DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Biology and Sex Ratios of the Eusocial Gall- Inducing Thrips Kladothrips Hamiltoni

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social Biology and Sex Ratios of the Eusocial Gall- Inducing Thrips Kladothrips Hamiltoni L Ecological Entomology (1999) 24, 432±442 Social biology and sex ratios of the eusocial gall- inducing thrips Kladothrips hamiltoni BRENDA D. KRANZ, MICHAEL P. SCHWARZ, 1 2 LAURENCE A. MOUND andBERNARD J. CRESPI School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Australia, 1CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia and 2Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada Abstract. 1. Thrips comprise the only order besides Hymenoptera where females are diploid and males are haploid. This makes them useful insects for studying the roles of kin selection and ecology in social evolution. 2. Kladothrips hamiltoni is one of six species of Australian gall-inducing thrips that have been identi®ed as eusocial. Galls are initiated by a single foundress, who rears her brood and remains within the enclosed gall for life. The adults of both sexes of her ®rst brood cohort are morphologically distinct from the second generation, comprising a nondispersing soldier caste. The foundress and sib-mated soldiers jointly produce a second, dispersing generation, approximately 60±80% of which are produced by the soldiers. Mean per capita egg production of female soldiers is less than 33% that of the foundress. 3. Adult eclosion of soldiers is protandrous but the overall sex ratio of the soldiers lacks bias (52% male). Protandry of soldiers increases the probability that female soldiers will be inseminated soon after their eclosion and therefore lay fertilised, female eggs. The lack of bias could be due to a balance between local resource competition and local mate competition. Gender-speci®c defensive behaviour of soldiers with their enemies may also be important in explaining this unexpected sex ratio. 4. The dispersing generation has an overall extreme female bias (5.6% male). Soldier incest increases relatedness between females more than between males, such that the foundress is more related to her granddaughters than her daughters, and female soldiers are more related to their daughters than their sons (assuming within-gall relatedness < 1). A female bias in the offspring of soldiers should be preferred by both the foundress and soldiers as they are more related to soldier- produced dispersing females than any other thrips in the gall. Female bias in the dispersing generation will also reduce local mate competition between males. Both soldier incest and local mate competition may therefore contribute to the extreme female bias in the dispersing generation. 5. Selection pressures for sociality in gall-inducing thrips appear to be more similar to those in gall-inducing aphids and naked mole rats than to those in Hymenoptera. Key words. Galls, haplodiploidy, incest, local mate competition, local resource competition, sex ratio, thrips. Correspondence: Brenda Kranz, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide S.A. 5001, Australia. E-mail: brenda.kranz@¯inders.edu.au 432 # 1999 Blackwell Science Ltd R Sociality and sex ratio in a galling thrips 433 Introduction For these reasons, and because of the role that soldiers play in gall defence, Crespi(1992a,b) described Oncothrips tepperi Thysanoptera is the only order other than Hymenoptera where and O. habrus as eusocial, following the de®nition of Wilson all females are diploid and males are haploid (Stannard, 1968; (1971). Crespiand Mound (1997) further described Lewis, 1973; Crespi, 1991; Chapman & Crespi, 1998). This K. hamiltoni and other species with soldiers as eusocial, using makes thrips useful insects for studying the interplay between the de®nition of Crespi and Yanega (1995). haplodiploidy and kin selection in social evolution, because The aim of the study reported here was to examine the life- haplodiploidy has been postulated to be a key factor shaping history and social biology of K. hamiltoni in detail. Brood the evolution of sociality in Hymenoptera (Hamilton, 1964; development of the soldier and dispersing generations, Trivers & Hare, 1976). Kin selection theory predicts that for reproductive contributions of the foundress and soldiers to haplodiploid females, the genetic payoffs for altruism towards the dispersing brood, and the sex ratio of each generation were sisters are greater than for rearing daughters or sons, and lower investigated. The results are discussed in terms of kin selection still for helping to rear brothers, whereas males should and sex ratio biasing factors such