfare Institute 2 CRIMES WITHOUT CONSEQUENCES: The Enforcement of Humane Slaughter Laws in the United States Researched and written by Dena Jones May 2008 Animal Welfare Institute Crimes Without Consequences: The Enforcement of Humane Slaughter Laws in the United States Researched and written by Dena Jones Animal Welfare Institute P.O. Box 3650 Washington, DC 20027 www.awionline.org Copyright © 2008 by the Animal Welfare Institute Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-938414-94-1 LCCN 2008925385 i CONTENTS Executive Summary .................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 5 1.1 About the author........................................................................ 6 1.2 About the Animal Welfare Institute ........................................... 6 1.3 Acknowledgements ................................................................... 6 2. Overview of Food Animal Slaughter in the United States ...................... 7 2.1 Animals Slaughtered ................................................................. 7 2.2 Types of Slaughter Plants .......................................................... 12 2.3 Number of Plants .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Research Paper Series
    Legal Research Paper Series NON HUMAN ANIMALS AND THE LAW: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ANIMAL LAW RESOURCES AT THE STANFORD LAW LIBRARY By Rita K. Lomio and J. Paul Lomio Research Paper No. 6 October 2005 Robert Crown Law Library Crown Quadrangle Stanford, California 94305-8612 NON HUMAN ANIMALS AND THE LAW: A BIBLIOGRPAHY OF ANIMAL LAW RESOURCES AT THE STANFORD LAW LIBRARY I. Books II. Reports III. Law Review Articles IV. Newspaper Articles (including legal newspapers) V. Sound Recordings and Films VI. Web Resources I. Books RESEARCH GUIDES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES Hoffman, Piper, and the Harvard Student Animal Legal Defense Fund The Guide to Animal Law Resources Hollis, New Hampshire: Puritan Press, 1999 Reference KF 3841 G85 “As law students, we have found that although more resources are available and more people are involved that the case just a few years ago, locating the resource or the person we need in a particular situation remains difficult. The Guide to Animal Law Resources represents our attempt to collect in one place some of the resources a legal professional, law professor or law student might want and have a hard time finding.” Guide includes citations to organizations and internships, animal law court cases, a bibliography, law schools where animal law courses are taught, Internet resources, conferences and lawyers devoted to the cause. The International Institute for Animal Law A Bibliography of Animal Law Resources Chicago, Illinois: The International Institute for Animal Law, 2001 KF 3841 A1 B53 Kistler, John M. Animal Rights: A Subject Guide, Bibliography, and Internet Companion Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000 HV 4708 K57 Bibliography divided into six subject areas: Animal Rights: General Works, Animal Natures, Fatal Uses of Animals, Nonfatal Uses of Animals, Animal Populations, and Animal Speculations.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Bills in Parliament
    House of Commons Background Paper: Public Bills in Parliament Standard Note: SN/PC/06507 Last updated: 17 December 2012 Author: Simon Patrick and Mark Sandford Section Parliament & Constitution Centre This Standard Note sets out how legislation is passed through the House of Commons and the House of Lords and explains the terms involved. It includes details of public Bills - i.e. legislation introduced by the Government and by backbench members of Parliament – and hybrid Bills – legislation normally introduced by the Government but which has some specific effects on particular localities or groups of people. The third type of legislation, private Bills, is handled via a number of quite different procedures. These are described in the Library standard note Private Bills in Parliament (SN/PC/06508). Bills are draft laws, and must be considered by and agreed to by both Houses of Parliament in an agreed form before they become Acts of Parliament. Most of those that become law are introduced by the Government: however, individual Members can introduce Private Members’ Bills. These rarely become law without Government support. A Bill undergoes similar procedures in each House. It has three ‘readings’ and, between second and third readings, a ‘committee stage’; in the latter, the Bill is scrutinised clause by clause. There is normally also a ‘report stage’ after the committee stage. After the Bill passes all of these stages in one House, it moves on to the other House. Most high-profile bills, though not all, begin in the Commons. The annual Finance Bill, which gives effect to the Budget, always begins in the Commons as the House of Lords has limited powers in this area.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2015
    Annual Report 2015 challenging religious privilege ABOUT THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY Founded in 1866, we work towards a society in which all citizens, regardless of religious belief, or lack of religious belief, can live together fairly and cohesively. We campaign for a secular democracy with a separation of religion and state, where everyone’s Human Rights are respected equally. This report covers the period October 2014 – October 2015 THE SECULAR CHARTER Our campaigning and policy objectives are guided by our Secular Charter. The National Secular Society campaigns for a secular state, where: • There is no established state religion. • Everyone is equal before the law, regardless of religion, belief or non-belief. • The judicial process is not hindered or replaced by religious codes or processes. • Freedom of expression is not restricted by religious considerations. • Religion plays no role in state-funded education, whether through religious affiliation of schools, curriculum setting, organised worship, religious instruction, pupil selection or employment practices. • The state does not express religious beliefs or preferences and does not intervene in the setting of religious doctrine. • The state does not engage in, fund or promote religious activities or practices. • There is freedom of belief, non-belief and to renounce or change religion. • Public and publicly-funded service provision does not discriminate on grounds of religion, belief or non-belief. • Individuals and groups are neither accorded privilege nor disadvantaged because of their religion, belief or non-belief. 01 FROM THE PRESIDENT Secularism’s role has You might have thought that the ‘Trojan Horse’ affair would have shaken the never been so important Government’s faith in faith schools, but This has been another significant year for once more Mr Cameron gives them a free the NSS, with the prospect of an even pass.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossrail Act 2008 (C.18) Which Received Royal Assent on 22 July 2008
