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All About Your Eyes

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All About Your Eyes All about Your Eyes SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND UPDATED SHARON FEKRAT, MD, TANYA S. GLASER, MD, AND HENRY L. FENG, MD, EDITORS “An essential, reasonably priced resource for junior-high, high school, and public libraries, nursing homes, and hospital reference shelves.” —BOOKLIST All about Your Eyes All about Your Eyes SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND UPDATED EDITED BY SHARON FEKRAT, MD, FACS, HENRY FENG, MD, AND TANYA S. GLASER, MD DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS DURHAM & LONDON 2021 © !"!# Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ∞ Project editor: Jessica Ryan Designed by Amy Ruth Buchanan Typeset in Minion Pro by Copperline Book Services. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Fekrat, Sharon, editor. | Glaser, Tanya S., [date] editor. | Feng, Henry L., [date] editor. Title: All about your eyes / edited by Sharon Fekrat, %&, '()*, Henry Feng, %&, Tanya S. Glaser, %& Description: Second edition, revised and updated. | Durham : Duke University Press, !"!#. | Includes index. Identi+ers: ,))- !"!""./"0. (print) ,))- !"!""./"01 (ebook) 2*3- 04/#14/"#"5"" (hardcover) 2*3- 04/#14/"##6"6 (paperback) 2*3- 04/#14/"!#!"0 (ebook) Subjects: ,)*7: Eye—Diseases. | Ophthalmology. Classi+cation: ,)) 8916 .(11 !"!# (print) | ,)) 8916 (ebook) | &&)6#4.4/#—dc!. ,) record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/!"!""./"0. ,) ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/!"!""./"01 Cover art © Ashley Slocum Contents Illustrations xiii Foreword xiv Introduction # 1 ∙ Anatomy of the Eye and How It Works Eyelids / JAMES H. POWERS, MD . Conjunctiva / TANYA S. GLASER, MD . Sclera / NIKOLAS RAUFI, MD 1 Cornea / C. ELLIS WISELY, MD, MBA 5 Iris and Ciliary Body/ JENNIFER LIRA, MD 6 Pupil / JENNIFER LIRA, MD 6 Chambers / RAVI CHANDRASHEKHAR, MD, MSEE 4 Lens / MARK GOERLITZ- JESSEN, MD 4 Vitreous / FAITH A. BIRNBAUM, MD / Retina / JAMES H. POWERS, MD / Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Bruch Membrane / NISHA MUKHERJEE, MD 0 Choroid / MELISSA MEI- HSIA CHAN, MBBS AND NISHA MUKHERJEE, MD #" Optic Nerve / KATY C. LIU, MD, PHD #" Orbit / JANE S. KIM, MD ## Pathways from the Eye to the Brain / OBINNA UMUNAKWE, MD, PHD ## How the Eye Works / OBINNA UMUNAKWE, MD, PHD #. vi Contents 2 ∙ Preventive Eye Care Recommended Schedule for Eye Exams / TANYA S. GLASER, MD #5 Eye Care Specialists: Opticians, Optometrists, and Eye MDs (Ophthalmologists), and Ophthalmic Allied Health Professionals / TANYA S. GLASER, MD #6 The Eye Exam / TANYA S. GLASER, MD #4 3 ∙ Why Do I Need Glasses? Nearsightedness / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD !" Farsightedness / BRIAN STAGG, MD AND PRATAP CHALLA, MD !! Astigmatism / ONYEMAECHI NWANAJI- ENWEREM, MS AND PRIYATHAM S. METTU MD !1 Presbyopia / ONYEMAECHI NWANAJI- ENWEREM, MS AND PRIYATHAM S. METTU MD !5 4 ∙ Options for Correcting Vision Eyeglasses / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD !/ Contact Lenses / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD !0 Refractive Surgery / CASSANDRA C. BROOKS, MD AND PREEYA GUPTA, MD .