VOl 36 NO 2 FEBRUARY 2011

Legislative Update Journal Highlights Fisheries Calendar FisheriesAmerican Fisheries Society • www.fi sheries.org Job Center The State of Crayfi sh in the pacifi c Northwest

The Aquarium Trade as an Invasion pathway in the pacifi c Northwest

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 53 Inland Fisheries Management in North America, Third Edition Edited by Wayne Hubert and Michael Quist

738 pages, index, hardcover List price: $104.00 AFS Member price: $73.00 Item Number: 550.60C Published October 2010

TO ORDER: Online: www.afsbooks.org American Fisheries Society c/o Books International P.O. Box 605 Herndon, VA 20172 Phone: 703-661-1570 Fax: 703-996-1010

This book describes the conceptual basis and current management practices for freshwa- ter fisheries of North America. This third edition is written by an array of new authors who bring novel and innovative perspectives. The book incorporates recent technological and social developments and uses pertinent literature to support the presented concepts and methods.

Covered topics include the process of fisheries management, fishery assessments, habitat and community manipulations, and the common practices for managing stream, river, lake, and reservoir fisheries. Chapters on history, population dynamics, assessing fisheries, regulation of fisheries, use of hatchery fish, and the process and legal framework of fisheries manage- ment are included along with innovative chapters on scales of fisheries management, com- munication and conflict resolution, managing undesired and invading species, ecological integrity, emerging multispecies approaches, and use of social and economic information.

The book is intended for use in fisheries management courses for undergraduate or gradu- ate students, as well as for practicing fisheries managers.

54 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g VOL 36 NO 2 FisheriesFEBRUARY 2011 AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY • WWW.FISHERIES.ORG EDITORIAL / SUBSCRIPTION / CIRCULATION OFFICES 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 • Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 301/897-8616 • fax 301/897-8096 • main@fi sheries.org The American Fisheries Society (AFS), founded in 1870, is the oldest and largest professional society representing fi sheries scientists. The AFS promotes scientifi c research and enlightened management of aquatic resources for optimum use and enjoyment by the public. It also encourages comprehensive education of fi sheries scientists and continuing on-the-job training.

AFS OFFIcERS FISHERIES STAFF EDITORS PRESIDENT DIRECTOR OF SCIENCE EDITORS Wayne A. Hubert PUBLICATIONS Madeleine Hall-Arber PRESIDENT ELECT Aaron Lerner Ken Ashley Doug Beard William L. Fisher MANAGING EDITOR Contents Sarah Gilbert Fox Ken Currens FIRST Steven Cooke VICE PRESIDENT ABSTRACT Deirdre M. Kimball John Boreman TRANSLATION Dennis Lassuy SECOND Pablo del Monte Luna Allen Rutherford VICE PRESIDENT Jack Williams Robert Hughes COLUMN: BOOK REVIEW PAST PRESIDENT EDITORS 56 PRESIDENT’S HOOK COLUMN: Donald C. Jackson Francis Juanes New Frontiers in Fisheries 86 DIRECTOR’S LINE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Ben Letcher Management and Ecology: Ghassan “Gus” N. Rassam Keith Nislow American Fisheries Society issues Communicating to Our Members Dues and fees for 2011 are: policy statement on Climate Change $80 in North America ($95 elsewhere) for regular members, and Associates $20 in North America ($30 elsewhere) for student members, Wayne Hubert Gus Rassam and $40 ($50) retired members. Fees include $19 for Fisheries subscription. Nonmember and library subscription rates are $157. JOURNAL HIGHLIGHTS: CALENDAR: Price per copy: $3.50 member; $6 nonmember. 58 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 87 FISHERIES EVENTS Fisheries (ISSN 0363-2415) is published monthly by the AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY American Fisheries Society; 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110; Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 ©copyright 2011. Periodicals postage paid at Bethesda, Maryland, and at UPDATE: CALL FOR AWARD NOMINATIONS: an additional mailing offi ce. A copy of Fisheries Guide for Authors is available from the editor or the AFS website, 59 LEGISLATION AND POLICY 89 2011 AMERICAN FISHEREIS www.fi sheries.org. If requesting from the managing editor, Elden Hawkes, Jr. SOCIETY AWARDS please enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope with your request. Republication or systematic or multiple reproduction of material in this publication is permitted only FEATURE: OBITUARIES: under consent or license from the American Fisheries Society. 60 THE STATE OF IN THE Postmaster: Send address changes to Fisheries, American 92 TWO IDAHO CHAPTER AFS Fisheries Society; 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110; Bethesda, PACIFIC NORTH WEST MD 20814-2199. A summary of native and alien crayfi sh MEMBERS DIE IN HELICOPTER CRASH distributions and ecology in the Pacifi c Fisheries is printed on 10% post-consumer recycled paper with soy-based printing inks. Northwest, with review of crayfi sh- PUBLICATIONS: relevant fi shing regulations and laws across 95 BOOK REVIEW this region Eric R. Larson and Julian D. Olden ANNOUNCEMENTS: FEATURE: 96 AFS 2011 SEATTLE: Advertising Index 74 THE AQUARIUM TRADE AS AN SUSTAINABLE IN SEATTLE INVASION PATHWAY IN THE PACIFIC Advanced Telemetry Systems . . . . 103 NORTHWEST NEWS: Understanding and quantifying the risk 98 UNITS American Public University ...... 88 of invasion from freshwater fi sh and species in the aquarium trade. Floy Tag ...... 94 Angela L. Strecker, Phillip M. Campbell, and ANNOUNCEMENTS: Julian D. Olden 102 JOB CENTER Halltech Aquatic Research, Inc. . . . . 88

Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc. . . . 104

Johns Hopkins University Press . . . . 59

O.S. Systems, Inc...... 99

Sonotronics ...... 92 Cover: The Pacifi c Northwest region of the United States and Canada are home to a number of native (blue glow) and non-native (red glow) crayfi sh species. Tell advertisers you found them through Credit: The collage of crayfi sh images are courtesy of E. Larson, J. Ludlam, J. Olden, N. Usio, Fisheries! T. Woolf, and the public domain.

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 55 COLUMN: PRESIDENT’S HOOK

Wayne Hubert AFS President Hubert may be contacted at: [email protected].

New Frontiers in Fisheries Management and Ecology: Communicating to Our Members and Associates Last night I awoke suddenly, phone, a planner, a calculator, many times a day when I am focus- startled, and with my heart pound- Internet access, a web browser, ing on the business of the Society. ing. From my bedside, a deep, access to Facebook, a media It is an amazing resource. vibrato voice had spoken to me, player, an e-book reader, a camera, The AFS website is a door to “Droid.” A green light was flash- a GPS, an English-Spanish diction- information about our profes- ing next to my bed. It took less ary, and access to thousands of sion and society, and a means than a second for the adrena- “apps” specific to my interests and of communication. The home lin rush to occur and the “fight needs. Plus, the device is wireless page tells of the mission of AFS; or flight” response to kick in. I and extremely portable. has news and messages that are reached for the nightstand, not for We still communicate by means immediately pertinent; provides a weapon, but for that brand new of mail, printed newspapers and links to Division, Section, and Smart Phone. At that moment, books, radio, television, and Chapter websites; enables access I realized that this device was a telephone, but electronic commu- to a listing of upcoming meet- whole lot smarter than I was. The nication technologies are growing ings, with special attention to the previous day, my wife and I had at an unbelievable rate and are next annual AFS meeting; and discarded our cell phones and got- dominating how we interact with enables users to obtain informa- ten into the contemporary world each other. Think about it. Phone tion about our primary science of communications, each with a calls are nice and add a personal products —our journals. The Smart Phone. My new Smart Phone touch, but they take time, are home page also has really cool was telling me that I had just been interruptive, and the intended animated tabs to topic areas, with texted, emailed, or somebody had receiver may not choose to answer. names such as: About Us, Policy/ communicated to me via Facebook. A text message is a lot more effi- Media, Publications, Membership, How do I stop that? There is a cient, and you can insert a photo. Job Board, International, Awards, learning curve associated with A quick posting on a social website Certification, Education, and these devices! reaches a wide array of “friends,” Hutton. Behind the tabs is a My Smart Phone is a hybrid and allows them to respond to you wealth of information, immediately personally or to the group. Almost telephone and PDA. A few decades available. For example, there is a ago when I was a college student, all of our business is done by email blog with current information and a PDA was forbidden in dorms or or via the Internet. And we search commentary on issues pertinent classroom buildings, but at that for and find most of our informa- to fisheries professionals under time it meant a “public display of tion needs via the Internet. About Us. If you are interested in affection.” Today, we know a PDA The American Fisheries Society how AFS business is done —such to be a “personal digital assis- (AFS) is striving to keep up in this as the development of a resolu- tant.” It seems like every teenager rapidly-evolving world of electronic tion or amendment to the con- and young adult, as well as many communications, and our foremost stitution —this can be found in within my cohort, have these tool in doing so is the AFS website the Procedures Manual under the devices on their bodies or within (www.fisheries.org). As President About Us tab. If you are interested reach at all times. They are amaz- of this Society, I find myself going ing! One device gives me a mobile to the website almost daily, and Continued on page 94

56 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America

Larry R. Brown, Shawn D. Chase, Matthew G. Mesa, Richard J. Beamish, and Peter B. Moyle, editors

ampreys represent an ancient lineage extending back to the ostracoderms and are one of the Lmost successful groups of living fishes. Perhaps best known for feeding on and killing bony fishes valued by humans, such as salmonids, lampreys exhibit a variety of fascinating life histories. Most lamprey species have lost the adult predatory stage of the life cycle and metamorphose, spawn, and die in the same stream in which they were spawned. Unfortunately, the bad reputation of predatory lampreys and the inconspicuous nature of small, nonpredaceous lampreys have resulted in their importance and special requirements in aquatic ecosystems being ignored.

This book presents new scientific as well as traditional (indigenous) knowledge of lampreys while demonstrating their fascinating nature. Readers interested in learning about lampreys will find not only a wealth of new information but also extensive citations of existing information in each chapter.

321 pages, paper List price: $79.00 AFS Member price: $55.30 Item Number: 540.72P Published December 2009 TO ORDER: Online: www.afsbooks.org American Fisheries Society c/o Books International P.O. Box 605 Herndon, VA 20172 Phone: 703-661-1570 Fax: 703-996-1010

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 57 JOURNAL HIGHLIGHTS: TRANSACTIONS OF THE aMERICAN fISHERIES sOCIETY Volume 139, Issue 5 September 2010 To subscribe to AFS journals go to www.fisheries.org and click on Publications/Journals.

Smolt Transformation in Two California Habitats Survival Rates and Movement of Steelhead Populations: Effects of Temporal Andrew J. Carlson, and Frank J. Rahel Hatchery-Reared Razorback Suckers in Variability in Growth Pages 1360-1371 the Upper Colorado River Basin, Utah and Michael P. Beakes, William H. Satterthwaite, Colorado Erin M. Collins, David R. Swank, Joseph E. Intra- and Intersystem Variation Koreen A. Zelasko, Kevin R. Bestgen, and Gary Merz, Robert G. Titus, Susan M. Sogard, and in Largemouth Bass Recruitment: C. White Marc Mangel Reproduction, Prey Availability, and the Pages 1478 -1499 Pages 1263-12765 Timing of Year-Class Establishment Joseph J. Parkos III, and D. H. Wahl Persistence of Colorado River Cutthroat Dispersal and Within-Stream Spatial Pages 1372-1385 Trout Populations in Isolated Headwater Population Structure of Brook Trout Streams of Wyoming Revealed by Pedigree Reconstruction Determination of Upper Temperature Nathan Cook, Frank J. Rahel, and Wayne A. Analysis Tolerance in June Sucker Larvae: Is the Hubert Mark Hudy, Jason A. Coombs, Keith H. Nislow, Transition to Utah Lake Temperatures a Pages 1500-1510 and Benjamin H. Letcher Recruitment Bottleneck? Detailed Examination of Ichthyoplankton Pages 1276 -1287 Kevin M. Kappenman, Molly A. H. Webb, Elijah S. Cureton, and Jason Ilgen Seasonality from a High-Resolution Time [Note] Feasibility of Surgically Implanting Pages 1386-1399 Series in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Acoustic Tags into Pacific Herring during 2004–2006 Andrew C. Seitz, Brenda L. Norcross, John C. Summer Stream Water Temperature Frank J. Hernandez Jr., Sean P. Powers, and Payne, Anna N. Kagley, Buck Meloy, Jacob L. Models for Great Lakes Streams: New York William M. Graham Gregg, and Paul K. Hershberger James E. McKenna Jr., Ryan S. Butryn, and Pages 1511-1525 Pages 1288-1291 Richard P. McDonald Pages 1398-1414 Abundance and Recruitment of Juvenile Outbreeding Depression after Two Atlantic Sturgeon in the Altamaha River, Generations of Hybridizing Southeast Abundance Estimates of Skates Georgia Alaska Coho Salmon Populations? (Rajidae) on the Continental Shelf of the Paul Schueller, and Douglas L. Peterson Tyler H. Dann, William W. Smoker, Jeffrey J. Northeastern United States Using a Video Pages 1526-1535 Hard, and Anthony J. Gharrett Survey Introduced Lake Trout Produced a Four- Pages 1292-1305 Alyssa M. MacDonald, Charles F. Adams, and Level Trophic Cascade in Yellowstone Lake Kevin D. E. Stokesbury Accuracy and Precision of Salmon Length Lusha M. Tronstad, Robert O. Hall Jr., Todd M. Pages 1415-1420 Estimates Taken from DIDSON Sonar Koel, and Ken G. Gerow Images Estimating Sampling Effort Required Pages 1536-1550 Debby L. Burwen, Steven J. Fleischman, and for Characterizing Species Richness and The Elusive Minimum Viable Population James D. Miller Site-to-Site Similarity in Fish Assemblage Size for White Sturgeon Pages 1306-1315 Surveys of Wadeable Illinois Streams Henriette I. Jager, Ken B. Lepla, Webb Van Unintended Effects of Electrofishing on Ann M. Holtrop, Yong Cao, and Chad R. Dolan Winkle, Brad W. James, and Steven O. Nongame Fishes Pages 1421-1435 McAdam L. E. Miranda, and R. H. Kidwell Seasonal Distribution and Movements of Pages 1551-1565 Pages 1315-1321 Shortnose Sturgeon and Atlantic Sturgeon Streamflow Reductions and Habitat Long-Term Trends in Habitat Use of in the Penobscot River Estuary, Maine Drying Affect Growth, Survival, and Offshore Demersal Fishes in Western Lake Stephen J. Fernandes, Gayle Barbin Zydlewski, Recruitment of Brassy Minnow across a Huron Suggest Large-Scale Ecosystem Joseph D. Zydlewski, Gail S. Wippelhauser, and Great Plains Riverscape Change Michael T. Kinnison Jeffrey A. Falke, Kevin R. Bestgen, and Kurt D. Stephen C. Riley, and Jean V. Adams Pages 1436-1449 Fausch Pages 1322-1334 Striped Bass Habitat Selection Rules in Pages 1566-1583 Feeding Ecology of Blue Marlins, Reservoirs without Suitable Summer Contrasting Ecology Shapes Juvenile Lake- Dolphinfish, Yellowfin Tuna, and Wahoos Habitat Offer Insight into Consequences Type and Riverine Sockeye Salmon from the North Atlantic Ocean and for Growth Scott A. Pavey, Jennifer L. Nielsen, Renae H. Comparisons with Other Oceans Jessica S. Thompson, James A. Rice, and D. Mackas, Troy R. Hamon, and Felix Breden Paul J. Rudershausen, Jeffrey A. Buckel, Jason Scott Waters Pages 1584-1595 Edwards, Damon P. Gannon, Christopher M. Pages 1450-1464 The Effects of the Stronach Dam Removal Butler, and Tyler W. Averett Examining Genetic Lineages of Chinook on Fish in the Pine River, Manistee County, Pages 1335-1359 Salmon in the Columbia River Basin Michigan Annual Intrabasin Movement and Shawn R. Narum, Jon E. Hess, and Andrew P. Bryan A. Burroughs, Daniel B. Hayes, Kristi D. Mortality of Adult Bonneville Cutthroat Matala Klomp, Jonathan F. Hansen, and Jessica Mistak Trout among Complementary Riverine Pages 1465-1476 Pages 1595-1613

58 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g UPDATE: lEGISlATION AND POlIcY

Elden hawkes, Jr. AFS Policy Coordinator Hawkes can be contacted at ehawkes@fi sheries.org

More Changes in the have created a National Fish Habitat Board and established procedures to implement the goals of the 2006 National Fish u.S. house Habitat Action Plan, and would have authorized funding for projects that conserve fi sh habitat, as well as implement the With the change in majority of the 112th Congress, Rep. Frank action plan. Other measures in the bill included: Lucas has been elected chair of the U.S. House of Representatives • reauthorizing the National Estuary Program through Committee on Agriculture. The committee has jurisdiction over 2016; federal agriculture programs, and also administers funding for • establishing uniform enforcement policies and procedures critical natural resource policies, such as the Farm Bill — the conservation title of which is the single-largest source of federal for federal statutes that regulate commercial fi shing; funding for conservation on private lands in the country. The • authorizing new appropriations for coral reef programs, new chair of the House Natural Resources committee, Rep. Doc establish new protections for coral reefs, and extend Hastings, has announced the new republican members of the those protections to reefs in all U.S. waters. committee: Even with the defeat of the omnibus package, many of • Glenn Thompson (PA) the individual components are planned to be reintroduced in • Daniel Benishek (MI) the 112th Congress. • Jeff Denham (CA) • Jeff Duncan (SC) • Charles Fleischmann (TN) • William Flores (TX) • Paul Gosar (AZ) • Andy Harris (MD) A Field GUide To CoAsTAl Fishes • Bill Johnson (OH) From Maine to Texas • Raul Labrador (ID) val kells and kent Carpenter • Jeffrey Landry (LA) “An accurate, easy-to-use field guide that clearly explains and shows a reader how to correctly identify coastal fishes.” • Kristi Lynn Noem (SD) —Joe Malat, Joe Malat Communications • David Rivera (FL) $25.00 paperback • Jon Runyan (NJ) • Steve Southerland (FL) eColoGy oF esTUArine Fishes • Scott Tipton (CO) Temperate Waters of the Western North Atlantic kenneth W. Able and Michael p. Fahay “I am amazed by the depth and range of knowledge demon- Omnibus public Lands, strated. This synthesis is a major contribution to estuarine fish studies.”—David H. Secor, University of Maryland Center for Water, and Wildlife bill Environmental Science Fails to Clear Senate $120.00 hardcover

The omnibus lands, water, and wildlife bill that was introduced in the waning days on the 111th Congress failed to get enough votes in the Senate to be brought to the fl oor. The package had contained some 110 bills relating to Johns Hopkins University Press the management of public lands. Included in the package The Johns hopkins UniversiTy press was the National Fish Habitat Conservation Act which would 1-800-537-5487 • press.jhu.edu

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 59 Feature:

The State of Crayfish in the Pacific Northwest

Eric R. Larson and ABSTRACT: We summarize the state of knowledge on crayfish in the Pacific Julian D. Olden Northwest region of the United States and Canada, emphasizing distributions and conservation status of native species, as well as known introductions and Larson is a graduate student at the distributions of alien , and reviewing fishing regulations relevant to University of Washington, Seattle, and crayfish across five states and provinces. We found the present distribution and can be contacted at School of Aquatic ecology of native crayfishes in this region to be poorly known, inhibiting accurate and Fishery Sciences, University of conservation assessments and management. The number of alien crayfishes Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. established in the region, ranging in distribution from localized to widespread E-mail: [email protected]. Olden is and including several major invasive species, now exceeds the diversity of native an assistant professor in the School of crayfishes. The treatment of crayfish by fishing regulations and laws varies among Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the states and provinces, potentially impairing successful management and conservation University of Washington, and can of these species in shared ecosystems such as the Snake and Columbia rivers. We be contacted at the same address. His conclude with recommendations for crayfish management and regulation, and a E-mail is: [email protected] . call for more research on the ecology of crayfish in the Pacific Northwest. El Estado Del Langostino En El Pacífico Noroeste

Se presenta un resumen del estado de conocimiento acerca del langostino en la región del Pacífico noroeste de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y Canadá, haciendo énfasis en la distribución y estado de conservación de las especies nativas así como también en introducciones conocidas y distribución de especies foráneas de langostinos; también se hace una revisión de las regulaciones pesqueras relevantes para los langostinos a lo largo de cinco estados y provincias. Se encontró que la distribución actual y ecología de los langostinos nativos de esta región son poco conocidas, lo que impide realizar evaluaciones precisas de conservación y manejo. El número de langostinos foráneos establecidos en la región, cuya distribución va desde los altamente localizados a los ampliamente distribuidos incluyendo varias de las especies invasivas más importantes, excede la diversidad de langostinos nativos. El manejo de los langostinos a través de leyes y medidas regulatorias de pesca varía entre estados y provincias, lo que potencialmente puede reducir el éxito de la conservación y manejo de estas especies en ecosistemas compartidos como los ríos Snake y Columbia. Se concluye con recomendaciones para el manejo y regulación del langostino y se hace un llamado para incrementar los esfuerzos de investigación en la ecología del langostino del Pacífico noroeste.

