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Maryland Historical Magazine, 2009, Volume 104, Issue No. 2

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MARYLAND ^ HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Summer 2009 CHESAPEAKE FERRIES A Waterborne Tradition, 1636-2000 By Clara Ann Simmons V^ylara Ann Simmons moved to Maryland's Eastern Shore more than fifty years ago and marveled at this land of rivers and creeks and bays. A journalist by profession, she became fascinated with water travel in the Chesapeake region, that intricate network of connections "that set CLARA ANN SIMMONS the traveler on his way so that he might continue his journey." page count, 144 trim size, 81/2 x 11 Thus opens an engaging and binding, paper gracefully written narrative that ISBN, 0-938420-78-X takes the reader from the earliest pub date, June 2009 Price $34 days of colonial settlement when MdHS Steward Member all who journeyed through the price $22.10 region crossed the waterways, to the age of bridge building that changed forever the way people reach their destinations. Beautifully illustrated with dozens of photographs and maps, Chesapeake Ferries is a tribute to the region's maritime past. Publication of this work was made possible by the generous support of the FRIENDS OF THE PRESS OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY \ f Maryland Historical Society Founded 1844 Officers Henry Hodges Stansbury, Chair Cecil E. Flamer, Assistant Treasurer Alex. G. Fisher, President Francis J. Carey, Vice President David S. Thaler, First Vice President & Thomas A. Collier, Vice President President Elect Richard T. Moreland, Vice President James W. Constable, Secretary Dorothy Mel. Scott, Vice President Frederick M. Hudson, Treasurer Board of Trustees Gregory H. Barnhill Jayne H. Plank Isabelle B. Obert Robert M. Cheston Jr. George S. Rich The Hon. John P. Sarbanes Ann Y. Fenwick Lynn Springer Roberts The Hon. James T. Smith Jr. Sandra Flax Patricia E. Saul Chairmen Emeriti H. Russell Frisby Jr. Walter G. Scbamu L. Patrick Deering Robert Gregory David P. Scheffenacker Jr. Jack S. Griswold Brian R Harrington Jacqueline Smelkinson Barbara P. Katz Louis G. Hecbt Michael J. Sullivan Stanard T. Klinefelter David L. Hopkins Jr. Richard C. Tilghman Jr. H. Thomas Howell Edward Walker Presidents Emeriti Lenwood M. Ivey John L. McShane Ex-Officio Trustees M. Willis Macgill Brian B. Topping The Hon. David R. Craig Joseph E. Moore The Hon. Sheila Dixon Robert W. Rogers, Director The Maryland Historical Magazine Patricia Dockman Anderson, Editor Robin Donaldson Coblentz, Christopher T. George, Jane Gushing Lange, Robert W. Barnes, Editorial Associates Editorial Board H. Thomas Howell, Chair John S. Bainbridge Jr.; Jean H. Baker; James H. Bready; Robert J. Brugger; Deborah Cardin; Lois Green Carr; Suzanne E. Chapelle; Marilyn Davis; Toby L. Ditz; Jack G. Goellner; Norvell E. Miller III; Charles W. Mitchell; Jean B. Russo; James F. Schneider, David S. Thaler; Bertram Wyatt-Brown Members Emeriti David G. Fogel and Charles McC. Mathias ISSN 0025-4258 © 2009 by the Maryland Historical Society. Published quarterly as a benefit of membership in the Maryland Historical Society, spring, summer, fall, and winter. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and/or America: History and Life. Periodicals postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland, and at additional mail- ing offices. Postmaster: Please send address changes to the Maryland Historical Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. Printed by The Sheridan Press, Hanover, Pennsylvania 17331. MARYLAND Historical Magazine VOLUME 104, NO. 2 (Summer 2009) CONTENTS Separating Myth from History: The Maryland Riflemen in the War of Independence 101 JAMES MclNTYRE Curtis Washington Jacobs: Architect of Absolute Black Enslavement, 1850-1864 121 WILLA BANKS "A Veil of Voodoo": George P. Mahoney, Open Housing, and the 1966 Governor's Race 145 RICHARD HARDESTY Thomas Poppleton's Map: Vignettes of a City's Self Image 185 JEREMY KARGON Maryland History Bibliography, 2008 208 Anne S. K. Turkos and Jeff Korman, compilers Cover: Daughters of Charity, 1959 / inset, Mary Jenkins sampler, 1823 In late June 1809, Elizabeth Bayley Seton (1774-1821) arrived in Emmitsburg with four com- panions and the funding to open a free Catholic school for girls. Several weeks later she founded the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. Originally intended as a day school for poor children, local economic difficulties quickly transformed Seton's institution into a boarding school. This small nineteenth-century community of women religious became the nucle- us of the American Sisters of Charity, now celebrating the bicentennial of Seton's arrival in Frederick County and the establishment of her school. (Maryland Historical Society/ Daughters of Charity, Emmitsburg, Md.) The Maryland Historical Magazine welcomes submissions from authors and letters to the editor. Letters may be edited for space and clarity. All articles will be acknowledged, but only those accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope will be returned. Submissions