DOCSLIB.ORG

The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillm

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillm “A Mean City”: The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By: Thomas Anthony Gass, M.A. Department of History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Hasan Kwame Jeffries, Advisor Dr. Kevin Boyle Dr. Curtis Austin 1 Copyright by Thomas Anthony Gass 2014 2 Abstract “A Mean City”: The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975” traces the history and activities of the Baltimore branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from its revitalization during the Great Depression to the end of the Black Power Movement. The dissertation examines the NAACP’s efforts to eliminate racial discrimination and segregation in a city and state that was “neither North nor South” while carrying out the national directives of the parent body. In doing so, its ideas, tactics, strategies, and methods influenced the growth of the national civil rights movement. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the Jackson, Mitchell, and Murphy families and the countless number of African Americans and their white allies throughout Baltimore and Maryland that strove to make “The Free State” live up to its moniker. It is also dedicated to family members who have passed on but left their mark on this work and myself. They are my grandparents, Lucious and Mattie Gass, Barbara Johns Powell, William “Billy” Spencer, and Cynthia L. “Bunny” Jones. This victory is theirs as well. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation has certainly been a long time coming. Although writing it sometimes seemed like a lonely endeavor, it was comforting to know that there were many people who were with me in thought and spirit. I will never be able to adequately thank them all for their encouragement, sage advice, cheers, critiques, help, and direction, but I will attempt to do so here. If I leave someone out, please charge it to my head and not my heart. First, I have to thank the Gass, Cobbs, ad Spencer families for their love, dedication, commitment, and encouragement. The “village” believed in me even before I entered the Ph.D. program and constantly rooted for me. I definitely have to thank several individuals. My mother, Sandra, has been very encouraging. My two sisters, Stacey and Tiffany, have shown love to their big brother for years and I truly appreciate it. My nieces, Taylor and Tori, inspire me to properly educate the younger generation about African American history and the struggle that still must be fought. My grandparents, Earl and Ethel Spencer, deserve special recognition, always concerned about my health and well being and sending a little “help” every now and then. My father, Tom, may not understand why I have spent so much time in Columbus, but he nonetheless cheers me on. My uncle, Dr. A. Leon Cobbs, has been my rock. The only member of my family until recently to obtain a Ph.D., he has been an extraordinary mentor, having been extremely gracious with his time, support, advice and criticism. I would like to thank another of my uncles, Sam Cobbs, for being my silent cheerleader. iv I could not have gotten through without my scholarly community. My brother, David Leon Reed, set the example. Shout out to the rest of the Morgan Five—Kim Hicks, Zena Duncan and Stephanie Francis. DeReef Jamison and Yao Ahoto also represented. Julia Njemile Goodman Gafney, Carolyn Reed and Kanika Clay were down before this all began and are here until the end. Mark Phillips has been a dedicated friend and another ‘brother’ of mine. Jason Perkins and Robert Bennett III held me down while in the History Department. Chauncey Beaty, Kerra Carson, Dana Blount, Heneryatta Ballah, Noel Voltz, Dawn Miles, Gisele Jeter-Bennett, Liseli Fitzpatrick, Dr. Tanisha Jackson, Tamara Butler, Jessica Roach, Tiffany Halsell, and Melissa Crum get special recognition. Nyron Crawford, Edwin Lee, and Leroy Long made good company (mostly!) during the Bell Fellows study sessions. Elliott Sykes for just being him. Special shout out to Janay Alston, my little sister, and her relatives, Nicole and Eric Young, Stacy Young, and Kasandra McDonald for helping me to relax and unwind—and save my sanity—by getting me out of Columbus to relax and enjoy myself. I have to give love and special thanks to Dr. Leslie Alexander-Austin for the pep talks and sooth sessions. Thanks also to Drs. Walter Rucker, James Moore for his peerless example, and Leonard Moore. Without question, Dr. JoAnn O. Robinson started me on this path by suggesting the topic and for that I am eternally grateful. Drs. Debra Ham and Suzanne Chappelle nurtured it as a master’s thesis. Dr. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn helped to see it through. Thanks to Dr. Prudence Cumberbatch for her vital support. She was the first scholar I met who studied Baltimore and I am glad that she is very willing to share her knowledge and sources with me. I would be remiss if I did not recognize Dr. Rhonda v Williams, a Charm City representative, for her work on her hometown. It is comforting to know that they strongly believe Baltimore is worthy of scholarly inquiry as well. The staff and students of my third home, the Frank W. Hale, Jr. Black Cultural Center, have always been encouraging and I am proud to be a part of the team. Thanks to Larry Williamson, Ron Parker, LaShalle Harvey-Johnson, Lee Smith, and Philip Mayo. My dissertation committee deserves special recognition, so thanks to Drs. Hasan Kwame Jeffries, Kevin Boyle and Curtis Austin for making sure I have a dissertation that is worthy of a scholar. Thanks to Dr. Theresa Delgadillo for representing the Graduate School and taking the time to read and comment on my work. I would also like to thank Dr. Judy Wu and the other participants in The Ohio State University Office of Diversity and Inclusion’s Dissertation Boot Camp in 2012. Thanks to Vice Provost Dr. Valerie Lee, Assistant Vice Provost Dr. James Moore, and the entire ODI staff for having the foresight to have such an event and ability to make it a success. I would be negligent if I did not recognize my fellowmen of Groove Phi Groove Social Fellowship, Inc., especially Jibreel Garner, the sisters of Swing Phi Swing Social Fellowship, Inc., and the rest of the Black/White/Black Dynasty. I have to thank my Bowie State University family for starting me on this path. Thanks to the Good Brothers, Baba Zak A. Kondo, Dr. M. Sammye Miller, and Dr. Mario Fenyo. Thanks to Bowie State University and Morgan State University, two of the best HBCUs, for allowing me to become a better educator. I would like to thank the library staffs of the Library of Congress, the Moorland- Spingarn Research Center, the Soper Library at Morgan State University, and the Maryland Historical Society for their hard work and guidance. I especially want to thank vi Joe Jackson and Patrick Kerwin in the Manuscripts Reading Room at the Library of Congress, who went above and beyond the call of duty in helping me find the materials that I needed. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Adrianne Cannon, the African American archivist at the Library, for allowing me access to the Clarence and Juanita Mitchell Papers. Clarence Logan was generous with both his time and his resources. Larry Gibson reached out and I am grateful. It goes without saying that any errors of fact and interpretation found within are entirely my own. I just hope that others find this story as exciting and fascinating as I have. vii Vita May 1994 Bowie State University June 2001 Morgan State University December 2013 The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: History Minor Field: African American History Minor Field: Modern American History viii Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………….iii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………...iv Vita……………………………………………………………………………………..viii Introduction: Maryland: ‘The Middle State Syndrome’……………………………….....1 Chapter 1: ‘Up South Baltimore’: The Coming of the Color Line in a Border City……25 Chapter 2: “The Whole City’s Talking About the NAACP”: The Revitalization of the Baltimore NAACP and the Making of a Grassroots Organization, 1931-1935…………………………………………………...47 Chapter 3: “We Will Sue Jim Crow Out of Maryland”: The Legal Campaign Against Racial Segregation and Discrimination, 1935-1941………………93 Chapter 4: Beyond the Boundaries: The Struggle for Equal Education in Maryland….141 Chapter 5: “Everyday A Membership Day”: The Baltimore NAACP During the World War II Era………………………………………………………….190 Chapter 6: “We Believe that Baltimore Could Be A Model for the South”: Baltimore and the Road to Brown………………………………………..257 ix Chapter 7: “As Far Back as 1955”: The Baltimore NAACP and the Student Movement, 1955-1965…………………………………………………...336 Chapter 8: Targeting Baltimore: Black Power Comes to the Monument City……….385 Epilogue: Back to the Root of It All…………………………………………………..437 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..449 x Introduction: Maryland—The Middle State Syndrome Jean Wiley was excited. It seemed almost immediately after completing her master’s degree at the University of Michigan that Tuskegee Institute, the premier black institution in Alabama, came calling, offering her a teaching position in the English Department. It was June 1964, and the timing could not have been better. Things were moving fast in the Deep South. The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was about to flood Mississippi with seasoned, battle-tested field secretaries and white volunteers in an all-out assault against the most terrifying bastion of Jim Crow segregation while also toiling in neighboring Alabama’s Black Belt counties in places like Selma, where they were starting to plant the seeds that local people would use to push not only for social and economic equality but political power as well.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kweisi Mfume 1948–