60 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g the value of crayfish in recreational and commercial fisheries also INTRODUCTION requires attention and regulation from fisheries biologists (Miller and Van Hyning 1970; Roell and Orth 1998). Crayfishes of North America have received increased attention Recognition of the importance of crayfish has resulted from fisheries biologists over recent decades in response to in heightened research and management attention dedicated several factors. First, crayfish often fill a keystone role in aquatic to this taxonomic group, ranging from evaluations of food webs as omnivorous consumers of plant matter, species conservation status (Taylor et al. 2007) to policy matter, and detritus, and serve as an important link between these energy sources and aquatic and terrestrial predators (Rabeni recommendations for the prevention of crayfish invasions 1992; Creed 1994; Usio and Townsend 2004; Tablado et al. 2010). (DiStefano et al. 2009). However, we perceive a striking regional Consequently, the addition (invasion) or subtraction (extirpation) disparity in the attention given crayfishes by fisheries biologists. of a crayfish species can have far-reaching consequences for Researchers in the southeastern United States (US) are increasing communities and ecosystems (e.g., Nyström et al. 1996; Dorn efforts to document and conserve the region’s endemic crayfish and Mittelbach 1999). Invasive crayfish species introduced to diversity (e.g., Larson and Olden 2010; Welsh et al. 2010), while new regions have had severe impacts on aquatic communities researchers in the Great Lakes region and California have made and valuable recreational and commercial fisheries (e.g., Wilson important contributions quantifying the economic and ecological et al. 2004; McCarthy et al. 2006). Invasive crayfishes have costs associated with crayfish invasions (e.g., Gamradt and also contributed to population declines, extirpations, and Kats 1996; Keller et al. 2008). By contrast, few recent studies extinctions of native crayfishes (e.g., Bouchard 1977a; Light et on distributions, ecology, or management of crayfish have al. 1995), combining with other stressors such as habitat loss been conducted in the Pacific Northwest region of the US and and degradation to make crayfish one of North America’s most Canada (but see Lewis 1997; Bondar et al. 2005a; Mueller and imperiled taxonomic groups (Strayer and Dudgeon 2010). Finally, Bodensteiner 2009).

Native crayfishes of the Pacific Northwest: A. Snake River pilose crayfish (Pacifastacus connectens); B. pilose crayfish (Pacifastacus gambelii); C. signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus klamathensis); D. signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus leniusculus). Photos by N. Usio (A), T. Woolf (B), D. VanSlyke (C), and J. Benca (D).

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 61 This oversight is somewhat surprising given the alien crayfish occurrences from museum records, published unfortunate history of crayfish invasions and conservation accounts, and recent surveys (e.g., Sheldon 1989; Clark and in adjacent California, where the native sooty crayfish Lester 2005), with the aim of synthesizing knowledge on the (Pacifastacus nigrescens) was declared extinct in 1977, and accumulating crayfish invasions of the Pacific Northwest. the native Shasta crayfish (Pacifastacus fortis) is listed under For both native and alien species, our reliance on point the US Endangered Species Act. Both declines have been occurrences from museum records and published accounts attributed to the combined effects of habitat loss and likely leads to underestimates in ranges, although the inverse invasive crayfishes (Bouchard 1977a; Light et al. 1995). may be true for native crayfishes that could be suffering These Californian crayfishes represented 40% of the native population declines. crayfish diversity west of the Continental Divide in North We also review crayfish-relevant fishing regulations and America. The remaining three western crayfishes are native laws for states and provinces of the Pacific Northwest, to the Pacific Northwest, from coastal British Columbia, focusing on prohibited species, live bait, and recreational and Oregon, and Washington, inland to the Columbia and Snake commercial harvest. We chose to summarize these policies for River headwaters of Montana, Nevada, Wyoming, and Utah British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington, (Miller 1960). These species have almost no contemporary as these states and province dominate the region’s surface published records on their distribution and ecology to justify area. We exclude California, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming for their present “stable” conservation status (Taylor et al. 2007). brevity, but do report on native and alien crayfish distributions Furthermore, the perception of the Pacific Northwest as for these states where they border the Pacific Northwest. uninvaded by aquatic nuisance species relative to eastern Fishing regulations and laws were reviewed by state or North America is no longer justifiable (Sanderson et al. 2009), provincial managers for accuracy (see acknowledgements). The and the increasingly invaded status of the region includes intent of this policy review was to evaluate cross-jurisdictional multiple newly discovered populations of invasive crayfishes consistency in regulations and laws relevant to minimizing the from eastern North America (Mueller 2001; Olden et al. risk of crayfish invasions and to compare how the recreational 2009a; Larson et al. 2010). and commercial harvest of crayfish is managed. We Crayfish management in the Pacific Northwest may also conclude with suggested research priorities and management be complicated by the common asynchrony between political recommendations for crayfish in the Pacific Northwest. boundaries and natural populations, communities, and ecosystems that cross them (Powell 1890; Giordano and Wolf NATIVE CRAYFISHES 2003). For example, inconsistent alien species regulations between nations or states sharing aquatic ecosystems can leave entire regions vulnerable to invasion because of “weak links” Snake River pilose crayfish (Peters and Lodge 2009). Similarly, activities such as wild fish (Pacifastacus connectens) harvest can be mismanaged or promote conflict when adjacent jurisdictions pursue differing agendas (Mitchell 1997; Brown The Snake River pilose crayfish (Pacifastacus connectens) was 1999). Such transboundary resource management issues are described by Faxon (1914) and considered a subspecies of certainly relevant in the Pacific Northwest, where most major the pilose crayfish (Pacifastacus gambelii) until reclassified as aquatic ecosystems such as the Columbia and Snake rivers a distinct species by Hobbs (1972) and Bouchard (1977b), cross the borders of multiple US states and the Canadian who grouped P. connectens in the subgenus Hobbsastacus with province of British Columbia. Relevant to crayfish, this P. gambelii, P. fortis, and the extinct P. nigrescens on the basis of means that how one state or province regulates alien species, mandible morphology. Pacifastacus connectens may be most easily the use of live bait, or the harvest of wild populations can distinguished from the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) by affect neighboring jurisdictions and their aquatic resources the presence of clusters of setae (hairs) on the chelae (claws), (DiStefano et al. 2009; Peters and Lodge 2009). and from P. gambelii by the presence of spines or tubercles Here we summarize the state of knowledge on crayfish (bumps) on a carapace ridge located just behind the eye in the Pacific Northwest, with the intent of providing an (postorbital ridge). introduction for fisheries biologists in the region and a The range of P. connectens historically extended from the contemporary update to past work on this subject (Miller desert lake basins of southeastern Oregon across the Snake 1960; Bouchard 1977a). We first present historic point River and tributaries of southern Idaho (Figure 1), and occurrences of native crayfishes in the region from the presumably these same streams in northern Nevada. Our diligent summary of Miller (1960), collections of literature review revealed no studies on the ecology or life the Smithsonian Institution and Carnegie Museum of Natural history of this species and no contemporary survey of its History, and more recent published accounts (e.g., Johnson distribution or conservation status. The American Fisheries 1986; Hubert 1988; Bondar et al. 2005a). Relevant issues in Society recognizes its conservation status as currently stable , identification, and ecology of these species are (Taylor et al. 2007), although the states of Idaho and Oregon briefly discussed, but we focus primarily on providing known consider the species vulnerable. Threats to P. connectens distributions for use as a historic benchmark in evaluating might include land use change and resultant habitat loss or current conservation status. We next summarize known degradation, as well as the introduction of invasive species to

62 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Figure 1. Point occurrences from literature and museum records for crayfish species and subspecies native to the Pacific Northwest.

the region. In particular, several invasive crayfishes have been in Washington. Faxon (1885) reported P. gambelii to occur documented from southern Idaho (Clark and Wroten 1978; widely east of the Continental Divide in the upper Missouri Clark and Lester 2005). River and other drainages, a claim met with some skepticism by Bouchard (1978) and an absence of known museum Pilose crayfish records. Sheldon (1989) did not report P. gambelii from Pacific drainages of western Montana. Knowledge of the distribution (Pacifastacus gambelii) of P. gambelii and relationship to P. connectens would benefit from further investigation. The pilose crayfish Pacifastacus gambelii has had an unclear The American Fisheries Society recognizes P. gambelii as taxonomic and distributional history (Riegel 1959), including currently stable (Taylor et al. 2007), while state assignments a type description from California (Girard 1852) that was later range from critically imperiled in Montana to apparently disputed as a specimen instead collected while in transit to secure in Idaho. Like P. connectens, the ecology and life history California (Faxon 1885). The species is presumed native to the of P. gambelii is minimally known, although Koslucher and states of Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Minshall (1973) reported omnivorous feeding habitats, typical and Wyoming (Hobbs 1972; Taylor et al. 2007). As of Miller of crayfishes, for P. gambelii in a desert stream of Idaho and (1960), historic records that could be reliably identified as Utah. Conservation threats to P. gambelii might include land P. gambelii were known only from the Snake River and its use change, habitat loss or degradation, and invasive species. tributaries of Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming, as well as Alarmingly, Hubert (2010) recently revisited sites sampled for Great Salt Lake tributaries like the Bear and Weber rivers of crayfishes in Wyoming from 1986 to 1988 (Hubert 1988) and Utah and Wyoming (Figure 1). We are inclined to conclude found P. gambelii absent from all sites previously occupied in that the historic attribution of this species to Oregon was the Bear River drainage, replaced by the invasive virile crayfish instead P. connectens, and we found no records of either species ( virilis).

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 63 Columbia on ecological function in small streams (e.g., Bondar et Signal crayfish al. 2005b; Bondar and Richardson 2009), and exhaustive mark- (Pacifastacus leniusculus) recapture estimates of lake populations (e.g., Johnson 1971; Lewis 1997). The signal crayfishPacifastacus leniusculus is the most widely All subspecies of P. leniusculus are recognized as currently distributed and best known of the crayfishes native to the Pacific stable by the American Fisheries Society (Taylor et al. 2007), Northwest, although it has been better studied as an invasive although state and province designations vary and conservation species in California, Europe, and Japan (e.g., Abrahamsson and concern is expressed for the species in British Columbia (Bondar Goldman 1970; Nyström et al. 1996; Usio et al. 2009). Pacifastacus et al. 2005a). Pacifastacus leniusculus may be affected by invasive leniusculus was initially described as three species: P. klamathensis crayfishes in some portions of its range. Bouchard (1977a) and (Stimpson 1857), P. leniusculus (Dana 1852), and P. trowbridgii Sheldon (1989) report apparent losses of P. leniusculus habitat (Stimpson 1857). Riegel (1959) considered P. leniusculus and P. to invasive crayfishes of the genusOrconectes , and both authors trowbridgii to be synonymous but P. klamathensis a unique species, describe a pattern of habitat partitioning in which P. leniusculus while Miller (1960) considered all three to be subspecies of persists in fast flowing waters whileOrconectes dominates slow or P. leniusculus due to observed intergrade forms. This view was impounded waters. Other records have also observed an absence adopted by later taxonomic guides (Hobbs 1972; Bouchard et of P. leniusculus from sites presently dominated by invasive al. 1977b). Genetic work to date has found P. l. leniusculus and P. crayfishes (Olden et al. 2009a; Larson et al. 2010). Although l. trowbridgii to be the most similar and P. l. klamathensis the most resistant to extinction due to its large range size and wide success distinct subspecies (Agerberg and Jansson 1995). as an invasive species, subspecies and populations of P. leniusculus Where possible, we report distributions by subspecies for P. in its native range may still be threatened by invasive species or leniusculus (Figure 1), although many distributional records neglect other factors like habitat loss and degradation. to include a subspecies designation. Some morphological features useful in differentiating P. l. leniusculus from P. l. trowbridgii include a narrow or fusiform rather than broad or robust carapace, and Alien CrayfishES the presence of sharp spines rather than rounded tubercles on the postorbital ridge (Riegel 1959; Miller 1960). The subspecies All known alien crayfishes in the Pacific Northwest belong P. l. klamathensis lacks either spines or tubercles on the postorbital to the family of eastern North America. These ridge, and has also been noted to lack the white or blue-green crayfishes differ from nativePacifastacus, which belong to the coloration across the joint of the chelae commonly found in family Astacidae, by the presence of ventral hooks on upper the other two subspecies (Riegel 1959; Miller 1960). While often segments of walking legs in mature males (Hobbs 1972). The brown or tan, the life colors of P. leniusculus are highly variable, large tubercles on the chelae or carapace of many Cambarid and can range from bright red to blue. adults, absent in Pacifastacus, may be a more conspicuous trait to The native distribution of P. leniusculus extends from biologists unfamiliar with crayfishes. Identification to species of the Klamath River of northern California to southern British Columbia, and inland to Columbia River tributaries Table 1. Alien crayfishes in the Pacific Northwest (including upper Snake River of western Montana (Figure 1). Bouchard (1978) notes and tributaries and the Great Salt Lake basin in Utah and Wyoming) by species that the biogeography of P. leniusculus subspecies is likely and state with year discovered and reporting sources. confounded by translocation of this species within its native range, as either bait or through the stocking Species State Year Sources of ponds and lakes. The most apparent pattern in subspecies distributions emerges from P. l. klamathensis, Orconectes neglectus Oregon 1966 Bouchard (1977a) which occupies coastal rivers of northern California Orconectes rusticus Oregon 2005 Olden et al. (2009a) and southwestern Oregon in the southern portion of Orconectes sanbornii Washington 1987 Larson and Olden (2008) its range, but then transitions to drainages east of the Larson et al. (2010) Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington in its Orconectes virilis Utah 1981 Johnson (1986) northern range. Pacifastacus l. leniusculus and P. l. trowbridgii Montana 1988 Sheldon (1989) are common in northwest Oregon, coastal Washington, Idaho 1999 Clark and Lester (2005) and the lower Columbia River (Figure 1). Subspecies designations are rare for British Columbia, Idaho, and Washington 2006 Larson and Olden (2008) Larson et al. (2010) Montana. A number of studies on the basic ecology and life history of P. leniusculus are available from the Pacific Wyoming 2007-2009 Hubert (2010) Northwest. Many of these are in the form of graduate Procambarus acutus Washington 2009 Larson and Olden (unpub.) theses or agency reports that were unfortunately never Procambarus clarkii Idaho 1975 Clark and Wroten (1978) published in the peer-reviewed literature. Some notable Utah 1978 Johnson (1986) works include physiological and life history investigations Washington 2000 Mueller (2001) into the viability of the species for aquaculture (e.g., Larson and Olden (2008) Coykendall 1973; Mason 1974), recent studies from British Oregon 1999-2001 Pearl et al. (2005)

64 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Figure 2. Point occurrences from literature and museum records for alien crayfish species in the Pacific Northwest.

