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The American Island of Oahu": Hawai`I Under Military Rule, 1941-1945

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The American Island of Oahu Remembering "the American Island of Oahu": Hawai`i under Military Rule, 1941-1945 by Carlee J. Johnson B.A., Hawai`i Pacific University, 2009 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History Carlee J. Johnson, 2011 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Remembering "the American Island of Oahu": Hawai`i under Military Rule, 1941-1945 by Carlee J. Johnson B.A., Hawai`i Pacific University, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Jason Colby, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Rachel Cleves, Department of History Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Jason Colby, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Rachel Cleves, Department of History Departmental Member This thesis traces the origins of a colonized and militarized Hawai`i, ultimately leading to the years of military rule, 1941-1945. It examines the ways in which the Hawaiian Islands differed from the United States mainland prior to and throughout the war years, and demonstrates that Hawai`i's history is much richer than the "Remember Pearl Harbor" framework acknowledges. Focusing on long time residents (Islanders or locals), rather than on the large population of migrant Americans also in the archipelago during the war, it addresses ways in which military rule controlled and Americanized the people of Hawai`i. Finally, it illuminates the ways in which local stories challenge national ones: How were America and Hawai`i different places in 1941? iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Dedication ......................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Personal Note.................................................................................................................. 1 Re-centering the Islands ................................................................................................. 3 Historiography and Sources ........................................................................................... 6 Chapter One: Islands before the War ................................................................................ 14 Chapter Two: Civilian Preparedness ................................................................................ 37 Chapter Three: "Good Citizens Will Cheerfully Obey" ................................................... 48 Chapter Four: Morale, Propaganda, and Americanization ............................................... 81 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 109 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 114 v List of Figures Figure 1: People Swarm a Honolulu Street in Celebration of the Japanese Surrender....... 2 Figure 2: O`ahu's Rural Divisions, Civilian Defense Organization Map ......................... 42 Figure 3: Evacuation Camp in Palolo Valley, O`ahu ....................................................... 44 Figure 4: 13th Field Artillery, Schofield Barracks, O`ahu, 1938 ..................................... 46 Figure 5 & 5a: Waipio Amphibious Base, Pearl Harbor .................................................. 46 Figure 6 & 6a: Fort St. and King St., Honolulu before and during the War ..................... 58 Figure 7 & 7a: Waiting for the Bus, O`ahu & Long Lines for Gas Masks at Farrington High, O`ahu, 1942..................................................................................................... 60 Figure 8: "Speak American" Stickers ............................................................................... 87 Figure 9: "Serve in Silence" Postcard ............................................................................... 88 Figure 10: Gas Rationing Advertisement, Honolulu Advertiser ....................................... 92 Figure 11: Front Cover of the Victory Handbook ............................................................. 95 Figure 12 & 12a: Children's Posters ................................................................................. 97 Figure 13: Honolulu's Newsboys ...................................................................................... 98 vi Acknowledgements So many people deserve thanks for their generous support over the course of my two years at the University of Victoria. My supervisor, Dr. Jason Colby, shared valuable insight and always seemed to ask the right questions; without his nudging along the way, this project would not be what it is today. Dr. Rachel Cleves' comments on my final copy prepared me immensely for the oral exam process and helped to shape my thesis into what it has become. Dr. Stephen Ross, my non-departmental reader, provided simulating conversation as well as encouragement, which I will take with me into the future. Thanks to each of you for lending your time and expertise. Heather Waterlander and Dr. Perry Biddiscombe, thank you for answering my never-ending questions and helping me secure the funding I needed to complete this project. A huge mahalo to Sherman Seki, the dedicated and knowledgeable archive technician at the University of Hawai`i at Mānoa— without Sherman's expertise, my research trip would have been far less efficient and much less fruitful. Much appreciation to my friends in the history M.A. office; the countless hours we shared working, chatting, and, of course, breaking for coffee made graduate school both bearable and enjoyable. Many mahalos to my `Ohana near and far, from my extended family to my closest friends— you all bring light into my life in unique ways. A special thanks to Shannon and Blake, who sustained my personal happiness and reminded me that writing a thesis was just one facet of my life, rather than the entire thing, and Holly, who was always a helpful friend and point of contact whether I was in need of first hand information or simply needed to reflect on her personal and family history. To my family, none of this would have been possible without you. Words will surely fall short in any attempt to express the depth of my gratitude for your support, love, positive energy, and undying belief in my ability to succeed. Mom, you will always be the brightest light in my life, and Dad, your passion and love for life has without a doubt inspired and guided me throughout this process. My brothers, I would be nowhere without your presence in my life. You keep me grounded and remind me to appreciate what I have each day. Finally, I must also acknowledge Hawai`i Nei—so much of this project was sustained by the mixture of my love and longing for the Islands. vii Dedication To my brothers, You are by far my greatest inspiration in life. & To my parents, Without your love and support I would not be where or who I am today. Introduction Personal Note As I relaxed one afternoon flipping through the many photographs in Ralph Kuykendall's Hawaii: A History (1961), I came across an emotive photo of an unnamed street, virtually overtaken by people. The caption to the left read: "News of the Japanese acceptance of defeat touched off the greatest spontaneous celebration in the history of the islands, August 14th, 1945. Servicemen and civilians swarming in downtown Honolulu streets march and cheer amid stalled traffic."1 Initially drawn into the excitement offered by the photo, I was given to deeper reflection. The spatial arrangement of the photograph is telling. Taken from a birds-eye- view, both the street and the large bus on the left-hand side of the photo are pictured diagonally, leading the curious eye to the commotion on the street. On the fringes of the photo are several figures, but they are not the focal point. Rather, those on the street adorned with matching white uniforms and white caps, American sailors, are the focal point. In many ways, this frame is a microcosm, for it mirrors the way in which most Americans remember World War Two. The war narrative is chronological; it begins with the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and ends with Japanese surrender—the ultimate American victory. It has didactic value, for it teaches Americans young and old of the Good War, invoking themes of bravery, sacrifice, and freedom. While this is not to claim that war memories are singular or static, or to deny that post-war lessons are varied, it is to argue that the hegemonic Pearl Harbor narrative remembered and shared by 1 Ralph S. Kuykendall and A. Grove Day, Hawaii: A History, From Polynesian Kingdom to American State (New York: Prentice Hall, 1961), 230-231. 2 generations
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