as local mate competition concentrate on direct reproduction (Trivers & Hare, 1976); (Hamilton, 1967) and local resource competition (Clark, however, the payoffs for rearing siblings depend on sex 1978). allocation and the reproductive value of males and females (see reviews by Bourke & Franks, 1995; Crozier & Pamilo, 1996). Materials and methods Six species of tubuliferan thrips that induce galls on Australian Acacia have been identi®ed as eusocial (Crespi, Study organism 1992a; Crespi& Mound, 1997). These thripshave a morphologically distinct soldier caste (reduced wings, anten- Kladothrips hamiltoni adults are about 2 mm long and nae, and melanisation; enlarged forelegs) that ®ghts invaders. induce tubular galls about 30 mm long by approximately 3 mm Phylogenetic analyses suggest that eusociality in these thrips in diameter. They occur on Acacia cambagei, a tree that grows may have had two independent origins (Mound et al., 1996; along episodic waterways in the Lake Eyre Basin region of Crespi& Mound, 1997; Crespi et al., 1997, 1998). Gall- central Australia (Mound & Crespi, 1995; Mound et al., 1996). inducing thrips are of particular interest in assessing the roles The basic life-cycle of K. hamiltoni is described by Mound and of ecology and genetics in the evolution of social behaviour in Crespi (1995) and is summarised here. Galls are initiated by a haplodiploids because their life-cycle and ecology differ single macropterous female. Following closure of the gall, the markedly from many other social insects. For example, thrips foundress lays eggs that develop into micropterous adults, with do not forage or nurse their young as do eusocial enlarged forelegs and reduced cuticular melanisation (sol- Hymenoptera. This is because galls act as nutrient sinks so diers), that defend against invaders, particularly Koptothrips that, as long as thrips feed on the cell contents of the gall, a and lepidopteran larvae. The foundress dies some time supply of nutrients is ensured until gall or plant senescence following soldier eclosion into adults. Most female soldiers (Raman, 1987; Ananthakrishnan & Gopichandran, 1993). have some ovarian development and lay eggs following death There may be selective pressure for some individuals to of the foundress. These eggs develop into macropterous specialise in gall defence, however. Gall-inducing thrips are dispersing adults that become the foundresses and their mates prone to attack by kleptoparasites and other enemies; galls of the next generation of galls. form highly attractive food and shelter resources in the arid habitats where eusocial thrips occur (Crespi, 1992a,b; Crespi & Mound, 1997; Crespi et al., 1997). Study site and ®eld collections Thrips are unusual among galling insects because the adult foundress lays her eggs after being enclosed within the gall. Kladothrips hamiltoni galls were collected from A. camba- There are currently 21 described species of tubuliferan gall- gei at two sites along Arckaringa Creek (27°56¢S, 134°44¢E inducing thrips in the genera Oncothrips, Kladothrips, and and 28°6¢S, 135°5¢E), approximately 1100 km north of Onychothrips (Mound, 1971; Mound & Crespi, 1995; Mound Adelaide, South Australia, in the southern Lake Eyre Basin. et al., 1996; Crespi & Mound, 1997). Species with a soldier One site was adjacent to Arckaringa Creek Homestead and the caste belong to the genera Kladothrips and Oncothrips (Mound other was 40 km SE of this site, where Arckaringa Creek et al., 1996). In these species, galls are usually initiated by a crosses the Coober Pedy to Oodnadatta road. Arckaringa Creek single female and the ®rst brood consists only of soldiers. This is usually a dry creek bed but ¯oods on average every 2± brood is followed by a second, dispersing generation in which 3 years, usually in late spring or early summer (November to the adults are morphologically indistinguishable from the gall February). Temperatures in Oodnadatta, the closest weather foundress. These dispersing adults are probably produced by station to the sites, range from ± 2.2 to 50.7 °C, the median both the foundress and soldiers, although the relative monthly rainfall ranges from 2.0 to 9.9 mm, and the median contributions of foundresses and soldiers have not been annual rainfall is 64.7 mm (Commonwealth of Australia, quanti®ed. Female soldiers are inseminated and lay eggs, 1998). although their fecundity is lower than that of their mother Collections were made at the Arckaringa Homestead site (Crespi, 1992a; Mound & Crespi, 1995; Kranz et al., 1998). between 7 December 1995 and 14 May 1996 (Table 1), and # 1999 Blackwell Science Ltd, Ecological Entomology, 24, 432±442 L 434 Brenda D. Kranz et al. Table 1. Summary data for galls censused between December 1995 and May 1996. n is the number of galls censused. Live foundress is the proportion of galls whose foundress was alive out of all galls sampled. Brood size is the mean number of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult soldiers. Other data are means with standard errors. Live Proportion male Proportion Date n foundress Eggs 1st instars 1st instars Soldiers male soldiers