Cambarid crayfishes requires keys based on mature (Form I) male prominent orange and black rings at the tips of the chelae, and a reproductive organs (gonopods), and consultation with an expert dark u-shaped saddle mark on the dorsal surface of the carapace is recommended. Information on typical life colors is provided that is pronounced relative to other Orconectes species in the for alien crayfishes found in the Pacific Northwest, with the region. caveat that this trait can vary across populations. Ringed crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) (Orconectes neglectus) The rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus), native to the Ohio The ringed crayfish (Orconectes neglectus), native to the Great River drainage, is a highly invasive crayfish that has had well- Plains and Ozark Plateaus of the central US, was the first documented impacts in aquatic ecosystems of the Great Lakes crayfish from eastern North America documented in the Pacific region and elsewhere (McCarthy et al. 2006; Keller et al. 2008). Northwest (Table 1). Bouchard (1977a) provides a summary of It was not known to occur west of the Continental Divide until its discovery and basic ecology in Oregon, the only state in the found in the John Day River of central Oregon in 2005 (Figure region from which it is known (Figure 2). Widespread by 1977 2; Table 1). Olden et al. (2009a) speculated that O. rusticus may in the Rogue River and tributaries, little subsequent work on the have been introduced to the John Day River as bait for popular species has been pursued, and its present distribution in that warmwater fisheries, or through its use in schools and biological drainage, or potentially in adjacent systems, has not been assessed. supply in the region (Larson and Olden 2008). Orconectes rusticus Bouchard (1977a) speculated that O. neglectus was introduced to has not yet been found elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest. Its the Rogue River either incidentally with stocking of warmwater status and spread in the John Day River demands monitoring fish, or through the use of crayfish as bait.Orconectes neglectus has and, if feasible, management intervention. Orconectes rusticus

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 65 possesses distinctive rust-colored spots on both lateral surfaces the Bear River drainage of southwestern Wyoming (Hubert of the carapace, and often black or orange tips of the chelae. 2010). Orconectes virilis has also been implicated in declines of the Rapid identification of newly establishedO. rusticus populations is crayfishP. fortis in northern California (Bouchard 1977a; Light et necessary for control or eraurvdication (Hein et al. 2006). al. 1995). Owing to its large native range and substantial genetic diversity (Filipova et al. 2010), the appearance of O. virilis can be Sanborn’s crayfish quite variable. Body color may be brown, green, or tan. Chelae are (Orconectes sanbornii) typically green or blue-green, with pronounced yellow tubercles. White river crawfish Sanborn’s crayfish (Orconectes sanbornii), native to the Ohio River drainage, represents an unusual crayfish introduction to the (Procambarus acutus) Pacific Northwest. The species has not been found introduced The white river crawfish Procambarus( acutus), native over a elsewhere in the world. Larson and Olden (2008) found O. large and disjunct range in eastern North America, has recently sanbornii in Big Lake, Washington, in the summer of 2008 (Figure been documented in the Pacific Northwest. Historically, 2), although this species was incorrectly identified asO. virilis P. (corrected in Larson et al. 2010). Consultation with crayfish acutus was only known west of the Continental Divide from a taxonomist Christopher Taylor, Illinois Natural History Survey, single stream in California, where its invasion in the 1920s was revealed a Smithsonian Institution record for O. sanbornii from attributed to the release of laboratory by local schools this lake and adjacent streams from 1987 (Table 1). Origins of the (Bouchard 1977a). Bouchard (1977a) revisited this stream a half O. sanbornii population in northwest Washington are unknown. century later and found only the red swamp crawfish(Procambarus Orconectes sanbornii appears brown or tan with less distinctive life clarkii), suggesting either an initial misidentification, or perhaps colors than either O. neglectus or O. rusticus. the subsequent replacement of P. acutus by P. clarkii. As a result, the late 2009 discovery of P. acutus in Echo Lake, Seattle, Washington, and the early 2010 discovery of the species from a Virile crayfish wetland on Lopez Island, Washington, may represent the only (Orconectes virilis) known populations of this species in the western US (Figure 2). Procambarus acutus specimens from both sites were verified The virile (or northern) crayfish Orconectes virilis may be the by Christopher Taylor and deposited at the Illinois Natural most widely invasive crayfish in the Pacific Northwest, known History Survey. Origins of these populations remain unknown. from Idaho, Montana, and Washington, as well as adjacent states Procambarus acutus is often dark burgundy with pronounced like Utah and Wyoming (Figure 2; Table 1). Native over a large tubercles on the chelae and carapace. Procambarus acutus may be area of North America east of the Continental Divide, O. virilis distinguished from the widely invasive P. clarkii in the west by an is now widespread in the west, with populations documented open rather than closed or absent areola (hourglass-shaped area in California and the Colorado River drainage (Riegel 1959; on the dorsal surface of the carapace). Johnson 1986). The species may have been introduced to the Pacific Northwest through multiple pathways. In California,O. Red swamp crawfish virilis was first established in the Central Valley after escapes from laboratory ponds at Chico State University (Riegel 1959). (Procambarus clarkii) By contrast, both Johnson (1986) and Sheldon (1989) report that O. virilis was deliberately stocked by the states of Utah and The red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii, native to the Montana, respectively, to serve as forage for warmwater fishes. southern US and northeastern Mexico, is the most invasive Orconectes virilis was first detected in the Columbia River in crayfish in the world. It has been introduced to Africa, Asia, Washington State in 2006, and this occurrence could represent Europe, and within North America through a variety of time-lagged downstream dispersal from stocked populations in pathways, although primarily via stocking for aquaculture or western Montana. Alternatively, the species is commonly used as wild harvest (Hobbs et al. 1989). It is also a common species fishing bait and occurs in biological supply (Larson and Olden in the biological supply trade (Larson and Olden 2008). In 2008; DiStefano et al. 2009). We suspect the species is present in western North America, P. clarkii was first brought to California British Columbia in the Columbia River due to occurrences in the in the 1930s as forage for frog farms, and was widespread from Montana headwaters and the northern Washington mainstem of southern California to the Central Valley by the 1950s (Riegel this river. 1959). The species was first found in the Pacific Northwest Although not as well studied as some invasive crayfishes,O. from a spring in southwestern Idaho in 1975, and then northern virilis has been found to compete with fishes endemic to the west Utah in 1978 (Table 1; Clark and Wroten 1978; Johnson 1986). for food (Carpenter 2005; Rogowski and Stockwell 2006), and Procambarus clarkii was documented in wetlands of the Willamette to prey on fish eggs in its native range (Dorn and Mittelbach Valley, Oregon by 1999 (Pearl et al. 2005), and from an urban lake 2004). Sheldon (1989) suspected O. virilis competed with and in western Washington by 2000 (Mueller 2001). Procambarus clarkii displaced native P. leniusculus in rivers and reservoirs of western has since been found in nearly a dozen lakes and wetlands of Montana. Orconectes virilis has apparently replaced P. gambelii from western Washington (Figure 2; Larson and Olden 2008). multiple sites where this native species historically occurred in Some of the many impacts of invasive P. clarkii populations

66 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g have included predation on amphibians (Gamradt and Kats because violators are infrequently apprehended, and they are 1996), and transformation of lakes and wetlands from clear to reactive because they apply punishments after an alien species turbid water states through consumption of macrophyte beds and is already introduced (Johnson et al. 2009). These laws are bioturbation by burrowing (Matsuzaki et al. 2009). A few studies also predominantly published in fishing regulations and fail to have begun to investigate the ecology and potential impacts of P. address common pathways of crayfish introduction such as the clarkii in the Pacific Northwest. Mueller and Bodensteiner (2009) aquarium or biological supply trades. Standardizing a uniform list did not find competitive dominance ofP. clarkii over native P. of crayfishes prohibited (or permitted in a “white list”; Lodge et leniusculus under field conditions in a Washington lake. Olden et al. al. 2000) across states and provinces of the Pacific Northwest, (2009b) observed that P. clarkii was less predatory on an invasive and implementing their enforcement across diverse introduction snail common to Washington than P. leniusculus. More work on the pathways, is both advisable and urgently needed. Outreach and distribution and impacts of this invader in the Pacific Northwest education efforts are also critical for informing the public about is needed. Procambarus clarkii adults generally range from bright the existence of these laws and regulations, and the ecological and red to black with tubercles on the carapace and chelae, although economic consequences of species invasions. juveniles may be lighter in color. Live Bait

CRAYFISH MANAGEMENT Crayfish invasions are often attributed to the historically AND REGULATIONS common use of crayfish as live fishing bait (Lodge et al. 2000; DiStefano et al. 2009). Like regulations on prohibited species, live bait regulations vary between states and provinces of the Prohibited Species Pacific Northwest. The most common practice, implemented by Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, is to permit the use of live Prevention is the preferred management strategy for aquatic crayfish only in the water body where the organism was captured. invasive species (Vander Zanden and Olden 2008), and the British Columbia allows live crayfish as bait in streams but not complete prohibition of alien species anticipated to become lakes, while Montana allows the use of live crayfish on all waters invasive may be an effective and proactive first line of defense. not restricted to artificial lures. We recommend allowing live bait For crayfish, this means restricting the species permitted in only in the water where the organism was directly captured as a a region via dominant pathways of introduction, such as the precautionary means of reducing risk of introductions, but others aquarium, biological supply, live bait, and live seafood trades have strongly recommended complete bans on use of live crayfish (Lodge et al. 2000; DiStefano et al. 2009; Peters and Lodge as bait (Lodge et al. 2000). 2009). We found that the crayfish species explicitly prohibited by states and provinces of the Pacific Northwest were extremely variable as of the summer of 2010. We found no evidence Recreational Harvest that British Columbia prohibits any crayfish species. Montana explicitly prohibits only O. rusticus, but recognizes non-classified All states and provinces in the Pacific Northwest allow the species alien to the state as prohibited for private possession. recreational harvest of crayfish for personal consumption. British Idaho prohibits O. rusticus, the parthenogenic marbled crayfish Columbia, Idaho, and Montana require a fishing license for Procambarus sp., and three southern hemisphere species in the recreational crayfish harvest, whereas Oregon and Washington Cherax. Oregon prohibits all eastern North American do not. Recreational harvest is open year round in Oregon, crayfishes in the family Cambaridae. Washington has the most defined by the game fish season of the water body in Idaho, restrictive regulations, prohibiting not only all crayfishes in the and open only from the first Monday in May to October 31st family Cambaridae but also all species in the southern hemisphere in Washington. British Columbia and Montana do not specify family Parastacidae, with exceptions for three species in the genus crayfish harvest seasons in their fishing regulations. Idaho and Cherax and the entire genus Engaeous. Characteristic of a “weak Montana have no limits on recreational crayfish catch. British links” problem (Peter and Lodge 2009), two of these southern Columbia allows 25 crayfish in possession, Oregon allows 100 hemisphere species allowed in Washington — the redclaw crayfish crayfish harvested per day with two limits in possession, and (Cherax quadricarinatus) and the marron (Cherax teniumanus) — are Washington allows 10 lbs. in shell per day. Only British Columbia prohibited in neighboring Idaho. (9 cm) and Washington (3 ¼ in or 8.3 cm) publish minimum Our inquiries related to prohibited species lists were often total lengths for harvestable crayfish in the recreational fishery. answered with the caveat that states and provinces have laws Gear allowed ranges from any number or size of traps in British against the stocking or release of organisms into natural waters. Columbia to a limit of five units of gear (traps or pots) per For example, Idaho fishing regulations are typical in specifying: person in both Idaho and Washington. Idaho and Montana set “It is unlawful to release or allow the release of any species of limits for maximum trap sizes, and Idaho and Oregon allow live fish (including crayfish), or fish eggs, in the state of Idaho other techniques like hand nets, baited lines, or seines. All states without a permit from the director of Idaho Department of Fish and provinces require the release of female crayfish with eggs in and Game, except at the same time and place where caught.” both recreational and commercial fisheries, although Washington We respond that such laws are important but also limited; they excludes invasive crayfishes from this regulation. probably do little to deter introductions, are difficult to enforce The increasingly widespread presence of alien crayfishes

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 67 Figure 3. An excerption from the 2010 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife fishing regulations addressing the harvest of native and alien crayfish and their identification.

Figure 4. Commercial crayfish harvest in Oregon and Washington as A. lbs. sold and price per lb. by year; B. cumulative lbs. sold by county between 2004 and 2009.

68 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g in the Pacific Northwest raises challenges for both recreational and commercial harvest (see below). While it Commercial Harvest seems reasonable to allow the harvest of alien crayfishes The legality and popularity of commercial harvest of crayfish that are now well-established in the region, valid concern exists over the potential for harvest to encourage subsequent varies across the Pacific Northwest. British Columbia provides illegal introductions by the public (Johnson et al. 2009). In little information on the status of commercial harvest in the 2010, Washington revised their fishing regulations to address province. Montana prohibits commercial harvest of crayfish, this concern, allowing the harvest of invasive crayfishes resulting from public concerns that crayfish might be over- such as O. virilis or P. clarkii but specifying that these species harvested or that commercial harvest might negatively affect cannot be transported live (Figure 3). Implementation of sport fish dependent on crayfish (Sheldon 1989). Idaho allows this regulation may be challenged by the preference of most commercial harvest in select rivers and lakes from April 1st to harvesters to transport or store crayfish live in shell until October 31st, defines a minimum harvestable size for crayfish the time of consumption (Momot 1991). Washington fishing (3 5/8 in or 9.2 cm total length), allows only the harvest of regulations provide an identification guide for native and Pacifastacus species, and reports no catch statistics. alien crayfishes and recommendations for humane euthanasia Relative to their Pacific Northwest neighbors, Oregon and of crayfish (Figure 3). The presence of alien crayfishes in Washington harvest a large volume of crayfish commercially. the Pacific Northwest complicates the management of both Washington issued between 3 and 13 commercial crayfish recreational and commercial fisheries. The popularity and permits annually between 1998 and 2009, with a mean of 5,697 spatial distribution of recreational crayfish harvest in the lbs. and maximum of 9,710 lbs. sold (Figure 4). The majority region is worth quantifying, perhaps through a mail survey of Washington’s commercial crayfish harvest occurs in large of fishing license holders or a no-cost crayfish recreational lakes of King County in proximity to Seattle, although some license. harvest is reported from the Columbia and Snake rivers (Figure

Common invasive crayfishes in the Pacific Northwest: A. ringed crayfish (Orconectes neglectus); B. rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus); C. virile crayfish (Orconectes virilis); D. red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii). Photos by J. Ludlam (A), the authors (B, C), and F. Tomasinelli (D).

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 69 4). Crayfish have recently sold for between $1.50 and $2.50 per It is now well-established that the ecological function of one lb. in Washington (Figure 4). The season and minimum size of crayfish species does not equal that of another (e.g., McCarthy harvestable crayfish is the same as for the recreational fishery. et al. 2006; Olsson et al. 2009). Invasive crayfishes in the Commercial harvesters are restricted to a total of 400 traps Pacific Northwest should be anticipated to interact with native or pots on a license, smaller lakes with large public parks or communities, ecosystems, or valuable fisheries in ways that extensive residential development are prohibited for harvest, differ from native Pacifastacus species, particularly owing to the and the number of traps allowed on a lake is scaled to the lake’s wide evolutionary separation between the Cambarid crayfishes surface area. Washington requires traps to have individual lines of eastern North America and Astacid crayfishes of western and buoys labeled with the harvester’s name and address, and it North America. Research should be directed at evaluating these also requires that traps have a biodegradable release device to differences as well as developing management and control options disable the trap if lost or not recovered. for invasive crayfishes (Freeman et al. 2010). Ample experience The commercial crayfish harvest in Oregon is a degree of from other regions of the world suggests that invasive crayfishes magnitude larger than in Washington, and has an interesting will have unwanted impacts in the Pacific Northwest (McCarthy history recounted in Miller and Van Hyning (1970) and Lewis et al. 2006; Matsuzaki et al. 2009), and consequently immediate (1997). Miller and Van Hyning (1970) summarize the history of precautionary measures should be taken to prevent additional commercial crayfish harvest in Oregon from its inception in the introductions. States and provinces in the Pacific Northwest need 1890s, documenting fluctuations in popularity with the Great to agree on a region-wide black list of prohibited, or white list Depression and both World Wars, and report a maximum historic of permitted, crayfishes and pursue its enforcement, including crayfish harvest of 176,000 lbs. sold in 1930. Historic uses of oft-neglected pathways, such as the aquarium and biological harvested crayfish ranged from fishing bait, to free food at supply trades (Lodge et al. 2000; Keller and Lodge 2007). The depression-era lunch counters, to export in the seafood trade to use of crayfish as live bait cannot be unrestricted; at a minimum, Europe (Momot 1991). More recently, a mean of 72,081 lbs. has crayfish should only be permitted as bait in the water where been sold per year with a maximum of 100,698 lbs. sold (Figure directly collected by the angler. The management of recreational 4). The lower Columbia River and adjacent areas in western and commercial crayfish harvest must adjust to the increasingly Oregon are popular sites for commercial crayfish harvest (Figure common occurrence of invasive crayfishes in the region and take 4; Miller and Van Hyning 1970), but Jefferson County, Oregon measures to discourage the illegal stocking of these crayfishes for dominates the commercial harvest with a sum of 189,769 lbs. harvest (Johnson et al. 2009). of crayfish sold between 2004 and 2009 (Figure 4). This may be The recreational and commercial harvest of crayfish has a attributable to a popular fishery in Lake Billy Chinook, including long and interesting history in the Pacific Northwest (Miller a tribal fishery by the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs and Van Hyning 1970), and represents a significant economic (Lewis 1997). Oregon no longer issues and enumerates permits commodity (Figure 4). Evaluations of the efficacy of fishing exclusively for commercial crayfish harvest, but rather crayfish regulations for crayfish are rare (but see Lewis 1997), and some can be harvested under a general commercial fishing permit. evidence indicates that the harvest of crayfish can affect broader Commercial crayfish regulations resemble those of Washington, aquatic communities (Roell and Orth 1988). Quantifying the but with an April 1st to October 31st open season, and a larger extent and popularity of recreational harvest of crayfishes in the minimum size of 3 5/8 in or 9.2 cm total length. Pacific Northwest would be valuable, and could be used to target outreach materials for discouraging illegal stocking of invasive DISCUSSION crayfishes. Lakes and rivers with active commercial crayfish harvest would benefit from evaluation of the effectiveness of The conservation status of native species is often uncritically regulations in protecting both crayfish populations and other assumed secure for too long. The bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) members of the aquatic community. is a representative example from the Pacific Northwest, in Over the journal’s history, Fisheries has published multiple which a species progressed over the course of a century from reviews on the state of crayfish management and conservation in long-neglected to belatedly protected under the US Endangered North America (Bouchard 1978; Momot 1991; Lodge et al. 2000; Species Act (Rieman et al. 1997). We have summarized here the Taylor et al. 2007). Many of these papers have made reasonable and state of knowledge on native crayfishes in the Pacific Northwest legitimately urgent management recommendations that have yet to to prevent a similar such progression, which has already occurred see wide implementation (DiStefano et al. 2009; Peters and Lodge in adjacent California (Bouchard 1977a; Light et al. 1995). We 2009). We have added to this literature by summarizing the state of recommend the following as the most urgent needs for native crayfish in the Pacific Northwest, and found the conservation status crayfish research and conservation in the Pacific Northwest: of native crayfishes to be poorly known, invasive crayfishes to be documenting the present distributions of native crayfishes and increasingly widespread, and adjacent states and provinces to be comparing them to the best available historic benchmarks (Figure pursuing inconsistent regulations related to crayfish management. 1); evaluating conservation statuses relative to threats like land use Basic research by fisheries biologists and coordination among state, change and prevalence of invasive species; and quantifying the provincial, and federal managers is needed to safeguard populations life history and ecological attributes of these species, particularly of native crayfishes and minimize the threat of invasive crayfishes in contrast to the invasive crayfishes that are increasingly common in the Pacific Northwest, and we hope that our review provides an in the region (Figure 2). impetus for such a response.