    FORMER MEMBERS H 1971–2007 ������������������������������������������������������������������������ Kweisi Mfume 1948– UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVE H 1987–1996 DEMOCRAT FROM MARYLAND n epiphany in his mid-20s called Frizzell Gray away stress and frustration, Gray quit his jobs. He hung out A from the streets of Baltimore and into politics under on street corners, participated in illegal gambling, joined a new name: Kweisi Mfume, which means “conquering a gang, and fathered five sons (Ronald, Donald, Kevin, son of kings” in a West African dialect. “Frizzell Gray had Keith, and Michael) with four different women. In the lived and died. From his spirit was born a new person,” summer of 1972, Gray saw a vision of his mother’s face, Mfume later wrote.1 An admirer of civil rights leader Dr. convincing him to leave his life on the streets.5 Earning Martin Luther King, Jr., Mfume followed in his footsteps, a high school equivalency degree, Gray changed his becoming a well-known voice on Baltimore-area radio, the name to symbolize his transformation. He adopted the chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), and name Kweisi Mfume at the suggestion of an aunt who the leader of one of the country’s oldest advocacy groups had traveled through Ghana. An earlier encounter with for African Americans, the National Association for the future Baltimore-area Representative Parren Mitchell, who Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). challenged Mfume to help solve the problems of poverty Kweisi Mfume, formerly named Frizzell Gray, was and violence, profoundly affected the troubled young born on October 24, 1948, in Turners Station, Maryland, man.6 “I can’t explain it, but a feeling just came over me a small town 10 miles south of Baltimore.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Flight: Racial Shuffling in American Metropolitan Areas (Orly
    Population Association of America(PAA) Extended Abstract-2013 Meeting September 21, 2012 Black Flight: Racial Shuffling in American Metropolitan Areas (Orly Clerge & Hilary Silver) Scholars usually refer to "Black Flight," or the rapid geographical mobility of African- Americans, as the return migration of African-Americans to cities in the American South (Frey 2011). Black population gains from 2000 to 2010 mostly occurred in the metropolitan areas of the South, led by Atlanta, Dallas, and Houston. In contrast, black population in metropolitan New York, Chicago, and Detroit fell for the first time. In addition to this black inter-metropolitan mobility, there is evidence of intra-metropolitan movement as well. In line with Chicago School theory (Frey 1979; South & Crowder 1997a, b), urban sociologists have applied the conventional term “white flight” to middle- and working- class African-Americans who move out of neighborhoods where the black poor move in and who move into neighborhoods from which whites fled. For example, Woldoff (2011) demonstrates that after white flight, the initially "pioneering" blacks flee to other neighborhoods or adjust to the new segregated residential environment into which an incoming second wave of black neighbors arrive (see also Patillo-McCoy 2000). Patillo (2007), Hyra (2008), and Freeman also discuss how all black neighborhoods have gentrified, creating class conflicts within the same areas. The class-selective understanding of Black Flight can be confused with “black suburbanization" more generally.
    [Show full text]
  • The Limits of “Diversity” Where Affirmative Action Was About Compensatory Justice, Diversity Is Meant to Be a Shared Benefit
    The Limits of “Diversity” Where affirmative action was about compensatory justice, diversity is meant to be a shared benefit. But does the rationale carry weight? By Kelefa Sanneh, THE NEW YORKER, October 9, 2017 This summer, the Times reported that, under President Trump, the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice had acquired a new focus. The division, which was founded in 1957, during the fight over school integration, would now be going after colleges for discriminating against white applicants. The article cited an internal memo soliciting staff lawyers for “investigations and possible litigation related to intentional race-based discrimination in college and university admissions.” But the memo did not explicitly mention white students, and a spokesperson for the Justice Department charged that the story was inaccurate. She said that the request for lawyers related specifically to a complaint from 2015, when a number of groups charged that Harvard was discriminating against Asian-American students. In one sense, Asian-Americans were overrepresented at Harvard: in 2013, they made up eighteen per cent of undergraduates, despite being only about five per cent of the country’s population. But at the California Institute of Technology, which does not employ racial preferences, Asian- Americans made up forty-three per cent of undergraduates—a figure that had increased by more than half over the previous two decades, while Harvard’s percentage had remained relatively flat. The plaintiffs used SAT scores and other data to argue that administrators had made it “far more difficult for Asian-Americans than for any other racial and ethnic group of students to gain admission to Harvard.” They claimed that Harvard, in its pursuit of racial parity, was not only rewarding black and Latino students but also penalizing Asian-American students—who were, after all, minorities, too.