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae)
    Zootaxa 4759 (3): 421–426 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4759.3.8 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F725F128-FCF3-4182-8E88-ECC01F881515 Two new monobasic thrips genera for a gall-inducing species and its kleptoparasite (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) LAURENCE A. MOUND & ALICE WELLS Australian National Insect Collection CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601 [email protected] Abstract Drypetothrips korykis gen. et sp.n. is described as inducing leaf-margin galls on a small tree in Australia, Drypetes deplanchei [Putranjivaceae]. This thrips is similar in appearance to the smaller species of the genus Kladothrips that induce galls on Acacia species. The galls are invaded by a phytophagous kleptoparasitic thrips, Pharothrips hynnis gen. et sp.n., females of which have a forked plough-like structure protruding ventrally on the frons that is unique amongst Thysanoptera. Key words: autapomorphy, systematic relationships, leaf-margin galls, Australia Introduction The small tree, Drypetes deplanchei [Putranjivaceae], is widespread across northern Australia as far south as New- castle on the east coast. This tree is sometimes referred to as native holly, because the leaf margins can be sharply dentate, but these margins may also be almost smooth, and a species of thrips has been found inducing rolled margin galls on both leaf forms (Fig. 1). These galls and their thrips have been found at sites near Taree in coastal New South Wales, and also at Mt. Nebo near Brisbane in south-eastern Queensland.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Pathogens in Thrips Societies
    Primordial Enemies: Fungal Pathogens in Thrips Societies Christine Turnbull1, Peter D. Wilson1, Stephen Hoggard1, Michael Gillings1, Chris Palmer2, Shannon Smith1, Doug Beattie1, Sam Hussey1, Adam Stow1, Andrew Beattie1* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2 Department of Natural Resources, Northern Territory Government, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia Abstract Microbial pathogens are ancient selective agents that have driven many aspects of multicellular evolution, including genetic, behavioural, chemical and immune defence systems. It appears that fungi specialised to attack insects were already present in the environments in which social insects first evolved and we hypothesise that if the early stages of social evolution required antifungal defences, then covariance between levels of sociality and antifungal defences might be evident in extant lineages, the defences becoming stronger with group size and increasing social organisation. Thus, we compared the activity of cuticular antifungal compounds in thrips species (Insecta: Thysanoptera) representing a gradient of increasing group size and sociality: solitary, communal, social and eusocial, against the entomopathogen Cordyceps bassiana. Solitary and communal species showed little or no activity. In contrast, the social and eusocial species killed this fungus, suggesting that the evolution of sociality has been accompanied by sharp increases in the effectiveness of antifungal compounds. The antiquity of fungal
    [Show full text]
  • Pp11–32 Of: Evolution of Ecological and Behavioural Diversity: Australian Acacia Thrips As Model Organisms
    PART I ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF AUSTRALIAN ACACIA THRIPS SYSTEMATIC FOUNDATIONS In Genesis, light and order were brought forth from chaos, and the world’s biota emerged in six metaphorical ‘days’. The job of an insect systematist is similar but considerably more laborious: from a complex assemblage of forms with sparse biological information attached, to organise, describe and categorise diversity into more or less natural units that share genes. Most biologists only come to appreciate these labours when they are compelled to study a group whose taxonomy is in a chaotic state. Until then, they might view taxonomy as the purview of specialists using arcane knowledge for dubious return on investment, rather than the domain of the only scientists fulfilling God’s instructions to Adam that he name each living thing. This volume