AQA Law Second Edition Law Nick Price Richard Wortley Peter Smith Jennifer Currer Series editor Richard Wortley AQA Law AS Second Edition Nick Price Richard Wortley Peter Smith Jennifer Currer Series editor Richard Wortley Text © Nick Price and Richard Wortley 2008, 2012 Original illustrations © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2008, 2012 The right of Nick Price and Richard Wortley to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published in 2008 by Nelson Thornes. This edition published in 2012 by: Nelson Thornes Ltd Delta Place 27 Bath Road CHELTENHAM GL53 7TH United Kingdom 12 13 14 15 16 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4085 1946 2 AQA examination questions are reproduced by permission of AQA. Cover photograph: Cultura Creative/Alamy Illustrations by Gordon Lawson; additional illustrations by Hart McLeod Ltd Page make-up by Hart McLeod Ltd and White-Thomson Publishing Ltd Printed in Turkey by Ömür Printing and Binding Company Contents Introduction v Unit 1B Table of cases vi The legal system 75 Table of statutes x Unit 1A Introduction 75 Law-making 2 5 The civil courts and other forms of dispute resolution 76 Introduction 2 1 Outline of civil courts and appeal system 76 1 Parliamentary law-making 3 2 Other forms of civil dispute resolution 79 3 Advantages and disadvantages of forms of 1 Influences on parliamentary law-making 3 civil dispute resolution 86 2 The legislative process 10 3 Advantages and disadvantages of 6 The criminal courts and lay parliamentary law-making 17 people 94 4 Parliamentary supremacy 19 1 Outline of criminal courts and appeal system 94 2 Delegated legislation 24 2 Magistrates 95 3 Jurors 101 1 Types of delegated legislation 24 4 Advantages and disadvantages of 2 Control of delegated legislation 32 using lay people in the criminal courts 106 3 Advantages and disadvantages of delegated legislation 38 7 The legal profession and other sources of advice and funding 113 3 Statutory interpretation 41 1 The legal profession 113 1 Approaches to statutory interpretation 41 2 Funding and other sources of legal advice 123 2 Aids to interpretation 45 3 Evaluation of the legal profession, funding 3 Advantages and disadvantages of the rules and other sources of advice 129 of interpretation 49 8 The judiciary 137 4 Judicial precedent 55 1 Judges 137 1 The doctrine of judicial precedent 55 2 Independence of the judiciary 149 2 Methods of avoiding judicial precedent 64 3 Evaluation of the judiciary 152 3 Advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine of judicial precedent and the methods of Practice questions 159 avoiding precedent 67 Practice questions 70 iii Unit 2A 13 The courts: procedure and damages for negligence cases 230 Criminal liability 164 1 Outline of civil courts and appeal system Introduction 164 for a negligence case 230 2 An outline of the procedure of a negligence 9 Underlying principles of criminal case up to trial 233 liability 165 3 Damages 238 1 Introduction to criminal liability 165 Practice questions 244 2 Actus reus 168 3 Causation 170 4 Mens rea 174 Unit 2C 5 Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea and transferred malice 176 The law of contract 246 6 Strict liability 179 Introduction 246 10 Non-fatal offences 183 14 Formation of contract 247 1 Introduction to the offences 183 1 Introduction to formation of contract 247 2 The nature of the offences 183 2 The offer 250 3 Assault 184 3 Acceptance 256 4 Battery 185 4 Intention to create legal relations 260 5 Section 47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 186 5 Consideration 262 6 Section 20 of the Offences Against the 15 Breach of contract and the courts: Person Act 1861 188 procedure and damages 265 7 Section 18 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 189 1 Breach of contract 265 11 The criminal courts: procedure 2 Outline of civil courts and appeal system 267 and sentencing 192 3 An outline of the procedure of a contract case up to trial 270 1 Outline of criminal courts and appeal 4 Damages 272 system 192 Practice questions 276 2 Outline procedure to trial 195 3 Sentencing 199 Index 278 Practice questions 207 Acknowledgements 282 Unit 2B Tort 209 Introduction 209 12 