# Protective Eyewear / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD .1 5 ∙ Eyelids and Eyelashes Blepharitis / CHARLENE L. JAMES, OD .6 Ocular Rosacea / CHARLENE L. JAMES, OD ./ Stye and Chalazion / KIRIN KHAN, MD .0 Dacryocystitis: Infection of the Tear Drainage Pathway / LEON RAFAILOV, MD 1! Drooping Eyelids / LEON RAFAILOV, MD 11 Contents vii Ectropion and Entropion: Everted and Inverted Eyelids / LEON RAFAILOV, MD 16 Cancers and Benign Lesions of the Eyelids / LEON RAFAILOV, MD 1/ Blepharospasm / LEON RAFAILOV, MD 5" 6 ∙ Conjunctiva and Sclera Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) / S. GRACE PRAKALAPAKORN, MD, MPH 5. Subconjunctival Hemorrhage / S. GRACE PRAKALAPAKORN, MD, MPH 51 Pingueculum and Pterygium (Surfer’s Eye) / KRISTEN M. PETERSON, MD 55 Episcleritis / PRITHVI MRUTHYUNJAYA, MD, MHS 54 Scleritis / PRITHVI MRUTHYUNJAYA, MD, MHS 5/ 7 ∙ The Cornea Dry Eye Syndrome / JULIA SONG, MD 6" Infectious Keratitis / JULIA SONG, MD 6! Corneal Abrasion / JULIA SONG, MD 61 Recurrent Corneal Erosion Syndrome / JULIA SONG, MD 65 Corneal Ulcer / ROSANNA P. BAHADUR, MD AND NATALIE A. AFSHARI, MD 66 Keratoconus / ROSANNA P. BAHADUR, MD AND NATALIE A. AFSHARI, MD 6/ Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy / BRENTON D. FINKLEA, MD 60 Corneal Transplantation / ROSANNA P. BAHADUR, MD AND NATALIE A. AFSHARI, MD 4# viii Contents 8 ∙ Lens and Cataract Cataract / TERRY SEMCHYSHYN, MD 41 Cataract Surgery / TERRY SEMCHYSHYN, MD 46 Posterior Capsule Opaci+cation (“A:er Cataract”) / TERRY SEMCHYSHYN, MD 4/ Dislocated Lens / TERRY SEMCHYSHYN, MD /" 9 ∙ Age- Related Macular Degeneration / ANKUR MEHRA, MD AND RAMIRO S. MALDONADO, MD /. 10 ∙ Diabetic Retinopathy / OBINNA UMUNAKWE, MD, PHD /4 11 ∙ Other Conditions of the Retina and Choroid Hypertensive Retinopathy / DIANNA L. SELDOMRIDGE, MD, MBA /0 Retinal Artery Occlusion / MUGE R. KESEN, MD 0" Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) / KIRIN KHAN, MD 0! Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) / KIRIN KHAN, MD 05 Cystoid Macular Edema / CASON ROBBINS, BS 04 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy / ABHILASH GUDURU, MD 00 Posterior Vitreous Detachment: Flashes and Floaters / PARAMJIT K. BHULLAR, MD #"" Vitreomacular Adhesion and Vitreomacular Traction / CHRISTOPHER SUN, MBBS AND DANIEL S. W. TING, MD, PHD #"! Macular Hole / MUGE R. KESEN, MD #"1 Epiretinal Membrane / JAMES H. POWERS, MD #"6 Retinal Detachment / KIM JIRAMONGKOLCHAI, MD #"/ Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy / ANANTH SASTRY, MD ### Contents ix Retinitis Pigmentosa and Other Inherited Retinal Degenerations / ALESSANDRO IANNACCONE, MD, MS, FARVO ##. Color Blindness / BRIAN STAGG, MD AND PRATAP CHALLA, MD ##6 Laser Treatment of Retinal Diseases / ANANTH SASTRY, MD ##/ Retinal Surgery / VINCENT A. DERAMO, MD #!# 12 ∙ Infection and Infammation of the Eye Uveitis / PRITHVI MRUTHYUNJAYA, MD, MHS #!6 Endophthalmitis / HENRY L. FENG, MD #!4 Viral Retinitis / PRITHVI MRUTHYUNJAYA, MD, MHS #!/ 13 ∙ Tumors of the Eye and Orbit Retinoblastoma / ANN SHUE, MD #.# Intraocular Melanoma / WAJIHA JURDI KHEIR, MD #.. Other Tumors of the Retina and Choroid / WAJIHA JURDI KHEIR, MD #.5 Tumors of the Orbit / ROSHNI RANJIT- REEVES, MD #.4 14 ∙ The Optic Nerve Optic Neuropathy / JAMES H. POWERS, MD #.0 Glaucoma / MICHAEL S. QUIST, MD AND CLAUDIA S. COHEN, MD #1# Laser Treatment of Glaucoma / SUSAN M. WAKIL, MD #11 Glaucoma Surgery / SUSAN M. WAKIL, MD #15 Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) / SUSAN M. WAKIL, MD #1/ Optic Neuritis / JAMES H. POWERS, MD #5" Papilledema / JAMES