provides a comprehensive treatment of Acacia thrips systematics and integrates it with other areas of their biology. As such, the interplay between biology and systematics assumes paramount importance. Non-systematists benefit from systematics in myriad ways. First, without systematics, other biologists remain ignorant not only of what biological units they are studying or seeking to conserve, but what they could choose to study. Indeed, the behavioural studies by Crespi (1992a,b) that led to a resurgence of interest in this group were driven by, and wholly dependent upon, Mound’s (1970, 1971) systematic work. Second, the morphology that most systematists use in species description provides an initial guide to ecological and behavioural phenomena most worthy of study, since morphology sits at the doorstep into natural history, behaviour, ecology and evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Insects
    CY501-C11[407-467].qxd 3/2/05 12:56 PM Page 407 quark11 Quark11:Desktop Folder:CY501-Grimaldi:Quark_files: But, for the point of wisdom, I would choose to Know the mind that stirs Between the wings of Bees and building wasps. –George Eliot, The Spanish Gypsy 11HHymenoptera:ymenoptera: Ants, Bees, and Ants,Other Wasps Bees, and The order Hymenoptera comprises one of the four “hyperdi- various times between the Late Permian and Early Triassic. verse” insectO lineages;ther the others – Diptera, Lepidoptera, Wasps and, Thus, unlike some of the basal holometabolan orders, the of course, Coleoptera – are also holometabolous. Among Hymenoptera have a relatively recent origin, first appearing holometabolans, Hymenoptera is perhaps the most difficult in the Late Triassic. Since the Triassic, the Hymenoptera have to place in a phylogenetic framework, excepting the enig- truly come into their own, having radiated extensively in the matic twisted-wings, order Strepsiptera. Hymenoptera are Jurassic, again in the Cretaceous, and again (within certain morphologically isolated among orders of Holometabola, family-level lineages) during the Tertiary. The hymenopteran consisting of a complex mixture of primitive traits and bauplan, in both structure and function, has been tremen- numerous autapomorphies, leaving little evidence to which dously successful. group they are most closely related. Present evidence indi- While the beetles today boast the largest number of cates that the Holometabola can be organized into two major species among all orders, Hymenoptera may eventually rival lineages: the Coleoptera ϩ Neuropterida and the Panorpida. or even surpass the diversity of coleopterans (Kristensen, It is to the Panorpida that the Hymenoptera appear to be 1999a; Grissell, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Larval Helpers and Age Polyethism in Ambrosia Beetles
    Larval helpers and age polyethism in ambrosia beetles Peter H. W. Biedermann1 and Michael Taborsky Department of Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland Edited by Bert Hölldobler, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, and approved September 1, 2011 (received for review May 14, 2011) Division of labor among the workers of insect societies is a the role of division of labor is unknown. Ambrosia beetles live conspicuous feature of their biology. Social tasks are commonly inside trees, which is a habitat extraordinarily favoring social shared among age groups but not between larvae and adults with evolution (12), apparently having fostered at least seven in- completely different morphologies, as in bees, wasps, ants, and dependent origins of fungiculture in beetles (13). Hence, they beetles (i.e., Holometabola). A unique yet hardly studied holome- represent a unique model system to study the evolution of so- tabolous group of insects is the ambrosia beetles. Along with ciality in relation to fungiculture. Interestingly, ambrosia beetles one tribe of ants and one subfamily of termites, wood-dwelling vary in their mating system (inbreeding vs. outbreeding species) ambrosia beetles are the only insect lineage culturing fungi, a trait and ploidy level (haplodiploid vs. diploid species), which are predicted to favor cooperation and division of labor. Their sociality factors that have been assumed to contribute to social evolution, has not been fully demonstrated, because behavioral observations although their respective roles in social evolution are contro- have been missing. Here we present behavioral data and experi- versial (1). The ambrosia beetle subtribe Xyleborini is charac- ments from within nests of an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus sax- terized by regular inbreeding, haplodiploidy, and fungiculture (8, esenii.