70 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Bouchard, R.W. 1978. Taxonomy, distribution, and gen- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS eral ecology of the genera of North American crayfishes. Fisheries 3(6):11-19. We are grateful for comments on our review of state Brown, K.D. 1999. Truce in the salmon war: alternatives and province crayfish regulations by Tim Feldner (Montana for the Pacific Salmon Treaty. Washington Law Review Fish, Wildlife and Parks), Nadine Hurtado (Oregon 74:605-695. Department of Fish and Wildlife), Vicki Marshall (British Carpenter, J. 2005. Competition for food between an Columbia Ministry of the Environment), David Parrish introduced crayfish and two fishes endemic to the (Idaho Department of Fish and Game), and Allen Pleus Colorado River basin. Environmental Biology of Fishes (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). Molly 72:335-342. Hallock (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife) and Nadine Hurtado provided data on commercial crayfish Clark, W.L., and G.T. Lester. 2005. Range extension landings. This manuscript was improved by comments from and ecological information for Orconectes virilis (Hagen Bob DiStefano, Angela Strecker, Chris Taylor, and Carolyn 1870) (:Cambaridae) in Idaho, USA. Western Wisniewski. The lead author is grateful for support of North American Naturalist 65:164-169. western crayfish research from the Anchor Environmental Clark, W.L., and J.W. Wroten. 1978. First record of Scholarship, Oregon Zoo Future for Wildlife Grants the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, from Idaho, U.S.A. program, Washington Lake Protection Association Nancy (Decapoda, Cambaridae). Crustaceana 35:317-319. Weller Scholarship, and the Western Division American Coykendall, R.L. 1973. The culture of crayfish native Fisheries Society William Trachtenberg Scholarship. to Oregon. 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72 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Olden, J.D., E.R. Larson, and M.C. Mims. 2009b. Home- Taylor, C.A., G.A. Schuster, J.E. Cooper, R.J. DiStefano, field advantage: native signal crayfish (Pacifastacus A.G. Eversole, P. Hamr, H.H. Hobbs, H.W. Robison, leniusculus) out consume newly introduced crayfishes C.E. Skelton, and R.E. Thoma. 2007. A reassessment for invasive Chinese mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis). of the conservation status of crayfishes of the United Aquatic Ecology 43:1073-1084. States and Canada after 10+ years of increased aware- Olsson, K., P. Stenroth, P. Nyström, and W. Granéli. ness. Fisheries 32(8):372-389. 2009. Invasions and niche width: does niche width of Usio, N., R. Kamiyama, A. Saji, and N. Takamura. 2009. an introduced crayfish differ from a native crayfish? Size-dependent impacts of invasive alien crayfish on a Freshwater Biology 54:1731-1740. littoral marsh community. Biological Conservation Pearl, C.A., M.J. Adams, N. Leuthold, and R.B. Bury. 142:1480-1490. 2005. Amphibian occurrence and aquatic invaders in Usio, N., and C.R. Townsend. 2004. Roles of crayfish: a changing landscape: implications for wetland mitiga- consequences of predation and bioturbation for stream tion in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. Wetlands invertebrates. Ecology 85:807-822. 25:76-88. Vander Zanden, M.J., and J.D. Olden. 2008. A manage- Peters, J.A., and D.M. Lodge. 2009. Invasive species pol- ment framework for preventing the secondary spread of icy at the regional level: a multiple weak links problem. aquatic invasive species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Fisheries 34(8):373-381. and Aquatic Sciences 65:1512-1522. Powell, J.W. 1890. Institutions for arid lands. The Century Welsh, S.A., Z.J. Loughman, and T.P. Simon. 2010. 40:111-116. Concluding remarks: a symposium on the conservation, Rabeni, C.F. 1992. Trophic linkage between stream cen- biology, and natural history of crayfishes from the south- trarchids and their crayfish prey. Canadian Journal of ern United States. Southeastern Naturalist 9:267-269. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:1714-1721. Wilson, K.A., J.J. Magnuson, D.M. Lodge, A.M. Hill, Riegel, J.A. 1959. The systematics and distribution of T.K. Kratz, W.L. Perry, and T.V. Willis. 2004. A crayfishes in California. California Fish and Game long-term rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) invasion: 45(1):29-50. dispersal patterns and community change in a north- Rieman, B.E., D.C. Lee, and R.F. Thurow. 1997. Distribution, status and likely future trends of bull trout within the Columbia River and Klamath River basins. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 17:1111-1125. Roell, M.J., and D.J. Orth. 1998. Indirect effects of fish- ery exploitation and pest control in a riverine food Submit Your Review Articles web. North American Journal of Fisheries Management to Fisheries 18:337-346. Rogowski, D.L., and C.A. Stockwell. 2006. Assessment In 2011 we are particularly of potential impacts of exotic species on populations of encouraging submission of a threatened species, White Sands pupfish, Cyprinodon review articles on topics of tularosa. Biological Invasions 8:79-87. Sanderson, B.L., K.A. Barnas, and A.M. Wargo Rub. current interest in fisheries science and 2009. Nonindigenous species of the Pacific Northwest: will waive page charges for such an overlooked risk to endangered salmon? BioScience topical review articles. 59:245-255. Sheldon, A.L. 1989. A reconnaissance of crayfish popu- In addition, we have worked through lations in western Montana. Montana Department of our backlog from record submissions Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Missoula, MT. Strayer, D.L., and D. Dudgeon. 2010. Freshwater biodi- two years ago and can now offer versity conservation: recent progress and future chal- speedier time to publication. lenges. Journal of the North American Benthological Fisheries offers a large and Society 29:344-358. Stimpson, W. 1857. On the Crustacea and Echinodermata influential readership of of the Pacific shores of North America. I. Crustacea. more than 8,000 subscribers and Boston Journal of Natural History 6(4):444-532. one of the highest citation rates Tablado, Z., J.L. Tella, J.A. Sánchez-Zapata, and F. Hiraldo. 2010. The paradox of the long-term positive in the fisheries science field. effects of a North American crayfish on a European community of predators. Conservation Biology 24:1230- See the Guide for Authors in the January issue. 1238.

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 73 feature:

The aquarium trade as an invasion pathway in the Pacific Northwest

ABSTRACT: The aquarium trade moves thousands of species around the Angela L. Strecker globe, and unwanted organisms may be released into freshwaters, with adverse ecological and economic effects. We report on the first investigation of the Philip M. Campbell, and ornamental pet trade as an invasion pathway in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, where a moderate climate and a large human population Julian D. Olden* present ample opportunities for the introduction and establishment of aquarium School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, trade species. Results from a regional survey of pet stores found that the number University of Washington, Seattle, WA, of fish (n=400) and plant (n=124) species currently in the aquarium trade is USA, 98105. *Olden, 206-616-3112, vast. Pet stores import thousands of fish every month, the majority of which [email protected]. (58%) are considered to pose an ecological threat to native ecosystems. Our propagule pressure model suggests that approximately 2,500 fish (maximum ~ 21,000 individuals) are likely released annually to the Puget Sound region by Introduction aquarists, and that water temperatures in many parts of Washington are suitable for establishment of populations. In conclusion, the aquarium trade may be a Human activities have greatly increased significant source of past and future invasions in the Pacific Northwest, and the number and geographical extent of we recommend enhanced public education programs, greater regulation of aquatic invasive species (AIS) throughout the aquarium industry, and improved legislation of nonnative species in the the United States and globally. Prevention ornamental trade. of species introductions is considered the cornerstone of invasive species manage- ment (Vander Zanden and Olden 2008), yet integrated approaches to managing invasion Tratado de Comercio en vectors (sensu Ruiz and Carlton 2003) are difficult to develop and implement because pathways to aquatic species introductions Acuarios como una vía de are diverse, dynamic over time, and vary both taxonomically and geographically (e.g., invasión en el Pacífico noroeste Moyle and Marchetti 2006, Ricciardi 2006). An understanding of the full complement Resumen: El Tratado de Comercio en Acuarios mueve miles de especies en todo of invasion pathways is critical to improve el mundo y organismos no deseados pueden ser liberados en aguas continentales, policy actions, guide integrated management lo que provoca efectos ecológicos adversos. En la presente contribución se strategies, and enhance educational cam- reporta la primera investigación sobre el tratado de especies ornamentales como paigns aimed at reducing the threat of future una vía de invasión en la región del Pacífico noroeste de los Estados Unidos invasions (Lodge et al. 2006). de Norteamérica, donde tanto el clima como la enorme población humana To date, considerable research activity representan amplias oportunidades para la introducción y establecimiento de and management attention has focused on especies comerciales de acuario. Los resultados de un sondeo realizado a nivel unintentional pathways to AIS introductions regional a los negocios de mascotas muestran que el número de especies de peces through ballast-water transfer in ships (e.g., (n=400) y plantas (n=124) que actualmente contiene el Tratado de Comercio Carlton and Geller 1993, Ruiz et al. 1997), en Acuarios es vasto. Los negocios de mascotas importan miles de peces cada mes, la mayor parte de los cuales (58%) se considera que representan una transport via trailered boats (e.g., Leung et al. amenaza ecológica a los ecosistemas nativos. Se utilizó un modelo de presión de 2006, Rothlisberger et al. 2010), bait-bucket propágulo y los resultados sugieren que aproximadamente 2,500 peces (máximo releases by recreational anglers (e.g., Litvak ~ 21,000 individuos) pueden estar liberándose anualmente a la región de Sonda and Mandrak 1993, DiStefano et al. 2009), Puget por parte de los acuaristas y que la temperatura del agua en muchas and escapes associated with aquaculture (e.g., partes del estado de Washington son adecuadas para el establecimiento de las Naylor et al. 2001, De Silva et al. 2009). By poblaciones. Concluyendo, el Tratado de Comercio de Acuarios puede ser una contrast, the ornamental pet and aquarium fuente importante de invasiones en el Pacífico noroeste tanto en el pasado como trade has only recently been recognized as en el futuro; se recomienda perfeccionar los programas de educación pública, a major pathway for freshwater fish and aumentar la regulación de la industria del acuarismo y mejorar la legislación en plant introductions (Copp et al. 2010). This lo tocante a especies foráneas dentro del tratado. is despite the fact that the ornamental pet

74 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g trade represents a multi-billion dollar industry that includes thousands of aquarium fish likely to be introduced annually to the Puget Sound of foreign species and has grown by 14% annually since the 1970s region of western Washington. (Padilla and Williams 2004, Cohen et al. 2007). Although the import of some nonnative species common to the pet trade are regulated by certain countries (e.g., reptiles in Australia and New Zealand), Methods ornamental fish generally have not received attention from regulatory agencies (Thomas et al. 2009, Secretariat of the Convention on Store Inventory Surveys and Biological Diversity 2010). Additionally, reliable record keeping of the type and number of organisms currently in the trade is lacking Aquarist Questionnaires (Schlaepfer et al. 2005, Smith et al. 2008, Chang et al. 2009). Given the present uncertainty in the taxonomy of many ornamental fish and We conducted an intensive (temporal trends in a single store) and plant species within the aquarium trade, as well as the widespread extensive (spatial trends from multiple stores) survey of pet stores in contamination of many aquarium with unidentified organisms the Puget Sound area of Washington to document the numbers and (e.g., molluscs: Keller and Lodge 2007), our ability to assess invasion types of fish and plant taxa in the ornamental pet trade (Figure 1). risk associated with this pathway is limited. The intensive survey analyzed monthly sale invoices from a single Aquarium trade species are introduced when owners release (large and independent) pet store in 2007. All fish and plant species unwanted organisms into natural waterbodies for various reasons, were identified and individuals counted. Fish were separated into including large size, humane treatment, aggressiveness, and high ornamental (i.e., fish of primary interest for viewing) and feeder (i.e., reproductive rates (Padilla and Williams 2004, Gertzen et al. 2008). to feed to other fish) species. When there was a disparity between a The most popular fish sold in the aquarium trade are also the most store label scientific name and common name, we used the scientific likely to be introduced and establish in freshwater habitats (Duggan name provided in FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2009). Additionally, et al. 2006). Although the aquarium trade and its associated vectors 30 pet stores in Snohomish, King, and Pierce counties were surveyed have been increasingly recognized as a primary pathway of biological over a two-week period in February 2008 to regionally characterize invasions in the Laurentian Great Lakes region (Rixon et al. 2005, the ornamental pet trade (Figure 1). Two different national pet store Cohen et al. 2007, Gertzen et al. 2008) and the San Francisco Bay- chains were chosen for the survey (chain A, n = 14; chain B, n = 8), Delta region (Chang et al. 2009), surprisingly little is known regarding as well as eight independently owned stores. There is some evidence the scope of the issue in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. that independent retailers differ in the numbers and types of species In a region where invasive species are considered a significant sold compared to chain stores (Chang et al. 2009); understanding threat to native biodiversity, ecosystem function, and culturally- and differences between store types can help direct educational efforts. economically-important Pacific salmon (Sanderson et al. 2009), it is Preliminary analyses indicated that the two sets of chain stores dif- imperative that scientific research is available to quantify the strength fered in the numbers and types of species sold, therefore, we analyzed of the aquarium trade as a pathway of new invasions. In Washington the chains separately. Stores were visited a day after receiving their and Oregon, there are a number of plant and animal species that have fish and plant shipment (determined by contacting the store manag- likely been introduced into the wild via the aquarium trade, including ers) to enumerate organisms before they were purchased, but after any oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), Amur goby had died from travel stress. This ensured that our survey accurately (Rhinogobius brunneus), red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus), reflected the current inventory of store. Time constraints precluded the goldfish (Carassius auratus), red swamp crayfish (Procambarus enumeration of individual plants, resulting in species being reported as clarkii), Chinese mystery snail (Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata), present or absent. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), and parrot feather Fish and plant taxa observed in our regional survey were compared 1 (Myriophyllum aquaticum)1. Thus, the scope of this problem is to the USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species list and the Washington 2 significant. Furthermore, many aquarium species may become more State Aquatic Nuisance Species list to determine whether the species successful at establishing in higher latitudes with warmer temperatures have a demonstrated history of invasion in other regions of the United projected to occur under climate change scenarios (Rahel and Olden States. The USGS defines nonindigenous species as species that are 2008, Chang et al. 2009). outside of their historic or native range, whereas Washington State Our paper is the first to examine the ornamental pet trade as an defines invasive species as species that are not historically native to invasion pathway in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, the state. Previous invasion history is one of the best predictors of where a moderate climate—in combination with a large and growing invasion potential (Ricciardi and Rasmussen 1998). For the purposes human population—presents ample opportunities for the introduction of our study these taxa were designated as “invasive.” Next, optimal and establishment of aquarium trade species. We combine data, and lethal temperature requirements for selected fish species were gathered over time, from a regional survey of aquarium pet stores obtained from FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2009): when lethal limits with a detailed investigation of fish and plant sales to quantify the were unavailable, values were obtained from primary literature (white type and number of organisms in the ornamental trade. From this we cloud mountain minnow, Tanichthys albonubes: Cheverie and Lynn examined selected common aquarium fish species with high invasion (1963); goldfish, Carassius auratus: Ford and Beitinger (2005); potential according to previous invasion history and thermal suitability molly, Poecilia sphenops: Hernández and Bückle (2002); koi carp, for establishment in Washington State waters. Next, we report on the Cyprinus carpio carpio: Opuszyňski et al. (1989)). These species results from a survey of live organism used by aquarists, which is used were chosen because they represent a cross-section of species com- to parameterize a model of propagule pressure to estimate the number mon to aquarium and pet stores; they have been identified previously

2 http://wdfw.wa.gov/ais/; 1 http://nas.er.usgs.gov/ http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/exotic.html

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 75 as species with potential to establish in temperate North America and consistently available. We use stream temperatures as our proxy of Washington State (Tabor et al. 2001, Rixon et al. 2005, Gertzen et al. water temperatures across the state because data from a suitable num- 2008); and there was optimal and lethal temperature range data avail- ber of lakes was not available. able in the literature. Optimum temperature was defined as the range A survey of 92 aquarists was conducted at an independent pet of temperatures in which fish species typically habituate in the wild, store (same store as the intensive survey) in June 2008 to assess whereas lethal temperatures indicate absolute minimum and maxi- the numbers of pet fish owned, and to estimate the proportion of mum temperatures that fish can survive in under experimental settings aquarists releasing fish or plants into local waterways. Questions (Brett 1956). Additionally, data layers for stream water temperatures asked included: 1) total number of freshwater fish species typically from 2000-2008 were obtained from 236 monthly monitoring sites in owned each year; 2) whether or not the owner had released live fish the Environmental Protection Agency’s STORET Database3. Water or plants into the wild in their lifetime; 3) where live fish and/or temperature data were summarized as mean annual temperature plants were released; and 4) methods of deposing of fish and plants. because values from winter months (i.e., minimum values) were not Questionnaires were randomly given to aquarists in the store, and responses were anonymous. 3 http://www.epa.gov/storet/dbtop.html Figure 1: A) Number of pet stores in Washington state counties (US Economic Census 2007: http://www.census. Analysis gov/econ/census07/), B) location of stores included in the regional survey of the Puget Sound area (n = 30), and C) a typical aquarium showroom. of Taxa Currently in the Pet and Aquarium Trade

The number of fish and plant species per store, and the number of fish individuals per store recorded during the spatial survey of pet stores were averaged within store category (chain A, chain B, and independent). Fish abundance and number of fish species were ln-trans- formed, and the number of plant species was square- root transformed prior to analysis to normalize data. We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests, followed by a Tukey HSD post hoc test, to examine differences among store types in fish abundance, and fish and plant species richness. Additionally, we performed a multi- variate analysis to examine similarities and differences in the abundances of each fish species sold across the different store types. Fish species that occurred in <10% of stores were excluded from the analysis, and counts were standard- ized to z-scores to reduce the influence of rare and/ or abundant taxa. We used

76 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g non-metric multidimensional Figure 2: Total monthly number of fish (i.e., feeders and ornamentals), ornamental fish, and plant individuals scaling (NMDS) to summarize purchased by the store (reflecting monthly sales). Note that plants are represented on the right-hand axis. store differences, as NMDS is effective with non-normal data and can use any distance mea- sure (Legendre and Legendre 1998). We used the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index, and tested for significance of the ordina- tion with randomization tests. According to multivariate stress values we found that the optimal ordination utilized three dimen- sions. Ordination analyses were performed using the MASS library in R (R Development Core Team 2010). Propagule Pressure Model

One of our objectives was to estimate the number of fish likely to be introduced annually who own a small number of fish (e.g., ≤5), but that a small number to the Puget Sound region of Washington (King, Snohomish, and of aquarists own large numbers of fish. P(R|I), the probability that Pierce counties), which was the location of our regional survey, and fish are released given that the owner is a releaser, was based on held the most populated counties in the state. We used the results the value of Gertzen et al. (2008) (5.1%) and modeled with a beta of our aquarist survey to parameterize a propagule pressure model distribution that is bound by 0 and 1 (Bolker 2008). Each probability by modifying the approach of Gertzen et al. (2008). The model distribution (P(I), N, and P(R|I)) was then combined with a uniform structure is: flat prior to generate posterior distributions; we used uniform priors as we had no prior expectations about model parameters (Bolker propagule pressure = M ∙ P(I) ∙ N ∙ P(R|I) 2008, Gertzen et al. 2008). Finally, all combinations of the posterior where M is the number of households that own aquarium fishes, P(I) distributions and the constant, M, were multiplied together to create is the probability that an owner is a releaser, N is average number of a joint probability distribution that reflects the inherent uncertainty fish owned annually, and P(R|I) is the probability fish are released in our survey data. All propagule pressure model steps were per- given that an owner is a releaser (Gertzen et al. 2008). We based the formed in R (R Development Core Team 2010). parameters P(I) and N on data from our aquarist survey, whereas P(R|I) was derived from Gertzen et al. (2008). We used a Bayesian approach to incorporate uncertainty about the representativeness of Results our values in the model. Bayesian statistics consider prior informa- tion in the determination of parameters from a data set. Thus, we A year-long intensive survey of a pet store in the Puget Sound created probability distributions that reflected our data: we multi- area revealed a distinct peak in the number of ornamental fish, the plied these distributions by each other to generate a joint probability number of total fish (ornamentals + feeder fish), and number of distribution. plants purchased starting in late spring (February and March) and The number of households that own aquarium fishes, M, was extending through the summer to September (Figure 2). Fish sales determined by multiplying the number of households in King, Sno- peaked in May, with >9,700 fish purchased in the store, half of homish, and Pierce counties (1,196,568; US Census 20004) by the which were ornamental fish, whereas sales for plants peaked in July, percentage of U.S. households that own fishes (10.6%), and by the at >700 plants (Figure 2). percentage of fish in the aquarium trade that are freshwater (96%) Our regional survey of 30 pet stores identified 400 fish species (values from Chapman et al. 1997). P(I), the probability of being and 124 plant taxa currently in the ornamental trade, a number a releaser, was a binary variable determined from survey data and that represents the minimal species pool for the Pacific Northwest modeled with a binomial distribution (i.e., heads or tails), which re- region. None of the fish species are native to Washington State flects the uncertainty from our random survey of 92 people (Bolker and only 8 plant species are natives. Of the 400 fish species, 29 2008). N, the number of fish owned annually, was determined from occurred in greater than 75% of stores, including two taxa, tiger our survey and was modeled with a negative binomial distribution. barb (Puntius tetrazona) and three spot gourami (Trichogaster In a negative binomial distribution, the variance is larger than the trichopterus), which occurred in all of the stores surveyed (Table mean (Bolker 2008), which reflects the large number of aquarists 1). Other commonly encountered fish species included goldfish, Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens), several different tetras, 4 http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html mollies, and guppies (Poecilia spp.) (Table 1). Additionally, a