Liability in negligence 210 1 Introduction to liability in negligence 210 2 The duty of care 213 3 Breach of duty 217 4 Damage caused by the defendant’s breach 224 iv Introduction ឣ About this book Nelson Thornes has developed this book to ensure that it offers you the best support for your AS course and helps you to prepare for your exams. You can be confident that this book has been reviewed by subject experts, and is closely matched to the requirements of your specification. ឣ How to use this book The book content is divided into chapters matched to the sections of the AQA Law specification for Units 1 and 2. Unit 1A (Law-making) and 1B (The legal system) cover Unit 1. Unit 2A (Criminal liability), 2B (Tort) and 2C (The law of contract) cover Unit 2. The features in this book include: In this topic you will learn how to: Each chapter is made up of two or more topics. At the beginning of each of these topics, you will find a list of learning objectives that contain targets linked to the requirements of the specification. Key terms Key cases Terms that you will need to be Cases that demonstrate a key legal able to define and understand. concept. Link Activity These refer you back to other Things for you to do that will points in the book that consider reinforce the information you have similar issues. just learned. Study tips Hints to help you with your study and to prepare you for your exam. Practice questions Questions in the style that you can expect in your exam. You should now be able to: A bulleted list of learning outcomes at the end of each chapter summarising core points of knowledge. v Table of cases A Bourhill v Young (1943): [1942] All ER 396; 215, 244, 245 A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Bradford v Robinson Rentals (1967): [1967] 1 All ER Department (2004): [2002] EWCA Civ 1502; 21 267; 227 A-G v Fulham Corporation (1921): [1921] 1 Ch 440; Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl (1983): [1982] 1 All ER 293; 35 258 Adams v Lindsell (1818): [1818] 1 B & Ald 681, Brown (R v) (1993): [1993] 2 All ER 75; 59, 60, 62, [1818] 106 ER 250; 257, 259 65, 68, 69 Addie v Dumbreck (1929): [1929] All ER 1; 57, 65, Brown and Stratton (R v) (1998): [1998] Crim LR 485; 66, 74 188 Adler v George (1964): [1964] 1 All ER 628; 42 Bulmer Ltd v J Bollinger SA (1974): [1974] 4 CH 401; Agricultural Horticultural and Forestry Training Board 43 v Aylesbury Mushrooms Ltd (1972): [1972] 1 All ER Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880): [1880] 5 CPD344; 280; 36 259 Allen (R v) [1872]: [1872] LR ICCR 367; 42, 50 Allen v Emmerson (1944): [1944] KB 362; 49 Alphacell v Woodward (1972): [1972] AC 824; 180–1 C Anns v Merton London Borough Council (1978): Candler v Crane Christmas (1951): [1951] 2 KB 164; [1977] 2 All ER 492; 66 61, 62, 65, 66, 73 Appleson v Littlewoods Pools (1939): [1939] 1 All ER Caparo v Dickman (1990): [1990] 1 All ER 568; 464; 260, 276 214–6, 217, 244 Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1892): [1893] All Corporation (1948): [1947] 2 All ER 680; 35 ER Rep 127; 253–4, 257, 277 Re Castioni (1891): [1891] 1 QB 149; 47 B Chan-Fook (R v) (1994): 2 All ER 552; 187 Chapelton v Barry UDC (1940): [1940] 1 All ER 356; Balfour v Balfour (1919): [1919] 2 KB 571; 64–5, 66, 252, 253 261, 276 Chappell v Nestlé (1959): [1959] 2 All ER 701; 263, Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital 276 Management Committee (1968): [1968] 1 All ER Cheshire (R v) (1991): [1991] 3 All ER 670; 171 1068; 224–5 Church (R v) (1966): [1966] 2 All ER 72; 178 Belfon (R v) (1976): [1976] 3 All ER 46; 189–90 Coltman v Bibby Tankers (1987): [1987] 3 All ER Bergin v David Wickes Television Ltd (1994): [1974] 1068; 53 PIQR 167; 232 Corr v IBC Vehicles (2006): [2006] EWCA 331; 228 Bettini v Gye (1876): [1876] 1 QB 183; 266 Costa v ENEL (1964): [1964] EMLR 425; 20 Bingham Justices ex p Jowitt (R v) (1974): [1974] The Cunningham (R v) (1957): [1957] 2 All ER 412; Times 3 July; 109 175–6, 185, 188, 207 Blake (R v) (1997): [1997] 1 All ER 963; 182 Customs and Excise Commissioners v Cure and Blaue (R v) (1975): [1975] 3 All ER 446; 172 Deeley Ltd (1962): [1962] 1QB 340; 35, 36 Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co.