    [Show full text]
  • Defense, Regulation, and Evolution Li Tian University of Kentucky, [email protected]
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Entomology Faculty Publications Entomology 3-5-2014 The oldieS rs in Societies: Defense, Regulation, and Evolution Li Tian University of Kentucky, [email protected] Xuguo Zhou University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_facpub Part of the Entomology Commons Repository Citation Tian, Li and Zhou, Xuguo, "The oS ldiers in Societies: Defense, Regulation, and Evolution" (2014). Entomology Faculty Publications. 70. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_facpub/70 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Soldiers in Societies: Defense, Regulation, and Evolution Notes/Citation Information Published in International Journal of Biological Sciences, v. 10, no. 3, p. 296-308. © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.6847 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_facpub/70 Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2014, Vol. 10 296 Ivyspring International Publisher International Journal of Biological Sciences 2014; 10(3):296-308. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.6847 Review The Soldiers in Societies: Defense, Regulation, and Evolution Li Tian and Xuguo Zhou Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04339-8 — Comparative Social Evolution Edited by Dustin R
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04339-8 — Comparative Social Evolution Edited by Dustin R. Rubenstein , Patrick Abbot Index More Information Index Acacia spp., 154, 157, 161, 168–169, 171, 178 A. guaxamayos, 200 Acanthochromis polyacanthus, 363 A. jabaquara, 191, 192, 200, 205, 210 Achaearaneae spp., 191, See Parasteatoda spp. A. lorenzo, 208 Acrocephalus sechellensis, 324, 329, 336 A. oritoyacu, 208 Acromyrmex spp., 28 A. rupununi, 208 Aculeata, 84, 106 A. studiosus, 202 Aebutina spp., 191, 202, 205 Anoplotermes spp., 135 A. binotata, 190, 191, 194, 208 Anseriformes, 330 Aegithalos caudatus, 326, 330, 333, 338, 340 Anthocoridae, 163 Agamidae, 407 Anthophila, 50 Agapostemon virescens,59 Aotus azarae, 260 Agelaia vicina, 101 Aphelocoma spp. Agelas spp., 234 A. coerulescens, 324, 327, 330, 335 A. clathrodes, 234 A. wollweberi, 323, 327 Agelena spp., 191, 202, 204–205 Aphididae, 155 A. consociata, 204 Apicotermitinae, 127, 132 A. republicana, 204 Apidae, 56 Agelenidae, 191 Apiformes, 65 alarm calls, 258, 292, 299 Apini, 56–57, 63 alates, 125, 129 Apis spp.,58–59, 64–65, 68, 72, 106, 428 Allee effect, 192, 209 A. (Megapis) dorsata,64 Allodapini, 56, 62, 64–65, 71 A. (Micrapis) florea,64 allogrooming (termites), 131, 133 A. cerana, 59, 64 alloparental care A. mellifera, 50, 64, 71–72, 106 definition of, 3 A. mellifera scutellata,59 Alopex lagopus semenovi, 289 Apodidae, 322 Alouatta palliata, 253 Apoica pallens, 102 Alpheidae, 224–225, 228, 232, 236, 240, 243 Apoidea, 50, 56, 64–65 altriciality, 293, 302, 440 apomictic parthenogenesis, 165 Amphiprion spp., 368 apterous line, 129 A. clarkia, 368 Araneidae, 194 A.
