An Introduction to Earth Observation (EO)

Earth Observation Markets and applications

Nick Veck

27 July 2015 Earth observation is the gathering of information about the Earth's physical, chemical and biological systems • Natural resource management • Agriculture and Food security • Risk assessment & Emergency response • Environmental protection & Climate services • Urban planning • Insurance & Financial services • Transportation & Communication • Consumer, Retail & Tourism • Defence Where are the satellites? 4 Remote Sensing 5

Remote sensing systems make use of the electromagnetic spectrum in two ways: 1. Collecting the radiation that is reflected, emitted or scattered by a target (passive systems) 2. Illuminating a target with a pulse or beam of radiation and collecting the signal that is reflected or refracted back to the sensor (active systems).

Wavelength (µm)

10-6 1 108

Infrared Thermal

Visible Light Radar- Microwaves (Active Sensors)

K X C S L P

400 nm 700nm+ 1cm 1m+ 6 Optical Imagery at LEO 8 Radar Imagery

9 Centre for Landscape and Climate Research Microwave Spectrum

• Shorter frequencies penetrate deeper into a vegetation (forest or crop) canopy.

10 Where are the scatterers in a forest canopy?

X band L band P band VHF Austrian pine = 3 cm = 24 cm = 70 cm  > 3 m The main direct backscatter comes from elements having dimension of the order of the wavelength. This has strong implications for what radar intensity and coherence tell us about the forest. UTILISATION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM BY EARTH OBSERVATION SENSORS (1) P-Band L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band

P-Band SAR PALSAR NovaSAR C-Band SAR X-Band SAR (Biomass) (ALOS) (Sentinel-1A,B,C) (TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X) DORIS-NG (CryoSat, SPOT) DORIS-NG PALSAR-2 SRAL AMSR-E (CryoSat, SPOT) (ALOS-2) (Sentinel-3A,B,C) (Aqua)

SAR-L Poseidon-4 SAR (SAOCOM-1A,1B, 2A, 2B) (Sentinel 6A,B)

L-band Radar & L-band AMSR-E Radiometer (Aqua) (SMAP)

MIRAS (SMOS)

Radiosondes Radiosondes Satellites: Geostationary & Ground based RADAR Satellites: Polar orbiting (data) Satellites: Geostationary & Polar orbiting (data & uplink) Satellites: Geostationary & Data distribution

Polar orbiting (data) Data distribution Polar orbiting (data)

Commuication Sensor/Satellite Sensor/Satellite

Imager (6MHz) Scatterometer (5-500kHz) Altimeter (200MHz) Scatterometer (5-500kHz) Scatterometer (5-500kHz) Imager (20-85MHz) Imager (20-200MHz) Altimeter (320MHz) Altimeter (100, 300MHz)

(ACTIVE) Imager (20-320MHz) Imager (20-100, 20-600MHz)

(BW: 100MHz) (BW: 100MHz) (BW: 45MHz) (BW: 200MHz) (BW: 100MHz) Forest biomass, carbon stocks , Soil moisture, Ocean Salinity, Soil Moisture, agriculture, change Earthquakes and strain rates, ice Rain rate, snow water content, ice

APPLICATIONS REDD+, sub-surface sensing agriculture, forest biomass, carbon detection and sea ice, forest height, REDD+, morphology, sea state, ocean

stocks deforestation, agriculture, wind speed, sea surface (PASSIVE) climate, oceanography temperature

P-Band L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band RANGE

NOMINAL NOMINAL (0.299 – 0.999GHz) (1– 2GHz) (2 – 4GHz) (4 – 8GHz) (8 – 12.5GHz)

420- 890- 1.215– 2.3- 2.7- 5.25– 8.5–

450MHz 942MHz 1.4GHz 2.5GHz 3.7GHz 5.925GHz 10.68GHz

BANDS SPECIFIC

1 2 4 8 12.5 Frequency (GHz) PRELIMINARY / DRAFT (JULY 2015) UTILISATION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM BY EARTH OBSERVATION SENSORS (2) Ku-Band K-Band Ka-Band V-Band W-Band Millimeter

SIRAL AMR AMR AMSR CPR ICI (CryoSat) (Jason-2. Jason-3, SWOT) (Jason-2, Jason-3, SWOT) (Adeos-II) (CloudSat) (EPS-SG)

SRAL AMSR-E KaRIN AMSU-A ICI AMSU-B (Sentinel-3A,B,C) (Aqua) (SWOT) (NOAA-15,16,17,18, Metop- (EPS-SG) (NOAA-15,16,17) A,B,C) Poseidon-4 SAR AMSU-A AMSR-E AMSR-E (Sentinel 6A,B) (NOAA-15,16,17,18, Metop- (Aqua) ATMS (Aqua) A,B,C) (NPP, NPOESS) AMSU-A AMSU-B SSM/I (NOAA-15,16,17,18, Metop- CMIS (NOAA-15,16,17) (DMSP F-14,15) A,B,C) (NPOESS) SSM/I SSM/I (DMSP F-14,15) (DMSP F-14,15)