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 77 number of species that have previously been detected in the wild in one store we found an species, the water chestnut in Washington State were found in a lower proportion of stores (Trapa natans), which is banned for sale by the Washington State in the survey: koi carp = 60%, oriental weatherfi sh = 33%, and Department of Agriculture. Amazon sailfi n pleco (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) = 3%. Plant As many aquarium species are tropical in origin, their minimum species occurred with lower frequency: the top species, Amazon optimal temperatures typically exceed winter water temperatures sword (Echinodorus amazonicus), occurred in 77% of stores, and an observed in temperate waterbodies (Table 1, Figure 3). However, additional 19 taxa occurred in >25% of stores (Table 2). On average, several aquarium species that are prevalent in the ornamental trade 58% of fi sh individuals, 43% of fi sh species, and 5% of plant have lower-lethal and minimum optimal temperatures that are found well within the range of mean annual stream water temperatures species found in pet stores were considered invasive according to in Washington State (Figure 3). This includes several taxa, such the USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species list and the Washington as the white cloud mountain minnow and the oriental weatherfi sh, State Aquatic Nuisance Species list. However, the maximum which may have high invasion potential. Oriental weatherfi sh have number of invasive taxa encountered in a single store in our survey established a population in Washington (Tabor et al. 2001), and the indicated that invaders comprised up to 72% of fi sh individuals, white cloud mountain minnow are considered a high risk invader 61% of fi sh species, and 17% of plant species. Further, a number of in the United States as a result of broad thermal tolerance (Rixon fi sh and plant species in our survey are within the same genera as et al. 2005). Additionally, koi carp and goldfi sh (both present in species that are considered invasive (Table 1 and 2). Additionally, Washington) have very broad thermal toler- 602 Table 1. Frequency of occurrence of aquarium fish species in pet stores (>75%) and minimum ance ranges, suggest- 602 Table 1. Frequency of occurrence of aquarium fish species in pet stores (>75%) and minimum ing that these species 603 optimum temperature (°C). may have elevated 603 optimum temperature (°C). establishment poten- Minimum tial. Our estimates of Frequency of Minimumoptimum concordance between Scientific name Common name Frequency of optimum fi sh species thermal Scientific name Common name occurrence temperature occurrence(%) temperature(°C) tolerance and water a (%) (°C) temperatures in Wash- Puntius tetrazonaa tiger barb 100.0 20.0 Puntius tetrazona a tiger barb 100.0 20.0 ington State may be Trichogaster trichopterusa three spot gourami 100.0 22.0 a conservative, as lakes BettaTrichogaster splendens trichopterus threeSiamese spot fighting gourami fish 100.096.7 24.022.0 a may exhibit greater BettaCarassius splendens auratus a,b goldfishSiamese fighting fish 96.7 24.0 0.0 a,b thermal heterogeneity DanioCarassius rerio auratusc goldfishzebra danio 96.7 18.0 0.0 c compared to streams. DanioGymnocorymbus rerio ternetzia blackzebra tetradanio 96.7 20.018.0 a We found differ- HemigrammusGymnocorymbus erythrozonus ternetzi c blackglowlight tetra 96.7 20.024.0 c ences between fi sh and HemigrammusParacheirodon erythrozonusinnesia glowlightneon tetra tetra 96.7 20.024.0 a plant inventories from ParacheirodonPoecilia latipinna innesia sailfinneon tetra molly 96.7 20.0 a our regional survey of Poecilia latipinna a sailfin molly 96.7 20.0 Poecilia reticulataa guppy 96.7 18.0 chain stores and a set Poecilia reticulataa guppy 96.7 18.0 Poecilia sphenopsa molly 96.7 18.0 of independent stores. Poecilia sphenops c molly 96.7 18.0 Puntius titteya c cherry barb 96.7 23.0 Chain A had signifi - Puntius titteya a cherry barb 96.7 23.0 Xiphophorus maculatusa southern platyfish 96.7 18.0 cantly lower numbers Xiphophorusa maculatus southern platyfish 96.7 18.0 Colisa lalia dwarf gourami 90.0 25.0 of fi sh individuals Colisa laliaa dwarf gourami 90.0 25.0 maxillaris x-ray tetra 90.0 24.0 per store compared Pristella maxillaris a x-ray tetra 90.0 24.0 Puntius conchoniusa rosy barb 90.0 18.0 to chain B (ANOVA: Puntius conchonius a rosy barb 90.0 18.0 Astronotus ocellatusa oscar 83.3 22.0 F2,27 = 9.56, p < 0.01; EpalzeorhynchosAstronotus ocellatus frenatum oscarrainbow sharkminnow 83.3 22.0 24.0 Tukey HSD p < 0.05), Epalzeorhynchos frenatuma rainbow sharkminnow 83.3 24.0 but neither chain store Gyrinocheilus aymonieria Chinese algae-eater 83.3 25.0 Gyrinocheilus aymonieri a Chinese algae-eater 83.3 25.0 was different from sanctaefilomenaea redeye tetra 83.3 22.0 TrigonostigmaMoenkhausia sanctaefilomenae heteromorpha harlequinredeye tetra rasbora 83.3 22.0 the set of independent Trigonostigma heteromorpha a harlequin rasbora 83.3 22.0 stores (Tukey HSD p Balantiocheilos melanopterusa tricolor sharkminnow 80.0 22.0 Balantiocheilos melanopterusa tricolor sharkminnow 80.0 22.0 > 0.05) (Figure 4A). Corydoras paleatusa peppered corydoras 80.0 18.0 DevarioCorydoras aequipinnatus paleatus giantpeppered danio corydoras 80.0 22.018.0 Chain A also had Devario aequipinnatusa giant danio 80.0 22.0 signifi cantly fewer Xiphophorus helleria green swordtail 80.0 22.0 Xiphophorus helleri c green swordtail 80.0 22.0 fi sh species compared Hyphessobrycon equesc jewel tetra 76.7 22.0 HyphessobryconLabidochromis caeruleus eques bluejewel streak tetra hap 76.7 23.022.0 to both chain B and a independent stores MetynnisLabidochromis hypsauchen caeruleus silverblue streak dollar hap 76.7 23.024.0 a (ANOVA: F = TanichthysMetynnis hypsauchen albonubesa whitesilver dollarcloud mountain minnow 76.7 18.024.0 2,27 a 13.00, p < 0.01; Tukey 604 aTanichthys listed as USGS albonubes Nonindigenous Specieswhite cloud mountain minnow 76.7 18.0 a HSD p < 0.05), but 604605 b listed as USGSWashington Nonindigenous State Aquatic Species Nuisance Species cb there was no differ- 606605 specieslisted as within Washington same genus State listedAquatic as NuisanceUSGS Nonindigenous Species Species 606 c species within same genus listed as USGS Nonindigenous Species ence between chain

78 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g

28 28 B and independents (Tukey HSD p > 0.05) 607 Table 2. Frequency of occurrence of aquarium plant species in pet stores (>25%). (Figure 4B). We found no differences in the 608 number of plant species between store types Frequency of (ANOVA: F = 0.75, p = 0.48) (Figure 4C). Scientific name Common name 2,27 occurrence (%) Results from the multivariate analysis on fi sh Echinodorus amazonicus Amazon sword 76.7 abundance revealed strong clustering of store Microsorium pteropus java fern 73.3 types in ordination space (Figure 5). Little Hygrophila difformis wisteria 70.0 overlap of stores in multivariate space was Cryptocoryne wendtiia Cryptocoryne wendtii 63.3 observed, suggesting that store types have Ceratophyllum demersum hornwort 56.7 fairly distinctive inventories of ornamental Echinodorus tennellus narrow chain sword 56.7 fi shes (although clear similarities exist in that Acorus gramineus Japanese rush 50.0 all stores have a core suite of species in their Dracena sanderiana green sandriana 50.0 inventories). Most notably, stores that are in- Nymphoides aquatica banana 50.0 dependently owned occupied the greatest area japonicus mondo grass 50.0 in ordination space, suggesting that they carry Trichomanes javanicum Trichomanes javanicum 46.7 the highest diversity of fi sh species (Figure 5, Echinodorus paniculatus bleheri sword 43.3 supported by Figure 4). Echinodorus argentinensis Argentine sword 40.0 The results from our questionnaire indi- Anubias barteri Anubias barteri 36.7 cated that, on average, aquarists owned ~ 9 fi sh Vesicularia dubyana java moss 36.7 (median = 5) and that 6.4% of aquarists had Crinum thaianum crinum bulb 33.3 released live fi sh in the past. The majority of Echinodorus osiris melon sword 33.3 introductions were into lakes or streams. Using Bacopa monnieri moneywort 26.7 a Bayesian statistical approach, we estimated Sagittaria subulatab dwarf sagittaria 26.7 that the most likely number of fi sh introduced Spathiphyllum wallisii peace lily 26.7 annually into the Puget Sound area was 2,536; 609 a listed as USGS Nonindigenous Species however, the 95% confi dence interval suggests 610 b species within same genus listed as Washington State Noxious Aquatic Weed that 20,869 fi sh could be introduced in a year 611 (Figure 6). Figure 3: Mean annual stream water temperatures (°C) in Washington streams (left panel), thermal preferenda (°C) of certain common fi sh species found in the aquarium trade (right panel). Water temperatures are represented by a box plot, where the centre line is the median, the lower and upper box boundaries are the 25th and 75th percentiles, the whiskers are the 10th and 90th percentiles, and outliers are represented by circles. The shaded boxes in the background correspond to the 10th and 90th percentiles of stream temperatures (dark grey) and the most extreme outliers (light grey). Thermal preferenda for the fi sh species are represented by ranges, where the box represents the optimal temperature range and the whiskers represent the upper and lower lethal limits. Fish species are arranged by increasing thermal range. Note that water temperature data was not available for lakes, although we would expect that introductions occur in both lakes and streams.

29

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 79 Figure 4: Comparisons of chain and independent pet stores for A) number of fi sh individuals per store, B) number of fi sh species per store, and C) number of plant species per store. Center line in box plots represents median, lower and upper box boundaries are the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers are the 10th and 90th percentiles. Outliers are represented by circles. Letters above the bars represent the results of Tukey HSD post hoc tests, where different letters indicate signifi cant differences between store categories (p < 0.05).

Figure 5: Non-metric multidimensional scaling of relative abundance of aquarium fi shes in pet stores in the Puget Sound area using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. Chain stores (triangles, n = 8; squares, n = 14) are contrasted with a set of independent stores (circles, n = 8). Common names of fi shes highly correlated with NMDS axes are indicated on the outer edges of the graph. NMDS stress = 10.2, p = 0.02 on three dimensions. Ellipses drawn around the outer edges of groups of stores are simply for illustration. Star indicates the species score of oriental weatherfi sh (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), one of several aquarium fi shes with an established population in Washington.

80 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Figure 6: Histogram of estimated relative frequency of number of individual fish released annually in King County. The diffuse, whereas the distribution median value of fish released each year is 2,536, the mean is 4,707, and the upper 95th confidence interval (indicated of boat launches is well defined. by grey box) is 20,869. This comparison underscores the importance of this understudied pathway, and highlights the significant management and educational challenges that the aquarium pathway represents. The regional survey of 30 pet and aquarium stores indi- cated that independently owned stores tend to carry a greater number of —and a more unique variety of—fish species com- pared to some chain stores (e.g., chain A: Figures 4,5). Despite the lower diversity, chain store B had a larger inventory available for sale; presumably, related to faster turnover of stocks. Our results concur with the study of Chang et al. (2009) in the San Francisco Bay-Delta region, where independent retailers generally sold greater numbers of fish species com- pared to chain stores. Goldfish, Siamese fighting fish, neon Discussion tetras (Paracheirodon innesi), and guppies and/or mollies all occur frequently in our study, as well as those of Gertzen et al. (2008) and Using a combination of regional store surveys, aquarist ques- Rixon et al. (2005) conducted in the Laurentian Great Lakes region. tionnaires, and statistical models, we have demonstrated that the In our survey, the number of aquatic plants was similar between number of fish (n=400) and plant (n=124) species currently in the store types, but the composition tended to be relatively different, as aquarium trade is vast, the majority of species in the trade are not only six species occurred in more than half of the stores surveyed. In native to the region, and that this introduction pathway deserves contrast to aquarium fish, the most common aquatic plants differed greater research and regulation in the Pacific Northwest. Pet and from a similar study conducted in another region: only two taxa, aquarium stores import thousands of fish every month, the majority Amazon sword and hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), were fre- of which (58%) are considered to pose an ecological threat to native quently encountered in our study and the study conducted by Rixon ecosystems. Our model suggests that up to 21,000 fish (average of et al. (2005). Overall, the moderate climate of the Pacific Northwest, 2,500 individuals) are likely released into the wild each year in the as well as large population centers in the Puget Sound basin, sug- Puget Sound area by aquarists, and that water temperatures in many gests that freshwater ecosystems are threatened by the establishment parts of Washington State are suitable to allow establishment of of nonnative species from the aquarium trade. We expect that other populations. The predictions of our model suggest that the pet trade large urban centers in the Pacific Northwest, such as Portland, Or- is a significant pathway of AIS introductions, particularly around egon and Vancouver, British Columbia, would be similarly at risk of populated urban centers, yet far greater research effort and funding nonnative species introductions via the aquarium trade pathway, and for prevention have been directed towards boater movement as an thus, should be targets for educational campaigns. Further, climate invasion pathway (e.g., Leung et al. 2006, Rothlisberger et al. 2010). change will certainly increase establishment of nonnative aquarium This is particular true in Washington State where management ef- and pet trade species in the Pacific Northwest, where temperatures forts continue to focus on preventing invasions via trailered boats are predicted to increase by > 3°C by the end of the 21st century (State of Washington Joint Legislative Audit & Review Commit- (Mote and Salathé Jr. 2010). Additionally, nonnative species intro- tee 2010). To illustrate the potential importance of the ornamental ductions via the aquarium trade in milder tropical and sub-tropical pet trade, we compared several different features of the aquarium habitats will have substantially greater establishment success be- and boater pathways (Table 3). Our comparison suggests that the cause of greater thermal suitability. Indeed, established populations number of aquarists is similar to the number of registered boats in of aquarium trade species have been increasingly detected in the Washington State (i.e., vector strength), and that propagule pressure southern United States (e.g., Florida: Padilla and Williams 2004). from the aquarium trade is high relative to boats for some taxonomic Our study identified several fish species that may be of par- groups (e.g., fish, invertebrates: Duggan (2010)), but low for others ticular concern for establishment of populations via the aquarium (e.g., plants). Management and educational challenges are likely pathway. The oriental weatherfish currently has an established, very different between the pathways; the distribution of aquarists but limited, distribution in Washington State (i.e., Lake Wash- (i.e., reflecting the location of potential introductions) is spatially- ington basin in Seattle: Tabor et al. 2001), and further invasions

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 81 seem likely without successful intervention 612 Table 3. Comparison of the aquarium trade and trailered boats as pathways of nonnative species and management of this613 invasions. This illustrative comparison indicates that the threat posed by the aquarium trade may pathway. According 614 be comparable to that of boat trailers. For establishment success, categories of low, moderate, to our regional survey 615 and high are simply qualitative characterizations based on relative comparisons of potential of pet stores, oriental 616 establishment between taxonomic groups. weatherfi sh are found in chain and independent Characteristic Aquarium trade Trailered boats stores, but are currently Taxonomy fish, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic invertebrates and plants4 more common in the in- plants1,2,3 ventories of chain stores compared to indepen- Propagule pressure fish: <1 fish released per aquarist invertebrates + plants: ~37 dent stores (Figure 5). per year1 organisms per boat4 The invasion of oriental invertebrates: >4,000 released per 3 weatherfi sh may have aquarist per year serious consequences plants: <1 released per aquarist 2 for fi sheries in the Pa- per year cifi c Northwest. Perhaps Vector strength estimated number of households estimated number of recreational most notably, the virus in Washington State with an boats in Washington State = birnavirus LV1 was aquarium = 227,1405 264,0006 isolated from invasive Establishment success fish: low, Allee effects invertebrates: moderate, some oriental weatherfi sh in invertebrates: moderate, some asexual reproduction Australia (Lintermans asexual reproduction plants: high, vegetative et al. 1990). Birnavirus plants: high, vegetative reproduction LV1 is related to the reproduction infectious pancreatic Prevention 5.0-6.4% of aquarists release live 13% of boaters never remove necrosis virus, a disease compliance fish1,7 aquatic plants4 of salmonid fi shes (Wolf Management and spatially-diffuse: target spatially-specific: target high 1988). Additionally educational challenges pet/aquarium stores and groups traffic boat launches invasive parasites have been found in oriental 617 1 this study weatherfi sh (Dove and618 2 Cohen et al. (2007) Ernst 1998). Further, 619 3 Duggan (2010) it has been shown that 620 4 Rothlisberger et al. (2010) oriental weatherfi sh can621 5 2000 US Census: http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html and based on the percentage reduce the abundance 622 of U.S. households that own fishes (10.6%) according to values from Chapman et al. (1997). 6 and biomass of macroin-623 State of Washington Joint Legislative Audit and Review Committee (2010). Recreational vertebrates (Keller and 624 vessels include sailboats, yachts, and motorized boats that were registered in 2008; only a Lake 2007) and prey 625 fraction of these boats are trailered. 7 on fi sh larvae (Logan 626 Gertzen et al. (2008) et al. 1996). Altogether,627 628 these factors suggest that zon sailfin pleco as invasive species in Washington State: oriental weatherfi sh may have signifi cant effects on native fi sh both species were found with a much lower frequency in pet populations and should be a target for invasion vector manage- store inventories compared to goldfish and koi carp (oriental ment. weatherfish: 33%; Amazon sailfin pleco: 3%). We recom- A number of additional fish and plant species are current- mend that research and management efforts target species ly in the ornamental pet trade and are regulated or prohibited that have been identified by the state and federal govern- in Washington State. Strikingly, we found the water chestnut ments as threats to native organisms. (Trapa natans) for sale in one store; a species that is banned 30 for sale by the Washington Department of Agriculture. Although we did not report on invertebrates, we also found Recommendations a single crayfish species of the Family Cambaridae in a pet store: taxa from this family are prohibited by the Washington Our study represents the fi rst scientifi c investigation of the Department of Fish and Wildlife. Additionally, goldfish and ornamental pet trade in the Pacifi c Northwest, thereby enhancing koi carp are considered regulated fishes (e.g., species may the scientifi c basis for improving policy and management intended not be released into state waters) by the Washington Depart- to reduce the threat of this pathway. Based on our fi ndings we have ment of Fish and Wildlife: goldfish were found in almost all three primary recommendations to slow the introduction of AIS surveyed pet stores (97%), and koi carp were found in 60% from the pet trade. of the stores. The federal USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic First, we believe that public education programs targeted at the Species list has designated oriental weatherfish and Ama- interface of aquarium owners and retailers will likely have the greatest