    [Show full text]
  • No Division of Labour, and Subfertile Foundresses, in a Phyllode-Gluing Acacia Thrips 2 3 4 James D
    bioRxivbioRxiv preprint preprint first doi: posted https://doi.org/10.1101/755371 online Sep. 5, 2019; doi:; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/755371this version posted September 12,. The 2019. copyright The copyright holder for holder this preprintfor this preprint (which (which was not certifiedwas not by peer-reviewed) peer review) is is the the author/funder, author/funder, who who has has granted granted bioRxiv bioRxiv a a license license to to display display the the preprint preprint in in perpetuity. perpetuity. It is made available It is made availableunder under aCC-BY-NC-ND a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International4.0 International license license. 1 No division of labour, and subfertile foundresses, in a phyllode-gluing Acacia thrips 2 3 4 James D. J. Gilbert1,2 5 6 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham RoaD, Hull HU6 7RX, UK. 7 CorresponDence: [email protected] 8 9 2Fowlers Gap AriD Zone Research Station, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental 10 Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia 11 12 13 KeyworDs: Pleometrosis, joint nesting, cooperation, quasisocial, parasocial, Division of labour bioRxivbioRxiv preprint preprint first doi: posted https://doi.org/10.1101/755371 online Sep. 5, 2019; doi:; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/755371this version posted September 12,. The 2019. copyright The copyright holder for holder this preprintfor this preprint (which (which was not certifiedwas not by peer-reviewed) peer review) is is the the author/funder, author/funder, who who has has granted granted bioRxiv bioRxiv a a license license to to display display the the preprint preprint in in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Vrsanskyetal SI7 Eusociality Revision.Pdf
    [4] [8] [1] [2] [3] [1] [2] [1] [5] [6] [7] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [9] [2] [10] [11] [12] [12] [14] [20] [18] [18] [2] [19] [11] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [27] [28] [28] [28] [29] [30] [31] [29] [26] [32] [32] [33] [34] [35] [35] [35] [36] [41] [45] [37] [38] [39] [40] [42] [44] [43] [44] [46] [47] [48] [48] [48] [49] [48] [48] [48] [54] [50] [50] [49] [51] [52] [52] [53] [57] [55] [56] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [63] [64] [65] [66] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [72] [73] [70] [74] [55] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [55] [56] [83] [80] a) [80] [81] [85] [84] [87] [86] [81] [82] [91] [93] [88] [89] [90] [92] [89] [89] [94] [90] [97] [98] [99] [95] [95] [99] [99] [96] [95] [100] [101] [104] [101] [103] [105] [102] [103] [103] [113] [106] [107] [49] [109] [114] [107] [106] [115] [108] [110] [111] [112] [1] Moreau, C. S. & Bell, C. D. Testing the Museum versus cradle tropical biological diversity hypothesis: Phylogeny, Diversification, and ancestral Biogeographic range evolution of the ants. Evolution: International Journal of organic Evolution 67, 2240-2257 (2014). [2] Rust, J. & Wappler, T. Paleontology: The Point of No Return in the Fossil Record of Eusociality. Current Biology 26, R159-R161 (2016). [3] Perrichot, V., Wang, B. & Engel, M. S. Extreme morphogenesis and ecological specialization among Cretaceous basal ants. Current Biology 26, 1468-1472 (2016). [4] Nielsen, C., Agrawal, A. A. & Hajek, A. E. Ants defend aphids against lethal disease. Biology Letters 6, 205-208 (2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Ecology of Social Behaviour: Analyses of Breeding Systems and Genetic Structure
    MEC1191.fm Page 265 Thursday, February 8, 2001 4:49 PM Molecular Ecology (2001) 10, 265–284 INVITEDBlackwell Science, Ltd REVIEW Molecular ecology of social behaviour: analyses of breeding systems and genetic structure KENNETH G. ROSS Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602–2603, USA Abstract Molecular genetic studies of group kin composition and local genetic structure in social organisms are becoming increasingly common. A conceptual and mathematical framework that links attributes of the breeding system to group composition and genetic structure is presented here, and recent empirical studies are reviewed in the context of this framework. Breeding system properties, including the number of breeders in a social group, their genetic relatedness, and skew in their parentage, determine group composition and the distribution of genetic variation within and between social