    These notes refer to the Crossrail Act 2008 (c.18) which received Royal Assent on 22 July 2008 CROSSRAIL ACT 2008 ________________ EXPLANATORY NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. These explanatory notes relate to the Crossrail Act 2008 ("the Act") which received Royal Assent on 22 July 2008. They have been prepared by the Department for Transport in order to assist the reader in understanding the Act. They do not form part of the Act and have not been endorsed by Parliament. 2. The notes need to be read in conjunction with the Act. They are not, and are not meant to be, a comprehensive description of the Act. So where a section or part of a section does not seem to require any explanation or comment, none is given. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND 3. The main purpose of this Act is to secure the powers necessary to build Crossrail. Crossrail will consist of new rail tunnels running west-east through central London connecting directly with existing surface rail routes to Maidenhead and Heathrow in the west and Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east. By connecting the major London rail terminals of Paddington and Liverpool Street, Crossrail will enable interconnecting mainline train services to cross the centre of London via a number of new purpose-built stations. HYBRIDITY 4. The Bill for the Act was treated during its passage through Parliament as a Hybrid Bill, because it contained provisions which have an impact on the interests of particular individuals, as well as containing provisions of a more general public nature. A Hybrid Bill is a Public Bill promoted by the Government which affects particular private interests in a way different from the generality of people affected by the Bill.
    [Show full text]
  • Police Reform Act 2002
    Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the legislation.gov.uk editorial team to Police Reform Act 2002. Any changes that have already been made by the team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) Police Reform Act 2002 2002 CHAPTER 30 An Act to make new provision about the supervision, administration, functions and conduct of police forces, police officers and other persons serving with, or carrying out functions in relation to, the police; to amend police powers and to provide for the exercise of police powers by persons who are not police officers; to amend the law relating to anti-social behaviour orders; to amend the law relating to sex offender orders; and for connected purposes. [24th July 2002] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:— PART 1 POWERS OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE 1 National Policing Plan After section 36 of the 1996 Act there shall be inserted— “36A National Policing Plan (1) It shall be the duty of the Secretary of State, before the beginning of each financial year, to prepare a National Policing Plan for that year. (2) The Secretary of State shall lay the National Policing Plan for a financial year before Parliament. (3) Subject to subsection (4), any such plan must be laid before Parliament not later than 30th November in the preceding financial year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anticruelty Statute: a Study in Animal Welfare Darian M
    College of William & Mary Law School William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository Faculty Publications Faculty and Deans 2006 The Anticruelty Statute: A Study in Animal Welfare Darian M. Ibrahim William & Mary Law School, [email protected] Repository Citation Ibrahim, Darian M., "The Anticruelty Statute: A Study in Animal Welfare" (2006). Faculty Publications. 1680. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1680 Copyright c 2006 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs THE ANTICRUELTY STATUTE: A STUDY IN ANIMAL WELFARE DARIAN M. IBRAHIM* IN TRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 175 I. ANIMAL RIGHTS, ANIMAL WELFARE, AND THE CONCEPT OF HUMANE EXPLOITATION ................................................................. 177 II. LEGISLATURES, SOCIETAL TENSION, AND THE INEFFECTIVE ANTICRUELTY STATUTE .................................................................. 179 A . The A nticruelty Statute ............................................................. 179 B. Understanding Anticruelty Statute Exemptions ........................ 182 1. Societal Preference ............................................................. 182 2. Legislative C apture ............................................................ 184 3. Animals as Legal Property ................................................. 187 4. Efficiency and Competency ............................................... 187 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossrail Track Access Option
    Amended and restated on 2 September 2014 Dated 22nd September 2008 NETWORK RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED and THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR TRANSPORT TRACK ACCESS OPTION in connection with the Crossrail Project 319736 Table of Contents Contents Page 1 Interpretation ............................................................................................................................ 1 2 Network Code ......................................................................................................................... 22 3 Duration and Termination ..................................................................................................... 22 4 Standard of Performance ...................................................................................................... 23 5 Permission to Operate ........................................................................................................... 23 6 Service Introduction and Timetable Development ............................................................. 28 7 Access Agreements ............................................................................................................... 30 7A Supplemental Access Charge .............................................................................................. 37 8 Change Control ...................................................................................................................... 37 9 Liability ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]