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Dactylorhiza Lapponica (Laest. Ex Hartman) S06 in Scotland

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Dactylorhiza Lapponica (Laest. Ex Hartman) S06 in Scotland Watsonia, 17, 37-41 (1988) 37 Dactylorhiza lapponica (Laest. ex Hartman) S06 in Scotland A.G.KENNETH Stronachullin, Ardrishaig, Argyll, P A30 BET M. R. LOWE Botany Department, The University, South Road, Durham, DH13LE and D. J. TENNANT Marhead Grange, Arkendale, Knaresborough, North Yorks., HG50RG ABSTRACf Observations on tetraploid marsh-orchid populations in Scotland have revealed the presence of Dactylorhiza lapponica (Laest. ex Hartman) S06, new to the British Isles. A description of this species is given and its distribution and habitat in Scotland are discussed. INTRODUCTION In 1967, a population of marsh-orchids was discovered by one of the authors (A.G.K.) in Knapdale, Kintyre, v.c. 101. After considerable hesitation these plants were identified as Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (Sauter) S06 (Cunningham & Kenneth 1979) and until 1983 this remained as the only confirmed Scottish record of this species. However, following examination of photographs of these Knapdale plants by another of the authors (D.J. T.), it was realized that they did not closely match any known variant of D. traunsteineri from British localities and, after discussion with R. H. Roberts, they were transferred to D. majalis (Reichb. f.) Hunt & Summerh. subsp. occidentalis (Pugsley) Sell (Tennant & Kenneth 1983), although at the same time it was realized that they possessed many features which were atypical of even this taxon. The possibility that the Knapdale dactylorchids might be referable to a Continental species or subspecies not hitherto recognized in the British Isles had been considered, but none of the descriptions of potential taxa available at that time seemed to match those of the Scottish plants. However, as a consequence of extended field-work which is described below, the authors now suggest that the Knapdale plants, and similar dactylorchids found in other localities in western Scotland and in the Outer Hebrides, should in fact be referred to D. lapponica (Laest. ex Hartman) S06. During the same field-work, D. traunsteineri was, however, confirmed in the following localities, in addition to those in W. Ross, v.c. 105 (Lowe et al. 1986): Mid Ebudes, v.c. 103, Tiree, GR 17/ 0.4, found by J. Cadbury in 1983 and recognized by D.J.T. from photographs; Kintyre, v.c. 101, Knapdale, GR 16/7-8.7-8, four localities found by A.G.K. between 1983 and 1986; Westerness, v.c. 97, Ardnamurchan, GR 17/6.6, found by L. M. Watson in 1983. The identities ofthe Knapdale and Ardnamurchan plants have been confirmed by R. H. Roberts. No specimens were found on North Uist, North Harris or Raasay, despite published reports (Campbell1937; Heslop-Harrison et al. 1941; Heslop-Harrison & Morton 1951). 38 A. G. KENNElH, M. R. LOWE AND D. J. TENNANT FIELD STUDIES Between 1984 and 1986 field-work was undertaken on marsh-orchids in northern and western Scotland. Localities were examined in Westerness, v.c. 97, Kintyre, v.c. 101, N. Ebudes, v.c. 104, W. Ross, V.c. 105, and the Outer Hebrides, v.c. 110. In the Outer Hebrides the islands of North Harris, South Harris, North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist were visited, and in N. Ebudes, the islands of Skye and Raasay. At eight localities in western Scotland rather small populations of dactylorchids were found which were very similar to those of a larger population of Knapdale plants which we described in an earlier paper (Tennant & Kenneth 1983). It therefore appeared that this taxon was much more widespread in this part of Scotland than had been realized and was also more variable than described in the 1983 paper. Additionally it was noted that these plants seemed to be confined to a very distinctive habitat in base-rich hill flushes at relatively low altitudes. Dactylorchids which appeared to correspond to those of the original Knapdale population were seen in the following localities: Kintyre, v.c. 101, Knapdale, GR 16/7-8.7-8: Five separate sites, including the original location; Sites 1-5, all found by A. G. K. between 1967 and 1986. Westerness, v.c. 97, Ardnamurchan, GR 17/6.6: Site 6, found by L. M. Watson in 1983. Outer Hebrides, v.c. 110, South Harris, GR 18/0.9: Sites 7-8, found by the authors and by M.R.L. respectively during 1985 field-work at locations cited by J. W. Heslop Harrison for D. majalis subsp. occidentalis. A further location was recognized from photographic evidence at CGE, being a site found in 1970 by P. D. Sell, viz: Westerness, v.c. 97; Morven, GR 17/6.5: Site 9. TABLE l. COMPARISON OF D. LAPPONICA FROM SCANDINAVIA AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN ALPS WITH POPULATIONS FROM SCOTLAND Figures quoted are ranges of mean values. ScandinaviaiEuropean Character Scotland" Alpsb Height (cm) 7·0-21·0 17·67-20·6 Stem diameter at base of spike (mm) 2-4-3·2 2.21-2·66 Number expanded sheathing leaves 2-3-3·0 Number non-sheathing leaves 0·8-1·7 Total number leaves 3·J-4·3 3·04-3·52 Length longest leaf (cm) 5·0-8·9 4·75-6·8 Width longest leaf (cm) 1·1-1·5 0·86-1·41 Intensity leaf markings on upper surface Heavy Heavy Dimensions lower floral bracts (mm)C 13-19 x 3·4-4·1 13·2-16·5 x 3·51-4·08 Length of inflorescence (cm) 3·0-4·6 3·7-4·92 Number of flowers 8·9-12·8 8·73-13·43 Distribution of flowers in inflorescence Lax, rather secund Lax, rather secund Labellum length to apex of central lobe (mm) 6·3-7·8d 5·67-6·73 Labellum maximum width (mm) (6·4) 7·3-9.4d 7·69-9·44 Labellum degree of reflexion Flat to semi-re flexed Flat to somewhat reftexed Position of lateral sepals Very erect to sub-erect Very erect to sub-erect Spur length (mm) 7·5-9·2d 7-82-9·57 Spur maximum width flattened (mm) 2·6-3·4d Ovary length (mm) 8·87-10·88 Number of plants in sample mean 4-14 21-123 "Measurements carried out by the authors on popuiations at Sites 1-7. The small number of plants in the sample reflects the size of some of the popuiations. bMeasurements published by Reinhard (1985). "Measurements of lowest bract (Scotland) and four lower bracts (ScandinaviaiEuropean Alps). dNumber of floral parts measured in sample ranged from 10-45. DACTYLORHIZA LAPPONICA IN SCOTLAND 39 Measurements were carried out on all of these populations except Site 9, and the results are given in Table 1. For simplicity the above locations are referred to later in this paper only by their Site number. The dactyl orchids studied at Sites 1 to 8 in western Scotland conformed to the following description: Tuber small, slender, deeply cleft into two. Height 6--18 (-24) cm. Stem rather slender to medium diameter and only slightly hollow, upper part often suffused purplish with anthocyanin. Expanded sheathing-leaves 2-3 with 0-2 non-sheathing leaves; lowest expanded leaf oblong­ oblanceolate, apex obtuse or sub-acute, 3·0-6·0 cm long X 0·8-1·5 (-1·8) cm wide; second lowest narrowly oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, apex acute or sub-acute, 4·0-8·0 (-10·5) cm long x 0·8-1·7 cm wide, spreading or semi-spreading, occasionally slightly undulate or recurved towards the apex; non-sheathing leaf erect; expanded leaves pale, dull or medium green, more or less uniformly and often heavily covered on upper surface with large dark violet-brown dots, bars, rings or blotches, occasionally heavily marbled, frequently tinged on the margin with the same colour, rarely unmarked; lower surface unmarked, or non-sheathing leaf sometimes with a few small flecks or blotches on the under-side. Inflorescence 2·5-5·5 cm long, usually lax and secund: flowers few, 3-12, occasionally up to 18. Floral bracts sometimes large, the lower to 25 x 5 mm, greenish, often tinged purple on the margin and invariably spotted on either or both surfaces, sometimes stained purple which more or less obscures the spots. Peripheral bract-cells 80 to 135 !J.IIl' (mean length), variable in shape and size, rounded to markedly angular. Flowers usually magenta-purple or magenta-red, rarely pale, with deeper markings. Lateral sepals very erect, occasionally sub-erect, invariably marked with darker rings, elongated spots and dots. Labellum flat or its lateral lobes somewhat reflexed, rhombic to sub-deltoid, with or without sinuses, usually with a broad-based central lobe often projecting well beyond the lateral lobes, heavily marked, usually with very intense dark violet-purple or dark crimson lines, rings and dots, occasionally merging in the central part to form a dark patch; spur robust, in flattened state 6·5 - 10·5 x 2·2 - 4·0 mm, more or less cylindrical and straight, sometimes curved and slightly conical. Ovary c. 9 - 13 mm. The flowering period in western Scotland varies appreciably with seasonal climatic variation, commencing flowering from late May to mid- June and often extending into July. A detailed examination of the length and shape of the peripheral cells of the floral bracts of the dactylorchids from Sites 1 to 7 was undertaken by R. H. Roberts, and the results summarized above clearly show that they correspond to those of tetraploid taxa. IDENTIFICATION Correspondence with Scandinavian specialists indicated that the Scottish dactylorchids from Sites 1-9 were very close to the Scandinavian D. pseudocordigera (Neuman) S06 (C. 1. Sahlin and F. Bjorkbiick, pers. comm.) and D. lapponica (F. Wischmann pers. comm.) although none of these correspondents was prepared to make a positive determination.
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