    [Show full text]
  • Untimely Meditations: Reflections on the Black Audio Film Collective
    8QWLPHO\0HGLWDWLRQV5HIOHFWLRQVRQWKH%ODFN$XGLR )LOP&ROOHFWLYH .RGZR(VKXQ Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art, Number 19, Summer 2004, pp. 38-45 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\'XNH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nka/summary/v019/19.eshun.html Access provided by Birkbeck College-University of London (14 Mar 2015 12:24 GMT) t is no exaggeration to say that the installation of In its totality, the work of John Akomfrah, Reece Auguiste, Handsworth Songs (1985) at Documentall introduced a Edward George, Lina Gopaul, Avril Johnson, David Lawson, and new audience and a new generation to the work of the Trevor Mathison remains terra infirma. There are good reasons Black Audio Film Collective. An artworld audience internal and external to the group why this is so, and any sus• weaned on Fischli and Weiss emerged from the black tained exploration of the Collective's work should begin by iden• cube with a dramatically expanded sense of the historical, poet• tifying the reasons for that occlusion. Such an analysis in turn ic, and aesthetic project of the legendary British group. sets up the discursive parameters for a close hearing and viewing The critical acclaim that subsequently greeted Handsworth of the visionary project of the Black Audio Film Collective. Songs only underlines its reputation as the most important and We can locate the moment when the YBA narrative achieved influential art film to emerge from England in the last twenty cultural liftoff in 1996 with Douglas Gordon's Turner Prize vic• years. It is perhaps inevitable that Handsworth Songs has tended tory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bankruptcy of Detroit: What Role Did Race Play?
    The Bankruptcy of Detroit: What Role did Race Play? Reynolds Farley* University of Michigan at Michigan Perhaps no city in the United States has a longer and more vibrant history of racial conflict than Detroit. It is the only city where federal troops have been dispatched to the streets four times to put down racial bloodshed. By the 1990s, Detroit was the quintessential “Chocolate City-Vanilla Suburbs” metropolis. In 2013, Detroit be- came the largest city to enter bankruptcy. It is an oversimplification and inaccurate to argue that racial conflict and segregation caused the bankruptcy of Detroit. But racial issues were deeply intertwined with fundamental population shifts and em- ployment changes that together diminished the tax base of the city. Consideration is also given to the role continuing racial disparity will play in the future of Detroit after bankruptcy. INTRODUCTION The city of Detroit ran out of funds to pay its bills in early 2013. Emergency Man- ager Kevyn Orr, with the approval of Michigan Governor Snyder, sought and received bankruptcy protection from the federal court and Detroit became the largest city to enter bankruptcy. This paper explores the role that racial conflict played in the fiscal collapse of what was the nation’s fourth largest city. In June 1967 racial violence in Newark led to 26 deaths and, the next month, rioting in Detroit killed 43. President Johnson appointed Illinois Governor Kerner to chair a com- mission to explain the causes of urban racial violence. That Commission emphasized the grievances of blacks in big cities—segregated housing, discrimination in employment, poor schools, and frequent police violence including the questionable shooting of nu- merous African American men.