H. POWERS, MD #5# x Contents 15 ∙ The Eye Muscles Strabismus (Crossed Eyes) / LAURA B. ENYEDI, MD #51 Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) / NATHAN CHEUNG, OD, FAAO #56 16 ∙ The Orbit Orbital Cellulitis / HENRY L. FENG, MD #50 Thyroid Eye Disease / ROSHNI RANJIT- REEVES, MD #6" 17 ∙ Eye Injury Orbital Ecchymosis (Black Eye) / HERB GREENMAN, MD #6. Hyphema / HERB GREENMAN, MD #61 Orbital Fracture / KENNETH NEUFELD MD, ANNA GINTER, MD, AND JULIE A. WOODWARD, MD #66 Open Globe / CASSANDRA C. BROOKS, MD #6/ Foreign Body / CASSANDRA C. BROOKS, MD #4" Chemical Injury / JAMES H. POWERS, MD #4# Eyelid Lacerations / CASSANDRA C. BROOKS, MD #4! Ocular Prosthesis (Arti+cial or “Glass” Eye) / KENNETH NEUFELD, MD, ANNA GINTER, MD, AND JULIE A. WOODWARD, MD #41 18 ∙ Systemic Diseases That Afect Vision and the Eye Diabetes Mellitus / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #46 Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #4/ Carotid Artery Disease (Ocular Ischemic Syndrome) / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #40 Multiple Sclerosis / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #/! Autoimmune Diseases / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #/1 Migraine / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #/6 Contents xi Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #/4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #/0 Brain Tumors / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #0" Stroke and Cranial Nerve Palsies / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #0! Human Immunode+ciency Virus / MICHELLE SY GO, MS, MD #01 19 ∙ Cosmetic Eyelid Surgery / ANNA GINTER, MD, KENNETH NEUFELD MD, AND JULIE A. WOODWARD, MD #04 20 ∙ Living with Visual Impairment Impact of Living with Visual Impairment / RENEE HALBERG, MSW, LCSW !"# Low Vision Aids and Strategies to Maximize Functional Vision / FAY JOBE TRIPP, MS, OTR/L, CLVT, CDRS !". Retinal Prosthesis (Argus II, the “Bionic Eye”) / ANTHONY THERATTIL, BS AND LEJLA VAJZOVIC, MD !"4 21 ∙ What Tests May the Doctor Order? Optical Coherence Tomography / S. TAMMY HSU, MD !#" Fundus Auto;uorescence / MELISSA MEI- HSIA CHAN, MBBS !## Fluorescein Angiography / MICHAEL P. KELLY, FOPS !## Indocyanine Green Angiography / MICHAEL P. KELLY, FOPS !#! Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT- A) Tomography / S. TAMMY HSU, MD !#. Specialized Tests: Electroretinography, Electrooculography, and Visual Evoked Potential / ALESSANDRO IANNACCONE, MD, MS, FARVO !#1 Ultrasound of the Eye/ CATHY DIBERNARDO, RN !#5 xii Contents Appendix: How to Put in Eye Drops / WILLIAM L. RAYNOR, BS !#4 Glossary !#0 Contributors !!0 Index !.. Illustrations #.# Side view of the eyeball behind the eyelids. 1 #.! Front view of the eyeball. 5 #.. The eyeball sits in the orbit and has eye muscles attached to it. #! #.1 The visual pathway connects the eyeballs to the brain. #. ..# Top: normal eye. Center: light focuses too far forward in nearsighted eye. Right: light focuses too far back in farsighted eye. !# ..! The lens accommodates, or changes shape, to help the eye focus. !5 1.# Top le:: single- vision glasses lens. Top right: bifocal glasses lens. Bottom le:: trifocal glasses lens. Bottom right: progressive glasses lens. !/ 1.! A flap is made in the cornea during <(*2= surgery. .. 5.# Tears flow from the lacrimal gland, lubricate the surface of
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