Satellites: data reception Satellites: data reception Satellites: data reception

Commuication Sensor/Satellite Sensor/Satellite

Scatterometer (5-500kHz) Precip. radar (0.6 – 14MHz) Scatterometer (5-500kHz) Cloud profile radar Altimeter (500MHz) Altimeter (500MHz) (0.3-10MHz) (ACTIVE) Precip. radar (0.6 - 14MHz) Precip. radar (0.6 – 14MHz)

(BW: 200MHz) (BWs: 200, 300, 400MHz) (BWs: 0.5, 1GHz) (BWs: 0.2, 6.7GHz) (BWs: 2, 6GHz)

APPLICATIONS Water vapour, rain rate, Rain rates, sea state, sea ice, Sea ice, water vapour, oil spills, Atmospheric temperature Clouds, snow, rain, weather weather forecasting, climate water vapour, ocean wind cloud, liquid water, surface profiling, weather forecasting, forecasting

(PASSIVE) speed, soil emissivity, humidity temperature climate Ku-Band K-Band Ka-Band V-Band W-Band

RANGE (12.5 – 18GHz) (40 – 75GHz) (75 – 110GHz) NOMINAL NOMINAL (18 – 26.5GHz) (26.5 – 40GHz)

13.4– 15.7– 24.05- 33.4- 59- 76– 92–

14.0GHz 17.7GHz 24.25GHz 36.0GHz 64GHz 81GHz 100GHz

BANDS SPECIFIC

12.5 18 26.5 40 75 110 Frequency (GHz) PRELIMINARY / DRAFT (JULY 2015) 14 ESA Sentinel Space Segment – use of EDRS 15 AWS data pipeline & Storage

Web GS GS server server

GS GS GS server server server

GS locations

● Australia ● New Zealand ● UK (x2) ● Germany UHF Tx/Rx X & S-band ● Hawaii Commissioning, Image downloads & ● USA (x2) telemetry, tracking software uploads & scheduling Spatial Resolution Trend over the past 15 years Worldview 3 Legislation change in the States saw the 2014 launch of Worldview 3 with 0.31m resolution 2015 Worldview 2 DigitalGlobe launched Quickbird in 2001 SPOT 5 had the capability of imaging at 0.61m 2008 Quickbird 2014 Ikonos was the first commercial 2002 TerraSAR X satellite to collect publically (new mode) 2007 available data at 1m 2001 Ikonos Landsat 6 TerraSAR X 1999 2002 TerraSAR X, launched in 2007 with an advertised top resolution of 1m, in Envisat ASAR SPOT 2 1993 2014 Airbus released a new mode Radarsat 1 capable of 0.25m imaging 1995 1990 Radarsat 1 , the first commercial SAR Mission 1991 ERS 1 © DigitalGlobe, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Image © Satellite Applications Catapult Ltd 2014. 19 Situational Awareness 20 High resolution Thermal Infrared Monitoring Identification of Thermal anomalies

Refrigerated and Air-con buildings are illustrated as dark

Warmed up Cars show a clear white colour- indicating their high relative heat

Hot Cold Eyes on the Seas Overview

The Illegal Fishing Virtual Watchroom

There are over 50 sites Marine reserves are a great test case, zero fishing allowed. worldwide proposed for protection from industrial Regulations can be set to facilitate enforcement. fishing

If a fishing vessel is not Dark vessels are the primary concern. directly transiting and does not have its gear fully stowed, or does not have AIS on it should be in violation of the reserve

Visualisation

Vessels colour coded by type and depth of data available.

User can filter in various ways to focus on fishing activity.

Marine reserves and surrounding areas highlighted and vessel activity monitored. Computer highlights vessels to the user via a ring, with coloured regions to convey activity Interferometric SAR 23

How it works: 1. Two SAR images taken at different time intervals 2. Remove the amplitude from each Image, leaving the phase 3. Subtract the phase of the second image by the first 4. An interferogram!