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Assimilation During the Great Migration
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 14371 From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation during the Great Migration Vasiliki Fouka Soumyajit Mazumder Marco Tabellini MAY 2021 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 14371 From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation during the Great Migration Vasiliki Fouka Stanford University, CEPR, and NBER Soumyajit Mazumder Harvard University Marco Tabellini Harvard Business School, CEPR and IZA MAY 2021 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ISSN: 2365-9793 IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 14371 MAY 2021 ABSTRACT From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation during the Great Migration* How does the arrival of a new minority group affect the social acceptance and outcomes of existing minorities? We study this question in the context of the First Great Migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Rights Movement and the Legacy of Martin Luther
    RETURN TO PUBLICATIONS HOMEPAGE The Dream Is Alive, by Gary Puckrein Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Excerpts from Statements and Speeches Two Centuries of Black Leadership: Biographical Sketches March toward Equality: Significant Moments in the Civil Rights Movement Return to African-American History page. Martin Luther King, Jr. This site is produced and maintained by the U.S. Department of State. Links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views contained therein. THE DREAM IS ALIVE by Gary Puckrein ● The Dilemma of Slavery ● Emancipation and Segregation ● Origins of a Movement ● Equal Education ● Montgomery, Alabama ● Martin Luther King, Jr. ● The Politics of Nonviolent Protest ● From Birmingham to the March on Washington ● Legislating Civil Rights ● Carrying on the Dream The Dilemma of Slavery In 1776, the Founding Fathers of the United States laid out a compelling vision of a free and democratic society in which individual could claim inherent rights over another. When these men drafted the Declaration of Independence, they included a passage charging King George III with forcing the slave trade on the colonies. The original draft, attributed to Thomas Jefferson, condemned King George for violating the "most sacred rights of life and liberty of a distant people who never offended him." After bitter debate, this clause was taken out of the Declaration at the insistence of Southern states, where slavery was an institution, and some Northern states whose merchant ships carried slaves from Africa to the colonies of the New World. Thus, even before the United States became a nation, the conflict between the dreams of liberty and the realities of 18th-century values was joined.
    [Show full text]
  • “I Woke up to the World”: Politicizing Blackness and Multiracial Identity Through Activism
    “I woke up to the world”: Politicizing Blackness and Multiracial Identity Through Activism by Angelica Celeste Loblack A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Sociology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Elizabeth Hordge-Freeman, Ph.D. Beatriz Padilla, Ph.D. Jennifer Sims, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 3, 2020 Keywords: family, higher education, involvement, racialization, racial socialization Copyright © 2020, Angelica Celeste Loblack TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction: Falling in Love with my Blackness ........................................................................ 1 Black while Multiracial: Mapping Coalitions and Divisions ............................................ 5 Chapter One: Literature Review .................................................................................................. 8 Multiracial Utopianism: (Multi)racialization in a Colorblind Era ..................................... 8 I Am, Because: Multiracial Pre-College Racial Socialization ......................................... 11 The Blacker the Berry: Racialization and Racial Fluidity ............................................... 15 Racialized Bodies: (Mono)racism
    [Show full text]
  • IN HONOR of FRED GRAY: MAKING CIVIL RIGHTS LAW from ROSA PARKS to the TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY - Introduction
    Case Western Reserve Law Review Volume 67 Issue 4 Article 10 2017 SYMPOSIUM: IN HONOR OF FRED GRAY: MAKING CIVIL RIGHTS LAW FROM ROSA PARKS TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY - Introduction Jonathan L. Entin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Jonathan L. Entin, SYMPOSIUM: IN HONOR OF FRED GRAY: MAKING CIVIL RIGHTS LAW FROM ROSA PARKS TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY - Introduction, 67 Case W. Rsrv. L. Rev. 1025 (2017) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol67/iss4/10 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Law Review by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Law Review·Volume 67·Issue 4·2017 —Symposium— In Honor of Fred Gray: Making Civil Rights Law from Rosa Parks to the Twenty-First Century Introduction Jonathan L. Entin† Contents I. Background................................................................................ 1026 II. Supreme Court Cases ............................................................... 1027 A. The Montgomery Bus Boycott: Gayle v. Browder .......................... 1027 B. Freedom of Association: NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson ....... 1028 C. Racial Gerrymandering: Gomillion v. Lightfoot ............................. 1029 D. Constitutionalizing the Law of
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Historical Magazine, 1976, Volume 71, Issue No. 3
    AKfLAND •AZIN Published Quarterly by the Maryland Historical Society FALL 1976 Vol. 71, No. 3 BOARD OF EDITORS JOSEPH L. ARNOLD, University of Maryland, Baltimore County JEAN BAKER, Goucher College GARY BROWNE, Wayne State University JOSEPH W. COX, Towson State College CURTIS CARROLL DAVIS, Baltimore RICHARD R. DUNCAN, Georgetown University RONALD HOFFMAN, University of Maryland, College Park H. H. WALKER LEWIS, Baltimore EDWARD C. PAPENFUSE, Hall of Records BENJAMIN QUARLES, Morgan State College JOHN B. BOLES, Editor, Towson State College NANCY G. BOLES, Assistant Editor RICHARD J. COX, Manuscripts MARY K. MEYER, Genealogy MARY KATHLEEN THOMSEN, Graphics FORMER EDITORS WILLIAM HAND BROWNE, 1906-1909 LOUIS H. DIELMAN, 1910-1937 JAMES W. FOSTER, 1938-1949, 1950-1951 HARRY AMMON, 1950 FRED SHELLEY, 1951-1955 FRANCIS C. HABER 1955-1958 RICHARD WALSH, 1958-1967 RICHARD R. DUNCAN, 1967-1974 P. WILLIAM FILBY, Director ROMAINE S. SOMERVILLE, Assistant Director The Maryland Historical Magazine is published quarterly by the Maryland Historical Society, 201 W. Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. Contributions and correspondence relating to articles, book reviews, and any other editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor in care of the Society. All contributions should be submitted in duplicate, double-spaced, and consistent with the form out- lined in A Manual of Style (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969). The Maryland Historical Society disclaims responsibility for statements made by contributors. Composed and printed at Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21202,. Second-class postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland. © 1976, Maryland Historical Society. 6 0F ^ ^^^f^i"^^lARYLA/ i ^ RECORDS LIBRARY \9T6 00^ 26 HIST NAPOLIS, M^tl^ND Fall 1976 #.