82 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g success. One such program, Habitattitude™, is a partnership of the Pet industry be held responsible for demonstrating that a species Industry Joint Advisory Council, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, will not cause “economic or ecological harm” via the creation and NOAA National Sea Grant College Program, with the mandate, of lists of allowed and banned species. However, the approach “…to eliminate the transfer and survival of any species outside of of creating lists of permitted species is not always successful. In [an] enclosed, artifi cial system, which has the potential to cause the Australia, >40% of established invasive aquarium species are loss or decline of native plants and animals.” The Habitattitude™ on a list of species that are permitted for importation (McNee program supplies educational materials (e.g., pamphlets and stickers) 2002). Additionally, blacklists of banned species can be diffi cult to pet stores, as well as plastic bags with the message “Do not release to enforce, particularly given the lack of knowledge about the fi sh and aquatic plants.” This is an important step towards educating ecological effects of most aquarium trade species (Lintermans aquarium owners about the harm of releasing live organisms into the 2004, Padilla and Williams 2004). The lack of information about wild; however, our study found that these materials were only pres- most aquarium fi shes is a more general problem and should be ent in chain stores and absent from independent retailers. We have considered a research priority. For example, lethal temperatures demonstrated that independent stores tend to carry a larger variety of for most of the fi sh species in the aquarium trade are unknown, fi sh species compared to chain stores, therefore, we recommend that despite the importance of temperature to invasion success. independent retailers should be the next focal point of the Habitatti- A third possible strategy would involve the aquarium industry, tude™ campaign and other private and government funded education but would shift the responsibility of disposing of unwanted fi sh programs (Table 4). Efforts to educate aquarists on the repercussions to the aquarists; we call this the ‘cash for critters’ approach. The of releasing aquarium fi sh and plants to the wild will only be success- strategy involves providing a fi nancial incentive to aquarists for ful if the distribution of educational materials reaches the broadest returning unwanted live organisms to a pet store, which then can possible audience, including the vast and under-appreciated Internet be re-sold (although concern regarding disease transmission may trade in ornamental species (Secretariat of the Convention on Biologi- limit this option) or euthanized in a humane manner. The store cal Diversity 2010). However, these efforts should be coupled with benefi ts from re-selling the organism, and from the likelihood more directed educational campaigns that target pet enthusiasts that that the aquarist will buy more fi sh, whereas the aquarist could belong to the hundreds of aquarium societies across the United States benefi t by receiving a store voucher or discount. Notably, over a (e.g., Greater Seattle Aquarium Society), national and international quarter of aquarists in our survey indicated that they had taken aquarium associations (e.g., Heart of America Aquarium Society, Ca- organisms to a store that has a return program. nadian Association of Aquarium Clubs, Federation of British Aquatic Our fi nal recommendation is to improve legislation on the Societies), and online aquarium forums and websites in which thou- importation and distribution of nonnative species in the ornamen- sands of people exchange information daily. Finally, similar to how tal trade, as well as response guidelines for local, state and federal boat inspection and cleaning campaigns target focal “hub” lakes that jurisdictions. The aquarium trade pathway has been noted as having receive greater amounts of boat traffi c (Rothlisberger et al. 2010), we particularly weak regulatory oversight compared to other invasion suggest that particular pet stores that sell large numbers of cosmopoli- pathways for fi sh (Thomas et al. 2009). Legislation that allows for tan taxa should be approached (perhaps with fi nancial incentives) to a rapid management response to the detection of nonnative species participate in the distribution of educational materials. can be a signifi cant deterrent to their successful establishment: the Our second recommendation is that the responsibility of marine alga, Caulerpa taxifolia, is a prominent aquarium species identifying and regulating species that are at great risk to invade that invaded and was subsequently contained in California coastal native habitats should be shifted to the aquarium industry. This waters by the enactment of a rapid response legislation (Anderson approach can take a number of routes. Padilla and Williams 2005). However, this type of legislation is rare in North America, (2004) recommended that businesses post bonds equal to the cost especially in jurisdictions that have shared international waters, of repairing damage resulting from the invasion and establish- such as the Pacifi c Northwest (Thomas et al. 2009). The challenge ment of aquarium species. We fear that this policy may be costly of having different regulations across jurisdictions, i.e., “multiple and diffi cult to establish, particu- 629 Table 4. List of educational resources on the release of aquarium organisms. larly without the strong support Source Website of the aquarium industry (including California Sea Grant http://www-csgc.ucsd.edu/extension/ importers, manu- Convention on Biological Diversity http://www.cbd.int/invasive/ facturers, whole- Don't Release a Pest! University of salers, retailers), http://www.usc.edu/org/seagrant/caulerpa/index.html and confl icts with Southern California - Sea Grant the “precautionary Global Invasive Species Program http://www.gisp.org/ principle,” which Habitattitude™ http://www.habitattitude.net/ would prohibit the entry of any species Oregon Sea Grant http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/themes/invasives/index.html that could become Ornamental Aquatic Trade Association http://www.ornamentalfish.org/ invasive (McDow- all 2004). Peters Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council http://www.pijac.org/aquatic/ and Lodge (2009) United States Geological Survey http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/fish/docs/dont_rel.asp suggested that the 630

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31 weak links,” has been identified as a significant barrier to prevent- Invasions 7: 1003-1016. ing the establishment and spread of nonnative species (Peters and Bolker, B. M. 2008. Ecological models and data in R. Princeton Lodge 2009, Thomas et al. 2009). Greater legislative and regulatory University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. control of nonnative aquatic species currently in the ornamental Brett, J. R. 1956. Some principles in the thermal requirements of pet trade is needed, but requires coordinated action across state, fishes. Quarterly Review of Biology 31: 75-87. provincial, federal, and international jurisdictions. International trade Carlton, J. T. and J. B. Geller. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global regulations on economically-valuable species can be successfully transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: implemented (e.g., CITES: Ginsberg 2002). Although the US Fish 78-82. and Wildlife Service’s Lacey Act has successfully regulated the Chang, A. L., J. D. Grossman, T. S. Spezio, H. W. Weiskel, J. C. trade and prevented secondary spread of a handful of species (e.g., Blum, J. W. Burt, A. A. Muir, J. Piovia-Scott, K. E. Veblen Java sparrow, brown tree snake), the Act is generally considered and E. D. Grosholz. 2009. Tackling aquatic invasions: risks and inefficient at preventing species invasions (Fowler et al. 2007). New opportunities for the aquarium fish industry. Biological Invasions federal policy is needed to support the necessary legal tools to better 11: 773-785. prevent further introduction of potentially and already harmful non- Chapman, F. A., S. A. Fitz-Coy, E. M. Thunberg and C. M. native animals. One possibility to meet this objective is the recently Adams. 1997. United States of America trade in ornamental fish. introduced Nonnative Wildlife Invasion Prevention Act (H.R. 669); Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 28: 1-10. a bill that requires the Secretary of the Interior to promulgate regula- Cheverie, J. C. and W. G. Lynn. 1963. High temperature toler- tions establishing a process for assessing the risk of all nonnative ance and thyroid activity in teleost fish, Tanichthys albonubes. wildlife species proposed for importation into the United States, Biological Bulletin 124: 153-162. other than those included in a list of approved species issued under Cohen, J., N. Mirotchnick and B. Leung. 2007. Thousands this Act. Thus far, Bill H.R. 669 has garnered a mixed reaction: the introduced annually: the aquarium pathway for non-indigenous bill is supported by the National Wildlife Federation and Humane plants to the St Lawrence Seaway. Frontiers in Ecology and the Society of the United States (among other organizations), but is Environment 5: 528-532. adamantly opposed by the Pet Industry Joint Advisory Commission Copp, G. H., L. Vilizzi and R. E. Gozlan. 2010. The demography and a number of other sectors of the aquarium industry including of introduction pathways, propagule pressure and occurrences importers and manufacturers. of nonnative freshwater fish in England. Aquatic Conservation- In conclusion, the aquarium and ornamental trade represent a Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20: 595-601. significant invasion pathway for fish and aquatic plants in the -Pa De Silva, S. S., T. T. T. Nguyen, G. M. Turchini, U. S. Amaras- cific Northwest. Although the introduction pathways associated inghe and N. W. Abery. 2009. Alien species in aquaculture and with ballast water and transport by trailered boats continue to re- biodiversity: a paradox in food production. Ambio 38: 24-28. ceive the greatest attention with respect to research, management DiStefano, R. J., M. E. Litvan and P. T. Horner. 2009. The bait and policy, we cite the need for a greater appreciation of the or- industry as a potential vector for alien crayfish introductions: namental pet trade as a source of nonnative species introductions. problem recognition by fisheries agencies and a Missouri evalua- The greatest risk of nonnative fish species introductions via the tion. Fisheries 34: 586-597. aquarium trade likely lies in regions of higher human population Dove, A. D. M. and I. Ernst. 1998. Concurrent invaders - four ex- sizes, and by association, higher numbers of aquarists and aquar- otic species of Monogenea now established on exotic freshwater ium stores. These regions should be targeted for educational and fishes in Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 28: legislative efforts. However, given the widespread availability of 1755-1764. invasive species through mail-order and e-commerce, even rural Duggan, I. C. 2010. The freshwater aquarium trade as a vector for areas are susceptible to species invasions via the aquarium trade incidental invertebrate fauna. Biological Invasions 12: 3757- (Kay and Hoyle 2001). Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive 3770. plan of action. Greater attention to educational programs involv- Duggan, I. C., C. A. M. Rixon and H. J. MacIsaac. 2006. Popular- ing the aquarium industry and new legislative action may help ity and propagule pressure: determinants of introduction and to reduce the importance of the aquarium trade as a pathway of establishment of aquarium fish. Biological Invasions 8: 377-382. freshwater species invasions in the Pacific Northwest. Ford, T. and T. L. Beitinger. 2005. Temperature tolerance in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Journal of Thermal Biology 30: 147-152. Acknowledgments Fowler, A. J., D. M. Lodge and J. F. Hsia. 2007. Failure of the Lacey Act to protect U.S. ecosystems against animal invasions. We would like to thank local pet stores for access to their in- Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 353-359. voices, and the questionnaire respondents. Tim Essington, Brian Froese, R. and D. Pauly. 2009. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, ver- Leung, Kristin Jaeger, Eric Larson, David Lawrence, Thomas sion (05/2009). Pool, Mariana Tamayo, and two anonymous reviewers provided Gertzen, E., O. Familiar and B. Leung. 2008. Quantifying inva- constructive feedback. Funding support for ALS and JDO was sion pathways: fish introductions from the aquarium trade. Cana- provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Gap Analysis Program. dian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65: 1265-1273. Ginsberg, J. 2002. CITES at 30, or 40. Conservation Biology 16: References 1184-1191. Hernández, R. M. and R. L. F. Bückle. 2002. Temperature Anderson, L. W. J. 2005. California’s reaction to Caulerpa taxi- tolerance polygon of Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes (Pisces : folia: a model for invasive species rapid response. Biological Poeciliidae). Journal of Thermal Biology 27: 1-5.

84 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Kay, S. H. and S. T. Hoyle. 2001. Mail order, the internet, and ing. invasive aquatic weeds. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management Rahel, F. J. and J. D. Olden. 2008. Assessing the effects of climate 39: 88-91. change on aquatic invasive species. Conservation Biology 22: Keller, R. P. and P. S. Lake. 2007. Potential impacts of a recent and 521-533. rapidly spreading coloniser of Australian freshwaters: oriental Ricciardi, A. 2006. Patterns of invasion in the Laurentian Great weatherloach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Ecology of Fresh- Lakes in relation to changes in vector activity. Diversity and water Fish 16: 124-132. Distributions 12: 425-433. Keller, R. P. and D. M. Lodge. 2007. Species invasions from com- Ricciardi, A. and J. B. Rasmussen. 1998. Predicting the identity merce in live aquatic organisms: problems and possible solu- and impact of future biological invaders: a priority for aquatic re- tions. BioScience 57: 428-436. source management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Legendre, P. and L. Legendre. 1998. Numerical ecology. Elsevier, Sciences 55: 1759-1765. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Rixon, C. A. M., I. C. Duggan, N. M. N. Bergeron, A. Ricciardi Leung, B., J. M. Bossenbroek and D. M. Lodge. 2006. Boats, pathways, and aquatic biological invasions: estimating dispersal and H. J. MacIsaac. 2005. Invasion risks posed by the aquarium potential with gravity models. Biological Invasions 8: 241-254. trade and live fish markets on the Laurentian Great Lakes. Biodi- Lintermans, M. 2004. Human-assisted dispersal of alien freshwater versity and Conservation 14: 1365-1381. fish in Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Rothlisberger, J. D., W. L. Chadderton, J. McNulty and D. M. Research 38: 481-501. Lodge. 2010. Aquatic invasive species transport via trailered Lintermans, M., T. Rutzou and K. Kukolic. 1990. The status, boats: what is being moved, who is moving it, and what can be distribution and possible impacts of the oriental weatherloach done. Fisheries 35: 121-132. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in the Ginninderra Creek catchment. Ruiz, G. M. and J. T. Carlton. 2003. Invasion vectors: a conceptual Australian Capital Territory Parks and Conservation Service, framework for management. In G. M. Ruiz and J. T. Carlton Research Report 2, Tuggeranong, Australia. [eds.]. Invasive species: vectors and management strategies. Litvak, M. K. and N. Mandrak. 1993. Ecology of freshwater bait- Island Press, Washington, DC. fish use in Canada and the United States. Fisheries 18: 6-13. Ruiz, G. M., J. T. Carlton, E. D. Grosholz and A. H. Hines. 1997. Lodge, D. M., S. Williams, H. J. MacIsaac, K. R. Hayes, B. Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-indige- Leung, S. Reichard, R. N. Mack, P. B. Moyle, M. Smith, D. nous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American A. Andow, J. T. Carlton and A. McMichael. 2006. Biological Zoologist 37: 621-632. invasions: recommendations for U.S. policy and management. Sanderson, B. L., K. A. Barnas and A. M. W. Rub. 2009. Nonin- Ecological Applications 16: 2035-2054. digenous species of the Pacific Northwest: an overlooked risk to Logan, D. J., E. L. Bibles and D. F. Markle. 1996. Recent col- endangered salmon? BioScience 59: 245-256. lections of exotic aquarium fishes in the freshwaters of Oregon and thermal tolerance of oriental weatherfish and pirapatinga. Schlaepfer, M. A., C. Hoover and C. K. Dodd. 2005. Challenges in California Fish and Game 82: 66-80. evaluating the impact of the trade in amphibians and reptiles on McDowall, R. M. 2004. Shoot first, and then ask questions: a look wild populations. BioScience 55: 256-264. at aquarium imports and invasiveness in New Zealand. New Zea- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2010. Pets, land Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 503-510. aquarium, and terrarium species: best practices for addressing McNee, A. 2002. A national approach to the management of exotic risks to biodiversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological species in the aquarium trade: an inventory of exotic freshwater Diversity, Montreal, Canada. fish species. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, Australia. Smith, K. F., M. D. Behrens, L. M. Max and P. Daszak. 2008. Mote, P. W. and E. P. Salathé Jr. 2010. Future climate in the Pacific U.S. drowning in unidentified fishes: scope, implications, and Northwest. Climatic Change 102: 29-50. regulation of live fish import. Conservation Letters 1: 103-109. Moyle, P. B. and M. P. Marchetti. 2006. Predicting invasion suc- State of Washington Joint Legislative Audit & Review Commit- cess: freshwater fishes in California as a model. BioScience 56: tee. 2010. Activities supporting recreational boating in Washing- 515-524. ton. Olympia, WA. Naylor, R. L., S. L. Williams and D. R. Strong. 2001. Aquaculture: Tabor, R. A., E. Warner and S. Hager. 2001. An oriental weath- a gateway for exotic species. Science 294: 1655-1656. erfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) population established in Opuszyňski, K., A. Lirski, L. Myszkowski and J. Wolnicki. 1989. Washington State. Northwest Science 75: 72-76. Upper lethal and rearing temperatures for juvenile common carp, Thomas, V. G., C. Vasarhelyi and A. J. Niimi. 2009. Legislation Cyprinus carpio L., and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and the capacity for rapid-response management of nonindig- (Valenciennes). Aquaculture Research 20: 287-294. enous species of fish in contiguous waters of Canada and the Padilla, D. K. and S. L. Williams. 2004. Beyond ballast water: aquarium and ornamental trades as sources of invasive species in USA. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems aquatic ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2: 19: 354-364. 131-138. Vander Zanden, M. J. and J. D. Olden. 2008. A management Peters, J. A. and D. M. Lodge. 2009. Invasive species policy at framework for preventing the secondary spread of aquatic inva- the regional level: a multiple weak links problem. Fisheries 34: sive species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 373-381. 65: 1512-1522. R Development Core Team. 2010. R: a language and environment Wolf, K. 1988. Fish viruses and fish viral diseases. Comstock Pub- for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Comput- lishing Associates, Ithaca, NY.

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 85 Column: Gus Rassam AFS Executive Director Director’s line Rassam can be contacted at [email protected].