InSAR was used to predicted the Example Mount Etna eruption of 1998 (Lanari et al, 1998) InSAR-Risk and Disaster Management 24

Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

To map out highly accurate ground deformation, aiding disaster management and furthering academic knowledge of Geohazards. Terrain Displacement of Mount Etna

Size of the global EO market and growth rate • EO commercial data market Value: $1.4Bn in 2011 • Over the next decade the number of EO satellites launched will almost doubled (149  288 by 2021) (Euroconsult, 2012)

• Main targeted markets: • Banking & Insurance • Mining • Agri-food • Maritime • Oil & Gas • Environment and Carbon monitoring

• Government remains the primary user of EO data and services, accounting for over 80% of all commercial revenues. (Euroconsult, 2012)

• 70% of the Global EO commercial is captured by the 2 major companies: Digital Globe (25%)(+25% from merger with GeoEye) and Astrium GEO (20%). (Spacetec Partners, 2013) EO new trends and opportunities Nano/Micro-Satellite Launch Projection • More Small Satellites…

 Smaller (size), Cheaper (fraction of traditional manufacturing and launching costs), Faster (deployment and technology adoption);

 Between 2,000 and 2,750Nano/Micro-Satellites will require a launch from 2014 through 2020 (Satellite Applications Catapult, 2014);

 Size of commercial EO data market by 2020: £1.8Bn (£970m nano/micro-satellite share) (Satellite Applications Catapult, 2014).

…and Pressure on Business Models Technology improvements are opening up new business model opportunities based on Small Satellite constellations:  “Including the launch, a nanosat of CubeSat dimensions might cost $150,000-1m, rather than $200m-1 billion for a full-sized one.”  Reconfigurable on-board electronics (Economist, 2014*);  Fractioned satellite architecture  Inter-satellite connectivity  Nano-tech and micro-sensors  Micropropulsion systems

 Google acquired SkyBox Imaging: high resolution satellite photos and videos soon available for free (via Google Maps?); *http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21603240-small-satellites- taking-advantage-smartphones-and-other-consumer-technologies OVER THE PERIOD 2014 – 2020,

BETWEEN 2,000 AND 2,750 NANO/MICRO-SATELLITES ARE FORECAST FOR LAUNCH

GeoEye WorldView Pleiades 3m

Spot

Flock-1 Resolution Spacecraft Mass 5m

RapidEye 3000Kg 300Kg 30Kg 3Kg

10m Average Data Prices ($/Km2)

50 25 5 0.5 0.05

Price down (free data?) …and Resolution up

 Copernicus’s Sentinels data policy: “Full and open access to  US has allowed sales of satellite images up to 31cm Sentinel data for all users.” resolution;

 “Data from the Sentinel satellites will [have] […] data resolutions  Optical data overall comprises 80% of the market with high down to 10m optical (Sentinal-2 series). At this resolution, free data resolution optical data retaining the largest share of the is encroaching on commercially available data (such as Deimo-1) market (35%). and can impact commercial distribution.” (Euroconsult, 2012)  Demand is strong for VHR and new satellites being launched should push up the share of VHR data sales.

GLOBAL EO DATA SALES

Medium High Resolution Resolution 7% 20%

Very High (sub-meter) Resolution 73% (Booz&Co., 2012) EO imagery: a small part in a Bigger (Data) market trend Radar (SAR) data  Number speak for themselves: only Hyperspectral data from EU companies a sales growth of 15,000%, from virtually 0 in 2006  Hyperspectral data provide much (when only the public ERS-2 and greater richness of information and can Envisat SAR data were available) to have multiple applications on soil 20% of overall sales in 2012. analysis (mining, agriculture, hydrology) Big Data Fusion  Current radar data EU sales revenue  ESA is working on a miniaturized and contribution: £121.5M (€151.4 M). cubesat-fit hyperspectral instrument. (EARSC, 2013)

 New satellite missions will further improve hyperspectral capabilities:  PRISMA (ITA) ~ launch in 2014 2017 UAVs (and aerial) data  EnMAP (GER) ~ lunch in 2017  Several industries and large companies  HyspIRI (USA) ~ launch in 2022 are attracted by UAVs’ cheaper prices, high resolution and technology flexibility.

 Currently, most of the competition between sat, aerial and UAVs data is at the 0.3 m to 0.5 m range. (NSR, 2014)

(ESA, 2014) (EARSC, 2013) THE COMMERCIAL EO DATA MARKET IS PREDICTED TO GROW AT AN AVERAGE OF 14% CAGR Downstream Applications enabled by OVER THE NEXT 6 YEARS EO Nano/Micro-Satellites missions £1.6bn could result in commercial revenues of £1.5 billion in 2020 £1.5bn £1.1bn

x0.48 £780m

x0.36 £400m £390m x3.8 x0.3 £290m £100m x3.9 EO Satellite Commercial EO EO Value Added EO Satellite Commercial EO EO Consumer Manufacturing Data Services Manufacturing Data Applications Revenues Revenues Market Shares of Nano/ M i c r o - S a t e l l i t e s Downstream Upstream During the next 6 years, the Upstream/Downstream balance will reverse, Upstream bringing the satellite manufacture and EO data markets merely a means Downstream for enabling much larger downstream application market Copyright © Satellite Applications Catapult Ltd 2015. Thank you!