should be printed or typed manuscript. Address Edi- tor, Maryland Historical Magazine, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201. Include name, address, and daytime telephone number. Once accepted, articles should be on CDS (MS Word or PC convert- ible format), or may be emailed to [email protected]. The guidelines for contributors are available on our website at www.mdhs.org. ^ M4.JP of 4DELAWAUE COUJSTTIES : , 2 S<ruf/u>r/iJPa/ A o/ \ ''K-V 4^"? -MB\r JERSEY i/i^l-'.i |ifes#fc2&?rf««jy^ •S-i ' ^^"".slnS,.,,. Separating Myth from History: The Maryland Riflemen in the War of Independence James Mclntyre Lean men of the colonial frontier clad in hunting shirts and broad-brimmed hats. Hunters and farmers turned soldiers who hailed from the edge of civilization and whose deadly marksmanship with their longrifles quickly made them the scourge of the British regulars. Rugged individualists who could easily out fight and out think the automatons of His Majesty's Regulars. These are the images and notions most people instantly associate with the American riflemen in the War of Independence. They encompass concepts many have literally grown up with, re- inforced repeatedly in both popular and academic writings on the war. The mere mention of these troops evokes certain ideals that cut to the heart of American no- tions about our collective identity, perhaps even to the present day. Although the opening descriptions certainly seem flowery, they are indicative of much of the literature on the riflemen. Several examples should suffice on this point. Writing in the 1920s, Colonel John W. Wright presented this description, "The rifleman was picturesque in his round hat and hunting shirt, and his marksmanship compelled British officers and sergeants to lay aside their spontoons and halberds while on American service—just as later in South Africa, British officers abandoned their swords, and for the same reason." As if this were not enough of a testament to their martial abilities, the following description emphasizes the rifleman's com- bat readiness. "Over every cabin door hung a well made rifle, correctly sighted and maintained in perfect condition for immediate use.... In case of alarm, the back- woodsman seized these things, put a few pounds of rockahominy and jerked venison into his pouch and in five minutes he was ready."1 How accurate are these images? Answering this question is the primary purpose of this work. By looking at one of The author teaches history at Moraine Valley Community College, Pahs Hills, Illinois. He is currently editing Lewis Nicola, A Treatise of Military Exercise Calculated for the Use of Americans, forthcoming from George Nafziger Press. Thomas Kitchin, A Map of Maryland with the Delaware Counties and the Southern Part of New Jersey, 1757. In V7S, Captain Michael Cresap responded to the Continental Congress's recruit- ment call and led 740 Western Maryland riflemen to Boston where they joined General George Washington's troops. 102 Maryland Historical Magazine 1 • JI ^g. wily ii«i I iiWImnim m ilfiili' ...i, » wu.mji - V%** e<'. Jt*ryo Az /?/*< rfo/f •JMr s •/ \ ••'•'• £ fjfJ' . 3-. 7/ J^4*H* as Pn asrvi . £0 \'4,0- '4- 4:/S.-f L ^Lyju£~- - - •4/ j y- /s-t 4 \jr/S- &,|v s&s^m'**^ : ^- /£- //• 2/7: / *U£. * ?• 4S 42 ,9: 3K A i r?-/-/-'•: A / >- 3 / ' ^-/ ^ 4- r- 4-r j •<sJ7n,'sa„ Sfcv,,. 4af,> 44- 5.. /. •• ^ / /^ ^- i' 4- A fc -j^ 4.r L \4- J .^3 3-/'?£ \ 2/9 6:&%>U~i /A/*./j/•//•• ^-j ^/^^! Payroll sheet, Michael Cresap's rifle company, October 6,7775. (Maryland Historical Society.) Separating Myth from History: The Maryland Riflemen... 103 the rifle companies recruited in the western portions of Maryland in 1775, specifi- cally that of Captain Michael Cresap, it seeks to separate myth from reality.2 Cresap's company serves as a particularly good historical test group for several reasons. First, they were among the earliest companies actually recruited after the Continental Congress sent the call for troops. Second, the unit had a fairly compact history. Cresap died in October 1775, and leadership of his men passed to Captain Moses Rawlings.3 The company command changed, creating a logical break as each commander imparted a certain culture to the unit. When command changed, there- fore, it could certainly have a profound impact on the daily lives of the men. Thus, Cresap's death provides a useful point at which to break off the inquiry. Third, the company left some very useful records from which to gain an understanding of the men and, perhaps equally as important, who they sought to be—how they hoped both their contemporaries and posterity would perceive them. In many instances, these perceptions, over time, supplanted the realities of the riflemen. This unreal- istic perception developed most particularly in the minds of the Continental Army leadership. Many of the top commanders at the American camp in Cambridge, Massachusetts, such as George Washington and Charles Lee initially initially saw the riflemen as partisans, men who would rapidly defeat the King's troops and end the conflict in short order.
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