American Fisheries Society issues policy statement on Climate Change Bethesda, MD – The effects many stressors associated with • Encouraging education efforts of global climate change on local impacts aimed at federal and state fisheries—and the steps needed • An adaptive management agencies and the private for successful adaptation to these framework to cope with sector about the general effects—are the basis of a new uncertainty; policy and effects of climate change to policy statement issued by the management decisions using our aquatic ecosystems. This American Fisheries Society. precautionary principles (e.g., would ensure the transparency AFS emphasizes that successful decisions that are deliberately of the principles and practices adaptation also requires long-term conservative); and including a employed for either mitigation monitoring of sensitive indicators, strong evaluation component. predictive modeling, and or adaptation responses to adaptive management, whereby The statement includes climate change in fisheries. the consequences of climate recommendations on what needs • Encouraging the change and other stressors are to be done in addressing climate implementation of national, change and its effects. These detected early, and appropriate regional, and local monitoring recommendations include: responses or adaptations can be programs to evaluate the implemented and continually effects of climate change in evaluated. These adaptive • Proceeding with emission fisheries. measures should include: reductions with no delay Reductions in anthropogenic • Encouraging research activities sources of carbon dioxide and • Water conservation measures to characterize climate other greenhouse gases. that support sustainable use effects in marine, arctic and • Economic mitigation options freshwater systems, reduce • Decisions in which water that indirectly or directly ecosystem stressors, and priorities are constructed assist with water conservation optimize harvest quota for through careful evaluation of practices and watershed market demands, weighed commercial fisheries stocks. protection of policies and against the potential impacts • Supporting provisions of laws that support wise and to sustainability of fisheries dedicated funding for climate sustainable use. and aquatic habitats legislation that would provide • Integrating efforts to manage • Continued research and for conservation of fish, water monitoring of climate change both fish and wildlife habitats. and other natural resources (Developing partnerships affected by climate change. • Captive propagation of with overlapping interests on imperiled native fish species shared concerns will increase • Resiliency of aquatic overall effectiveness, and To obtain a copy of the policy ecosystems, thereby increasing temper uncertainty of difficult statement visit www.fisheries.org/ their ability to withstand the decisions.) afs/docs/policychange.pdf.

86 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g CALENDAR: FISHERIES EVENTS To submit upcoming events for inclusion on the AFS Web site Calendar, send event name, dates, city, state/province, web address, and contact information to [email protected]. (If space is available, events will also be printed in Fisheries magazine.) More events listed at www.fisheries.org.

Acoustic Tag and Hydroacoustic www.htisonar.com/ Feb 3-4 Seattle, Washington Winter Short Courses at short course.htm Feb Using Hydroacoustics for www.htisonar.com/ Seattle, Washington 10-11 Fisheries Assessment at short course.htm Feb American Society of Limnology and San Juan, Puerto Rico http://aslo.org/meetings/sanjuan2011 13-18 Oceanography Aquatic Sciences Meeting Feb www.was.org/WasMeetings/meetings/ Aquaculture America New Orleans, Lousiana 28-Mar3 Default.aspx?code=AA2011 Mar 103rd Meeting of the National Baltimore, Maryland http://shellfish.org/node/78817 27-31 Shellfisheries Association Mar Biologging4 Hobart Tasmania www.cmar.csiro.au/biologing4 14-18 Fifth International Zooplankton Mar Production Symposium: Population Pucon, Chile www.pices.int/zooplankton2011.aspx 14-18 Connections, Community Dynamics, and Climate Variability http://seagrant.uaf.edu/ Apr 9-12 Kodiak Area Marine Science Symposium Kodiak, Alaska conferences/index.html#coming University of Azad Apr 31st Pakistan Congress of Jammu and Kashmir, www.zsp.org.pk/pcz-b.pdf 19-21 Zoology (International) Muzaffarabad, Pakistan May http://acousticalsociety.org/meetings/ ASA-AFS Fisheries Acoustics Workshop Seattle, Washington 25-27 future_meeting/seattle/fisheries May 4-6 International Symposium on Circle Hooks Miami, Florida circlehooksymposium.org May Second International Marine Victoria, British www2.cedarcrest.edu/imcc/index.html 14-18 Conservation Congress Columbia, Canada Jun First International Conference Sapporo, Japan www.knt.co.jp/ec/2011/icft/ 12-18 on Fish Telemetry Grande Prairie, http://tucanadaorg/TUC_ Jun 7-9 Arctic Grayling Conference Symposium Alberta, Canada AGSW2011.shtml Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists Minneapolis, www.dce.ksu.edu/conf/ Jul 6-11 and Herpetologists Minnesota jointmeeting/future.shtml Sixth World Recreational Aug 1-4 Berlin, Germany www.worldrecfish.org Fishing Conference American Fisheries Society Sep 4-8 Seattle, Washington www.fisheries.org/AFS2011 141st Annual Meeting Sep Smarinn, Kopavogur, Icelandic Fisheries Exhibition 2011 www.icefish.is 22-24 Iceland Nov Coastal and Estuarine Daytona Beach, Florida http://erf.org 6-11 Research Federation

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 87 Halltech Aquatic Research, Inc.

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88 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Call for Award Nominations: 2011 American Fisheries Society Awards

The American Fisheries Society is seeking may be submitted electronically via email Honorary Membership nominations and applications for several or as hard copy delivered by mail. Presented to individuals who have achieved 2011 awards. Award recipients will Nomination deadline: April 15, 2011 outstanding professional accomplishments be honored at the Annual Meeting Contact: Bill Fisher, Committee Chair or have given outstanding service to in Seattle, Washington, September, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife the Society. Honorary Members must be 2011. Nominations typically require a Research Unit nominated by at least 100 active members candidate’s name, full contact information, Fernow Hall, room 206 and elected by a 2/3 majority of active biographical information and/or history of Cornell University members online. service to the Society. Some awards require Ithaca, NY 14853 Nomination dateline: May 1, 2011 additional nomination materials. For Phone: (607) 255-2839 Contact: Gail Goldberg more information on how to nominate an Email: [email protected] American Fisheries Society individual, or organization, see descriptions 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 below or contact the award chair. You may Distinguished Service Award Bethesda, MD 20815 also contact Gail Goldberg, AFS awards Recognizes outstanding contributions of [email protected] coordinator, at [email protected], or time and energy for special projects or 301-897-8616 X 201 for more information. activities by AFS members. The number Meritorious Service Award of recipients may vary. A single member, Presented annually to an individual Award of Excellence a group of members, and AFS staff are The Society’s highest award for scientific eligible candidates. Nominations should AFS member for loyalty, dedication, achievement is presented to a living AFS include description of the outstanding and meritorious service to the Society member for original and/or outstanding contributions by the candidate(s) and may throughout the years; and for exceptional contributions to fisheries and aquatic be submitted electronically via email or as commitment to the programs, objectives, biology. Nomination materials can be sent hard copy delivered by mail. and long-term goals of the Society. via electronic, mail or fax. Materials should Nomination deadline: January 31, 2011 Nominations should include the include a detailed letter of nomination to Contact: Bill Fisher, Committee Chair candidate’s name, full contact information, address award criteria, vitae of nominee, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife biographical information and/or history and additional supporting materials as Research Unit of the nominee’s service (not to exceed 3 needed. See the main awards page for Fernow Hall, room 206 pages) to the Society. Letters supporting criteria for selection and other important Cornell University the nomination are welcome. Nominations nomination information. Ithaca, NY 14853 and any supporting letters may be sent Nomination deadline: May 10, 2011 Phone: (607) 255-2839 electronically via email or as hard copy Contact: Christine Moffitt, Committee Email: [email protected] delivered by mail, or fax (email, in PDF Chair format preferred). Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources Excellence in Public Outreach Nomination deadline: May 20, 2011 USGS-Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Presented to an AFS member who goes Contact: Bob Curry, Committee Chair Research Unit the “extra mile” in sharing the value of NC Wildlife Resources Commission 104C CNR, Sixth and Line Street fisheries science/research with the general Division of Inland Fisheries University of Idaho public through the popular media and 1721 Mail Service Center Moscow, ID 83844-1141 other communication channels. Two or Raleigh, NC 27699-1721 Phone: 208-885-7047 more individuals may act as nominators, Phone: (919) 707-0221 but at least one nominator must be Fax: 208-885-9080 Fax: (919) 707-0028 Email: [email protected] an AFS member. Entries must include [email protected] a biographical sketch of the nominee Carl R. Sullivan Fishery Conservation (not to exceed 3 pages) and supporting Outstanding Chapter Award Award evidence of communicating the value of Recognizes outstanding professionalism, Presented to an individual or organization fisheries issues/research to the general for outstanding contributions to the public through the media and other active resource protection, and conservation of fishery resources. Eligibility communication channels, plus any evidence enhancement programs, as well as a is not restricted to AFS members, and of teaching others about communication strong commitment to the mission of the accomplishments can include political, with the public. Society. Three awards are given, one for legal, educational, scientific, and Nomination deadline: April 15, 2011 small chapters, one for large chapters and managerial successes. Nominations Contact: Walt Duffy, chair one for a student subunit of a chapter. should include a synopsis of fishery CA Cooperative Research Unit Chapters should submit an application to conservation contributions; a description Humboldt State University their division presidents to be considered. of the influence of those contributions on Arcata, CA 95521-8299 Division presidents must nominate two best improved understanding, management, or Phone: (707) 826-5644 chapters from their divisions, one with less use of fishery resources; and at least one Fax: (707) 826-3269 than 100 members and another with 100 additional supporting letter. Nominations Email: [email protected] members or more by June 1, 2011

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 89 Applications can be obtained from the AFS website See the main Mississippi State University awards page for more information –to be updated when available Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Nomination deadline: June 1, 2011 Box 9690 Contact: Chair, Mark Porath, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Nebraska Game & Parks Commission TEL: (662) 325-7493 2200 N 33th St FAX: (662) 325-8726 Lincoln, NE 68503 Email: [email protected] Phone: (402) 471-5583 Fax: (402) 471-4992 The Emmeline Moore Prize Email: [email protected] The American Fisheries Society (AFS) has established a new career achievement award, named after the first female AFS President’s Fishery Conservation Award president, Emmeline Moore (1927-1928), to recognize efforts of Presented in two categories: (1) an AFS individual or unit, or (2) a an individual member in the promotion of demographic diversity non-AFS individual or entity, for singular accomplishments or long- in the society. This award will be presented to an individual term contributions that advance aquatic resource conservation who demonstrates strong commitment and exemplary service to at a regional or local level. The award is administered by the Past ensuring equal opportunity access to higher education in fisheries President’s Advisory Council. A nomination package should include and/or professional development in the broad range of fisheries a strong and detailed letter describing the nominee’s contribution science disciplines. Qualified nominees must exhibit clear evidence and the evidence for accomplishment at a regional or local level. of service and commitment to diversity initiatives, including a If the nomination is for an individual, include a CV if possible. strong research or fisheries management leadership background, Nominations may be supported by multiple individuals by signing public understanding of diversity issues, technical and popular one nomination letter, or by submitting supporting letters in writing, and inspirational leadership. Candidates should also addition to the main nomination letter. Include the nominee’s title have enunciated principles that lead to greater involvement of and full contact information (address, email, and phone). under-represented groups in fisheries science, education, research Nomination deadline: May 10, 2011 or management. Nominees for the award are restricted to AFS Contact: Donald C. Jackson, Past President members. A nomination package should include a detailed letter Mississippi State University of support (maximum three pages) describing the nominee’s Dept Wildlife & Fisheries accomplishments and including evidence of involvement in Box 9690 diversity initiatives given the criteria noted above. The main letter Mississippi State, MS 39762 of nomination can be supported through several signatures or up TEL: (662) 325-7493 to three additional letters of support can be submitted. Please FAX: (662) 325-8726 include in the nomination letter, the nominee’s title and full Email: [email protected] contact information (i.e. address, e-mail, phone etc.) to complete the package. William E. Ricker Resource Conservation Award Nomination Deadline: May 31, 2011 Presented to any entity (individual, group, agency, or company) For more information about the Emmeline Moore Prize, or to for accomplishment or activity that advances aquatic resource submit nominations (electronic format preferred), conservation that is significant at a national or international level. Contact: Larry A. Alade, Chair The award is administered by the Past President’s Advisory Council. National Marine Fisheries Service A nomination package should include a strong and detailed letter Northeast Fisheries Science Center describing the nominee’s accomplishments and the evidence Woods Hole Laboratory/Population Dynamics for being “significant at a national or international level”. If 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 the nomination is for an individual, include a CV if possible. Phone: 508 495-2085 Nominations may be supported by multiple individuals by signing Fax: 508 495-2393 one letter, or by submitting supporting letters in addition to the E-mail: [email protected] main nomination letter. Include the nominee’s title and full contact information (address, email, phone). Student Writing Contest Nomination deadline: May 10, 2011 Recognizes students for excellence in the communication of Contact: Donald C. Jackson, Past President fisheries research to the general public. Undergraduate and Mississippi State University graduate students are asked to submit a 500- to 700-word article Dept Wildlife & Fisheries explaining their own research or a research project in their lab or Box 9690 school. The article must be written in language understandable Mississippi State, MS 39762 to the general public (i.e., journalistic style). The winning article TEL: (662) 325-7493 will be published in Fisheries. Students may write about research FAX: (662) 325-8726 that has been completed, is in progress, or is in the planning Email: [email protected] stages. The papers will be judged according to their quality and their ability to turn a scientific research topic into a paper for the Retired Members Travel Award for the AFS Annual Meeting general public and will be scored based upon a grading rubric. The American Fisheries Society has established this travel award (check the AFS web site on the main awards page for the grading to encourage and enable members of the Society to attend rubric) annual meetings, particularly those members who might play a (For examples of past winning papers, see Fisheries more active role in the meeting. The Society recognizes that some 32(12):608&609 and Fisheries 34(1):39) retired members who desire to participate in the annual meeting Submission deadline: April 15, 2011 might be inhibited for financial reasons. Retired members may Contact: Walt Duffy not have funds for travel to meetings that were available to them CA Cooperative Research Unit while employed. Therefore, this award is meant for those members Humboldt State University who truly have a need for financial assistance. The Society has Arcata, CA 95521-8299 neither means nor desire to verify financial need, so that your Phone: (707) 826-5644 request for support is based on an honor system. However, Fax: (707) 826-3269 you must be a dues-paying retired member of the American Email: [email protected] Fisheries Society to apply. A maximum of $1,500 may be awarded for reimbursable expenses. See the main awards page for the Awards Administered by Sections application form on the AFS website. Education Section Please send applications to Don Jackson, Chair, Past President’s Excellence in Fisheries Education Award Advisory Council. The American Fisheries Society (AFS) Excellence in Fisheries Deadline: June 19, 2011 Education Award was established in 1988. The award is Contact: Donald C. Jackson, Past President administered by the Education Section and is presented to an

90 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g individual to recognize excellence in female doctoral fisheries student. The J. with J.F. Allen Scholarship in the subject organized teaching and advising in some Frances Allen Scholarship was established heading. aspect of fisheries education. Nominees in 1986 to honor Allen, who pioneered Please contact the Committee Chair if may be involved in extension or continuing women’s involvement in the AFS and in the you have any questions. Send electronic education, as well as traditional college field of fisheries. The scholarship fund was and university instruction. Nominees established with the intent of encouraging applications and recommendations must be AFS members, have been actively women to become fisheries professionals. (preferably in one mailing), to be received engaged in fisheries education within Eligibility: The qualified applicant must by March 11, 2011 to: the last five years, and have had at least be a female PhD student who was an AFS Marie-Ange Gravel, Chair 10 years of professional employment member as of December 31, 2011. The EMAIL: [email protected] experience in fisheries education. Two or applicant must be conducting aquatic Subject: J. Frances Allen Scholarship more people may act as nominators, but research in line with AFS objectives, PHONE: 613-520-2600 ext: 3573 at least one nominator must be an AFS which include “all branches of fisheries member. The nominator(s) is responsible science, including but not limited to An application will not be reviewed if any for compiling supporting material and aquatic biology, engineering, fish culture, part is missing or it is received after the submitting the application. The suggested limnology, oceanography, and sociology”. deadline. format for applications can be found on Typically, this award is given to a student Criteria for selection: Selection will be the Education Section web site. Application who has completed preliminary exams. materials should be sent to Jason Vokoun Application: To apply, submit items A made by the J. Frances Allen Scholarship ([email protected]) in digital form. through D: Committee of the AFS Equal Opportunity Nomination deadline is May 15, 2011. A. Resume with information in the Section. Proposal reviews by scientists in Additional information can be obtained following format: appropriate fields will be solicited by the from: - Educational history: degrees, grade point committee. Awardee will be selected on a Jason Vokoun average for each degree (overall and in competitive basis with an emphasis placed Chair, Excellence in Fisheries Education major), relevant courses taken on research promise, scientific merit, and Committee - Professional experience: positions held, academic achievement. Submission of an Dept. of Natural Resources and the levels of position, years of experience at Environment each level application acknowledges the applicant’s University of Connecticut - Publications: separated into refereed and acceptance of the Committee’s decision as Phone: (860) 486-0141 other final. Email: [email protected] - Presentations: “first author” implies you Public Announcement and Notification: presented it, “second author” assumes you Public announcement of the recipient will John E. Skinner Memorial Fund Award did not, specify if otherwise be made at the 2011 AFS Annual Meeting The John E. Skinner Memorial Fund was - AFS participation: year joined, meeting in Seattle, Washington. In addition a established in memory of John Skinner, attendance and participation, committee former California-Nevada Chapter and involvement, presentations at AFS meetings written announcement will appear in Western Division AFS President. The fund B. Transcripts from all institutions of Fisheries and the recipient will receive an provides monetary travel awards (up to higher education: include enrollment in official letter of award. The recipient is $800 per award) for deserving graduate PhD program. Please include transcripts encouraged to present the results of their students or exceptional undergraduate with your application, do not have them research at an Annual Meeting of AFS. It students to attend the AFS annual meeting. sent separately. You may scan an official is expected that the research findings will The 2011 meeting will be held in Seattle, transcript as long as it is of high quality. be published in an appropriate fisheries Washington, September 4th through the C. Dissertation research proposal: do not 8th. exceed 4 single spaced pages (excluding journal upon project completion, at which Any student who is active in fisheries or title page, abstract, and references). time the support from this scholarship and related aquatic disciplines is eligible to The proposal must be submitted in the AFS will be acknowledged. apply. Awardees are chosen by a committee following single-spaced format with of the AFS Education Section. Selection headings: Marine Fisheries Section is based on academic qualifications, - Title page: with project title, area of The Steven Berkeley Marine Conservation professional service, and reasons for research (genetics, modeling, ecology, Fellowship attending the meeting. In addition to etc.), applicants name and affiliation travel assistance to attend the AFS annual - Abstract: not to exceed one-half page, This fellowship was created by AFS in meeting, award winners will also receive a describing research proposed 2007 to honor the memory of Steven one-year paid membership to the American - Introduction: Including project Berkeley, a dedicated fisheries scientist Fisheries Society. justification and background with a passionate interest in integrating Applications for 2011 will be available in - Specific objectives and hypotheses if the fields of marine ecology, conservation January (see http://www.fisheries.org/afs/ appropriate biology, and fisheries science to improve awards.html). Completed applications (for - Summary of procedures/methods: fisheries management. Berkeley was a both students and faculty advisors) must justification for choices including long-time member of AFS and a member of be received no later than May 9th, 2011. preliminary testing and references Electronic submissions preferred. - Expected and preliminary results the first Board of Directors of the Fisheries For more information about the Skinner - Significance of research: include Conservation Foundation. The fellowship Award, anticipated application of findings comprises a competitively based $10,000 Contact: Dan J. Daugherty - Literature cited: follow Transactions of award to a graduate student actively Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. the American Fisheries Society format engaged in thesis research relevant to Heart of the Hills Fisheries Science Center D. Three letters of recommendation: One marine conservation. Research topics may 5103 Junction Hwy. must be from the applicant’s major advisor address any aspect of conservation; a focus Mountain Home, TX 78058 and one must be from an AFS member. Phone: (830) 866-3356 x 211 Each letter should address 1) the applicants on fisheries issues is not required. Fax: (830) 866-3549 promise as a fisheries scientist, 2) the For more information and application Email: [email protected] potential of the applicant to complete requirements see: http://fishweb.ifas.ufl. their proposed work and 3) significance edu/mfs/index_files/Berkeley_Fellowship. Equal Opportunities Section of the applicants proposed research to htm J. Frances Allen Scholarship Award the advancement of fisheries science. If Send electronic applications and The American Fisheries Society (AFS) is those writing letters prefer- they may email recommendations, to be received no pleased to announce that applications letters separately to the address below, but are being accepted until March 11, 2011, they must be received by the deadline and later than February 1, 2011 to: Howard for the J. Frances Allen Scholarship for a should contain the applicants name along Williams, [email protected] a