units. This group genetic structure in turn influences the opportunities for conflict and cooperation to evolve within groups and for selection to occur among groups or clusters of groups. Thus, molecular studies of social groups provide the starting point for analyses of the selective forces involved in social evolution, as well as for analyses of other fundamental evolutionary problems related to sex allocation, reproductive skew, life history evolution, and the nature of selection in hierarchically struc- tured populations. The framework presented here provides a standard system for interpreting and integrating genetic and natural history data from social organisms for application to a broad range of evolutionary questions. Keywords: breeding systems, genetic structure, kin composition, relatedness, social behaviour, social insects Received 18 May 2000; revision received 20 September 2000; accepted 20 September 2000 genetic variation (Wade 1985; Ross & Keller 1995; Balloux Introduction et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Crespi & Abbot
    Crespi & Abbot: Evolution of Kleptoparasitism 147 THE BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF KLEPTOPARASITISM IN AUSTRALIAN GALL THRIPS BERNARD CRESPI AND PATRICK ABBOT1 Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada 1Current address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona ABSTRACT We used a combination of behavioral-ecological and molecular-phylogenetic data to analyze the origin and diversification of kleptoparasitic (gall-stealing) thrips in the genus Koptothrips, which comprises four described species that invade and breed in galls induced by species of Oncothrips and Kladothrips on Australian Acacia. The ge- nus Koptothrips is apparently monophyletic and not closely related to its hosts. Two of the species, K. dyskritus and K. flavicornis, each appears to represent a suite of closely-related sibling species or host races. Three of the four Koptothrips species are facultatively kleptoparasitic, in that females can breed within damaged, open galls by enclosing themselves within cellophane-like partitions. Facultative kleptoparasitism may have served as an evolutionary bridge to the obligately kleptoparasitic habit found in K. flavicornis. Evidence from phylogenetics, and Acacia host-plant relation- ships of the kleptoparasites and the gall-inducers, suggests that this parasite-host system has undergone some degree of cospeciation, such that speciations of Kopto- thrips have tracked the speciations of the gall-inducers. Quantification of kleptopar- asitism rates indicates that Koptothrips and other enemies represent extremely strong selective pressures on most species of gall-inducers. Although the defensive soldier morphs found in some gall-inducing species can successfully defend against Koptothrips invasion, species with soldiers are still subject to high rates of successful kleptoparasite attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Insects
    CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 733 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi: INDEX 12S rDNA, 32, 228, 269 Aenetus, 557 91; general, 57; inclusions, 57; menageries 16S rDNA, 32, 60, 237, 249, 269 Aenigmatiinae, 536 in, 56; Mexican, 55; parasitism in, 57; 18S rDNA, 32, 60, 61, 158, 228, 274, 275, 285, Aenne, 489 preservation in, 58; resinite, 55; sub-fossil 304, 307, 335, 360, 366, 369, 395, 399, 402, Aeolothripidae, 284, 285, 286 resin, 57; symbioses in, 303; taphonomy, 468, 475 Aeshnoidea, 187 57 28S rDNA, 32, 158, 278, 402, 468, 475, 522, 526 African rock crawlers (see Ambermantis wozniaki, 259 Mantophasmatodea) Amblycera, 274, 278 A Afroclinocera, 630 Amblyoponini, 446, 490 aardvark, 638 Agaonidae, 573, 616: fossil, 423 Amblypygida, 99, 104, 105: in amber, 104 abdomen: function, 131; structure, 131–136 Agaoninae, 423 Amborella trichopoda, 613, 620 Abies, 410 Agassiz, Alexander, 26 Ameghinoia, 450, 632 Abrocomophagidae, 274 Agathiphaga, 560 Ameletopsidae, 628 Acacia, 283 Agathiphagidae, 561, 562, 567, 630 American Museum of Natural History, 26, 87, acalyptrate Diptera: ecological diversity, 540; Agathis, 76 91 taxonomy, 540 Agelaia, 439 Amesiginae, 630 Acanthocnemidae, 391 ages, using fossils, 37–39; using DNA, 38–40 ametaboly, 331 Acari, 99, 105–107: diversity, 101, fossils, 53, Ageniellini, 435 amino acids: racemization, 61 105–107; in-Cretaceous amber, 105, 106 Aglaspidida, 99 ammonites, 63, 642 Aceraceae, 413 Aglia, 582 Amorphoscelidae, 254, 257 Acerentomoidea, 113 Agrias, 600 Amphientomidae, 270 Acherontia atropos, 585
    [Show full text]