    [Show full text]
  • National Black Law Journal
    UCLA National Black Law Journal Title Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z4803q9 Journal National Black Law Journal, 14(1) ISSN 0896-0194 Author Mabry, Cynthia R. Publication Date 1994 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California BOOK REVIEW Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. By Professor J. Clay Smith, Jr. Foreword by Justice Thurgood Marshall. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1993. Pp. 703. $-. Reviewed by Cynthia R. Mabry* I. INTRODUCrION In Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944 ("Emancipation"), Dr. J. Clay Smith, Jr.,' a law professor and a prolific writer,2 pens a spellbinding factual narrative of the history of African American lawyers. Dr. Smith identifies hundreds of African American men and women who became lawyers between 1844 and 1944. The social and legal history chronicled in Emancipation begins with the first African American lawyer, Macon Boiling Allen, who was licensed to practice in Maine in 1844. It ends with Rachel E. Pruden-Herndon, the first African American woman admitted to the Georgia bar in 1943. With meticulous detail, Dr. Smith recounts African American attorneys' relent- less efforts to gain admittance to the bar; to earn the respect of white judges, opposing counsel, and jurors who controlled their client's fate; and to emancipate other African Americans. Notable lawyers, like Thurgood Marshall, as well as little-known lawyers, like Lutie Lytle-America's first female law professor-are mentioned. * Associate Professor, West Virginia University College of Law. B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflecting on Our Past, Present, and Future Heroes
    Due Date______________ Reflecting on our Past, Present, and Future Heroes Student Activity Sheet I. Folder with Brads A. Paste a picture of selected hero on the cover B. Cover Sheet C. Table of Contents II. Choose one of the people listed below and write a report. Please include the following information: birth date, early childhood, education, career, and why they are important. You may also include pictures. Ralph Abernathy Shirley Chisholm Fannie Lou Hamer Angela Davis Kweisi Mfume Ella Baker Julian Bond Greensboro Four Benjamin Hooks Little Rock Nine Jesse Jackson Annie Devine Condaleeza Rice Thurgood Marshall James Meredith Medgar Evers Robert Lawrence Colin Powell Black Panther Party Edward A. Bouchet Stokely Carmichael Amira Baraka Marian Anderson Eldridge Cleaver Bob Marley Malcolm X Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers-Williams James Farmer Marcus Garvey Huey Newton A. Philip Randolph Bayard Rustin Bobby Seale Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth Mary Church Terrell Walter White Roy Wilkins Andrew Young Barack Obama *You may choose any other past or present hero with teacher approval. III. Poems- Choose one of the following: A. Copy your favorite poem. Please provide the author’s name. B. Write an original poem about the Civil Rights Movement. C. Make a collage using pictures or a collection of words to describe the struggles of the Civil Rights Movement. D. Other illustrations with teacher approval IV. Expository Essay A. Write a five paragraph essay explaining your dream and contributions to our society. B. Bring an 8x10 or 5x7 picture of yourself. V. Rubric A. Folder, Cover Sheet, Table of Contents………………………..10% B. Biography (Grammar and Content)……………………………..50% C.
    [Show full text]