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 91 OBITUARIES

Two Idaho Chapter AFS Members Die in Helicopter Crash

grounds in River upstream of Dworshak the Selway Reservoir. Dani’s work provided an River of understanding of basic ecology and central Idaho. life history of bull trout throughout Dani Schiff the watershed, including the grew up in 16,000 acre reservoir. Her study South Range, was the first to determine how bull Wisconsin, trout used Dworshak Reservoir, where she and how dam operation and spent her pool fluctuations impacted them. time riding This project provided her the horses and opportunity for her to earn a M.S. playing in Fisheries from the University of softball. She Idaho. She was subsequently hired graduated as a full time biologist to complete from the 5 year project. Dani also Northwestern worked for three years for the Nez High School Perce Tribe on the Tribal Hatchery in Maple, Evaluation Program. She returned Danielle Wisconsin, in 1994. She attended to IDFG in 2008 as a Fisheries Northland College, where she Habitat Biologist. Her habitat JoAnne Schiff started her career in fisheries. She work was primarily focused in the then moved west, spending time Potlatch River Basin, implementing Danielle JoAnne Schiff, 34, and in Bozeman, Montana, before stream habitat restoration projects Lawrence T. Barrett, 47, fisheries following her heart to Idaho. Dani associated with recovery of ESA biologists with Idaho Department started her career with IDFG as listed Steelhead. Dani’s love of of Fish and Game (IDFG), died in a temporary employee in 1997. fish biology and ecology led her to a helicopter crash on August 31, She was excited about fisheries fishing. She was an accomplished 2010. The helicopter was en route conservation and management, and angler and loved to catch B-run to survey Chinook salmon spawning enrolled at the University of Idaho steelhead on the Clearwater River to finish her and spring Chinook salmon in the undergraduate Salmon and Clearwater rivers. Dani education. developed her love for wild rivers She worked and whitewater through her work sampling wild at Idaho Fish and Game. It became fish on the a personal passion. She was a Selway, Lochsa, very accomplished whitewater North Fork boater. Dani was a supporter of Clearwater, many local, nonprofit and state and Salmon organizations that protect the rivers. Dani was wildlife and the land the she loved. promoted to Dani is survived by her mother and the field crew father, brother and sister-in-law leader on a and their children. Donations in Sonotronics project studying memory of Dani may be made to bull trout life River Access for Tomorrow (RAFT), history in the P.O. Box 1666, Lewiston, ID 83501, North Fork of phone: (208) 746-6290, the Clearwater [email protected].

92 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g OBITUARIES

Larry Barrett

Larry Barrett also died in the helicopter fishing while reducing unintended impacts on these crash. Barrett started his fisheries career with IDFG special fish. Larry was personally responsible for in 1985. He directed the monitoring of angler introducing hundreds, if not thousands, of kids to use, catch and harvest of steelhead and salmon in fish and fishing. Larry’s commitment to sharing his the Clearwater, Snake and Lower Salmon rivers of passion for fishing with kids resulted in the children Idaho. He excelled in the “people side” of fisheries Steelhead Fishing Clinic, Free Fishing Day events, management. Larry was an effective advocate for Trout in the Classroom and personalized outings with angling opportunity and fishing rule simplification. many children. He was a tremendous ambassador for He was a very empathetic supervisor and truly cared IDFG and the sport of angling. Larry is survived by for the personal well being of his crew. This trait was his wife, Cindy Barrett of Lewiston, Idaho, mother, a exemplified the service that his employees provided sister, four brothers, and many nieces and nephews. to the salmon and steelhead anglers of Idaho. White Donations in memory of Larry can be made to the sturgeon was Larry’s conservation passion. He was Larry Barrett Youth Fishing Fund at Twin Rivers active in sturgeon management and development National Bank, Lewiston, ID 83501 (208-746-4848). of fishing regulations to allow continued sport —written by Ed Schriever

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 93 PRESIDENT’S HOOK continued from page 56

in AFS policy statements, such as the recent Climate responsibilities include all aspects of electronic Change Policy Statement or the proposed Lead in communications, and they have quite a job given Sport Fishing Tackle Policy Statement, they can be the rapid evolution and adoption of technologies. found under Policy/Media. If you are interested in This year the Board has been charged specifically to joining AFS, look under Membership. Similarly, if provide guidance on how the AFS website can be you are looking for a job, take a gander at the Job improved, and our Governing Board has authorized Board. Or if you’re wanting to enhance your pro- financial resources to assist the staff in this endeavor. fessional credentials, investigate Certification. The Do not hesitate to provide your suggestions to me array of information is quite remarkable. I encourage on how to improve the AFS website, and I will make you to browse the AFS website and I think you will sure that the Electronic Services Governing Board and find yourself going to it often via your PDA, wire- AFS staff will give them appropriate consideration. less laptop, or whatever means you use to access the Internet. So, make the AFS website a regular stop when As with any human endeavor, the AFS website browsing, make it your first stop when seeking is in constant need of updating and improvement. information about the Society, and anticipate an The website is maintained by AFS staff under the even better AFS website in the future. My new Smart direction of our Executive Director. Within AFS we Phone is probably going to become my primary link have several members who voluntarily serve on to the AFS website, but that depends on if I can cur- the Electronic Services Advisory Board. The Board’s tail its night-time declarations.

Floy Tag

94 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Publications: Book REview The book promotes the application of the best technology available and offers a good perspective into the current state of North American research and development. It offers not only an excellent resource to those interested in river management, but also guidance for river scientists concerned with the health of our rivers, and advice on where to invest effort.

Integrated Approaches to Riverine munication between the science, policy institutional, public involvement, hydrol- Resource Stewardship: Case Studies, and practice of instream flow manage- ogy, geomorphology, biology, water quality Science, Law, People and Policy ment. The book promotes the applica- and connectivity. The chapter discussing by A. Locke, C. Stainaker, S. Zellmer, tion of the best technology available and the state-of-the-practice for instream flow K, Williams, H. Beecher, T. Richards, C. offers a good perspective into the current studies intends to present the best avail- Robertson, A. Wald, A. Paul and T. Annear. state of North American research and able method and succeeds to present the Instream Flow Council. development. It offers not only an excel- manager’s perspective on what is avail- Bozeman, Montana. 2009, 430 pages, lent resource to those interested in river able. This nicely reflects the disconnect $49.00 management, but also guidance for river between developers and users mentioned scientists concerned with the health of our in the introduction of this review, as some The key drawback in the application of rivers, and advice on where to invest effort. of the important new developments have the best available river-management sci- Integrated Approaches to Riverine been omitted. It would be very valuable ence is the lack of direct to see more informa- communication and Although focused on flows as a driving variable of tion about state-of- understanding between riverine environments, the book addresses all eight the-practices in other the developers of river countries, as consider- science and the practi- ecosystem components as defined by the Instream Flow able achievements are tioners implementing Council: legal, institutional, public involvement, hydrology, reported from Europe, the scientific products. Asia, Africa, Australia The mechanisms lead- geomorphology, biology, water quality and connectivity. and New Zealand. ing to this gap are well Knowledge of global described by Acreman 2005 as a “discon- Resource Stewardship summarizes and advances in the field could greatly benefit nect between the needs of resource man- expands material prepared for the Flow American practitioners. A shortcoming, agers for simple and effective solutions (..) 2008 Conference, which took place in which I hope will be addressed in the and cost-independent needs for innovation San Antonio, TX. Eight case studies from next edition of the book. Good practical and basic understanding of complex pro- across the United States and Canada are examples were intertwined with general cesses that motivate scientists.” In the US, used to demonstrate a good cross section guidelines and a holistic perspective on there exists little incentive for researchers through the implementation of environ- the river management to make Integrated to go beyond producing scientific papers mental flows in varying ecoregions. These Approaches to Riverine Resource and into creating tools that allow for the case studies belong to the most successful Stewardship a very good read with over quick application of their research. Beyond implementations of instream flow policies. 400 pages of valuable information. An a notorious lack of resources for such The descriptions include a summary of excellent observation presented in the developments, the introduction of new each project, the legal and collaborative book is the emerging lack of instream technologies in the regula- flow professionals, and tory environment is also An excellent observation presented in the book is the the need for a national hampered by a frequent call emerging lack of instream flow professionals, and training center to continue for the use of widely applied developing well informed but perhaps antiquated the need for a national training center to continue researchers and managers. methods. Another major developing well informed researchers and managers. I hope that universities and disadvantage is that few funding agencies will step scientists are fluent in the regulatory and framework, the applied science, the nego- up to the challenge and help prevent a implementation process and are therefore tiation processes as well as information national decline in the recent advances to unable to appreciate the needs and limita- on post-project monitoring and adaptive Instream Flow studies. tions facing river stewards and practitio- management. The chapters that follow ners, resulting in an underestimation of the describe the existing legal frameworks importance of such work. within the US and Canada, the focus on References Integrated Approaches to Riverine monitoring, adaptive management and the Resource Stewardship by the Instream available science. Acreman M. 2005 Linking science and decision- Flow Council excels by offering an insight The final chapter specifies the research making: features and experience from envi- into the development of successful eco- and educational needs, river conservation, ronmental river flow setting. Environmental Modeling & Software 20, 99-109 logical flow management projects, and and management planning. Although by describing the practitioner’s perspec- focused on flows as a driving variable of —Piotr Parasiewicz tive based on the availability of tools and riverine environments, the book addresses Rushing Rivers Institute improvement needs. It fills the void where all eight ecosystem components as defined 592 Main Street we have the most urgent needs for com- by the Instream Flow Council: legal, Amherst, MA 01002

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 95 AFS 2011 Seattle: An Extraordinary Meeting in an Extraordinary place T im hompson

Sustainable in Seattle! Let’s work together to make the 2011 AFS Annual Meeting in Seattle, September 4-8, the most environmentally and socially responsible meeting ever. Our part: The Seattle Convention Center—the site of this year’s conference—is dedicated to operating in as eco-friendly a manner as possible. They routinely recycle cardboard, plastic, metal, glass, and compost food-waste. Their facilities have recently been upgraded with energy efficient lighting to reduce energy consumption. The city of Seattle was able to reuse already disturbed land to create a community asset by building the Convention Center over an existing 12-lane freeway, and adding over 3 acres of indoor and outdoor gardens. Centrally located in downtown Seattle, the Convention Center and surrounding hotels are jumping off points for Seattle’s “must-see” sites. Your part: We urge you to make the personal commitment to minimize the environmental impacts associated with your attending the meeting. The “Green” webpage on the 2011 AFS Annual Meeting website focuses attention on sustainable choices, and describes ways you can reduce your impact. Here are some quick suggestions: • Inform yourself: there are a plethora of websites that offer tips on how to “tread lightly on the Earth.” • Use recycled or reuseable materials; bring your own water bottle, mug, and shopping bag. • When not in use, unplug, turn off, and shutdown: turn off lights, computer, TV, and other electronic devices. • Calculate your carbon footprint (www.myfootprint.org) and buy carbon credits to offset CO2 emissions associated with your travel. • Walk, cycle, carpool, or take public transport whenever possible (this should be easy in Seattle—www.commtrans.org). • Favor eco-friendly, locally made products; buy fresh produce, fish, and meat that has been sustainably grown or caught. • Patronize environmentally friendly hotels, restaurants, shops, and services. • Share a hotel room; turn down the thermostat; and reuse your linens (both towels and sheets). • Visit the AFS 2011 “Green” booth during the Tradeshow! • Look for a Recycle/Share table at the Registration Booth. Exhibitors: Please check the “Green” webpage of the AFS 2011 website for suggestions on how to be as sustainable as possible. See www.fisheries.org/AFS2011.

96 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g AFSAFS Seattle Seattle Booth Booth Reservation Reservation Request Request SeptemberSeptember 4 -48-,8 2011, 2011 PleasePlease complete complete this this application application in inits its entirety. entirety. PleasePlease print print or ortype type all all information. information.

CompanyCompany Name Name ______

Address______Address______

CityCity ______State ______State ______Zip Zip ______

PhonePhone ______Fax Fax ______

CompanyCompany Contact______Contact______

PhonePhone ______Fax Fax ______Email Email ______

ExhibitorExhibitor will will exhibit, exhibit, display, display, and and promote promote the the following following products products or services;or services; limit limit 75 75words. words. Please Please list list this this description description as asyou you wouldwould like like it to it appearto appear in meetingin meeting material, material, or youor you may may e- maile-mail your your description description to stojohn [email protected]@fisheries.org ______BOOTHBOOTH FEES FEES AND AND SELECTION SELECTION PAYMENTPAYMENT • AFS• AFS member member firm*: firm*: $1,400.00 $1,400.00 per per 10 10x 10 x 10booth booth SendSend request request with with your your 50% 50% deposit deposit of ofthe the full full exhibit exhibit fee fee for for • AFS• AFS nonmember nonmember firm: firm: $1,550.00 $1,550.00 per per 10 10x 10 x 10booth booth spacespace required. required. Make Make checks checks payable payable to to AFS AFS 2011 2011 Annual Annual (Four(Four or moreor more booths, booths, discount discount $200 $200 off offeach each booth) booth) Meeting.Meeting. The The balance balance will will be bedue due by byJune June 1, 20111, 2011. Applications. Applications Crafters/NonCrafters/Non-Profit-Profit : $500.00 : $500.00 per per 10 10x10 x10 booth booth submittedsubmitted after after June June 1, 1, 2011 2011 must must be be accompanied accompanied by by full full * To* To qualify qualify for for member member rate, rate, the the exhibiting exhibiting company company payment.payment. mustmust hold hold a sustaining, a sustaining, official, official, or orassociate associate membershipmembership with with AFS AFS CancellationsCancellations received received on on or orafter after April April 15, 15, 2011 2011 and and prior prior to to JuneJune 1, 20111, 2011 will will be beassessed assessed a cancellationa cancellation fee fee equal equal to 50%to 50% NumberNumber of Boothsof Booths Total Total Cost Cost of of the the total total exhibit exhibit space space rental rental fee. fee. Cancellations Cancellations received received –––––––––––––––– –––––––– –––––––– afterafter June June 1, 20111, 2011 will will be beassessed assessed a cancellationa cancellation fee fee equal equal to to 100%100% of theof the total total exhibit exhibit space space rental rental fee. fee. WeWe would would like like to beto belocated located near near CHECK:CHECK: ______AmountAmount enclosed: enclosed: $______$______WeWe would would rather not be located near rather not be located near CREDITCREDIT CARD CARD (Circle (Circle One): One): Visa Visa MasterCardMasterCard ______AFSAFS reserves reserves the the right right to assignto assign an analternative alternative choice choice based based on on NameName as asit appears it appears on oncard card availabilityavailability. . WeWe agree agree to abideto abide by bythe the AFS AFS 2011 2011 Annual Annual Meeting Meeting ______BoothBooth Reservation Reservation Terms Terms and and Conditions Conditions specifie specified ond onthis this CardCard Number Number boothbooth reservation reservation form, form, which which are are made made part part hereof hereof by by ______reference.reference. Exp.Exp. Date Date 3-digit3-digit Security Security Code Code ______Signature______Signature______SignatureSignature

RETURNRETURN COMPLETED COMPLETED FORM FORM WITH WITH DEPOSIT DEPOSIT TO TO AmericanAmerican Fisheries Fisheries Society, Society, 5410 5410 Grosvenor Grosvenor Lane, Lane, Suite Suite 110, 110, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD MD 20814, 20814, Attn: Attn: Shawn Shawn Johnston Johnston

QuestionsQuestions about about the the Trade Trade Show? Show? Please Please contact contact Shawn Shawn Johnston, Johnston, AFS AFS Trade Trade Show Show Coordinator, Coordinator, 301 301-897-897-8616-8616 X 230,X 230, [email protected]@fisheries.org

HostedHosted By: By: AFSAFS Washington Washington- - AmericanAmerican Fisheries Fisheries BritishBritish Columbia Columbia SocietySociety ChapterChapter AFSAFS Western Western Division Division

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 97 UNIT News: AFS MEMBERS in HALL OF Fame

Robert J. Behnke 2011 Colorado

Freshwater Fishing The Robert J. Behnke ( AFS mem- ber, ‘54) papers include a vast array of Hall of Fame created and collected material repre- senting his many years as a consultant Enshrinees and Inductees with experts, students and interested parties on his specialty of studying the are Announced trout and salmonid families of fishes. The first series of the collection consists of general research topical files contain- On August 16th and Four of these leaders are AFS ing information about genetics, water 17th, 2010 our Awards Members! conditions (limnology), management of Richard O. Anderson Committee met in Hayward, fisheries and conservation challenges Michigan for fish populations, on the locations of Wisconsin. They consisted of As Leader of the Coop Fishery many species of fishes around the world a very talented and devoted Unit, Richard ( AFS member, ‘51) with concentration on the Northwest cross section of our fresh and his graduate students (at the regions of the U.S. and research about University of Michigan) conducted the various specific species within his water sportfishing leaders research on fish population dynamics specialty. The second series consists of —people who have made in ponds and reservoirs. He actively focused research, based on Behnke’s a lasting national impact to promoted a change in the goal of work, directly related to his publications, fishery management from the tradi- the benefit of fresh water teaching and consulting work. These tional maximization of harvest to one topical files pertain to published and sportfishing. They are: of optimizing yields and benefits. unpublished books and papers, profes- Richard recognized over harvest of sional and personal correspondence, Bill Gautsche (Wisconsin); largemouth bass and other game fish reprinted articles of a wide variety of as a primary challenge for fishery Larry Colombo (Alabama); studies, drafts of manuscripts, photo- managers. Based on the results of his copied or original articles and newspa- Clem Dippel (Wisconsin); original research with a slot length per clippings, legal papers related to his Mike Dombeck (Wisconsin); limit, he promoted more protective consulting work with fishery and water James Gammon (Indiana); size limits to improve and sustain the biological integrity (balance) of fish issues, reports and studies by universi- Elmer Guerri (Indiana); populations and communities and ties, fish and wildlife agencies and other Bruce Holt (Washington); the quality of fishing. Proportional related groups. Robert participated in Tim Lesmeister (Minnesota); Size Distribution (PSD) and relative symposia on fishes and retained student weight (Wr) are indices he developed papers and theses of interest to him. Gil Radonski (North Carolina); and promoted for fishery managers Also present are materials from his Vin Sparano (New Jersey); to recognize problems and opportu- teaching classes in various aspects of fish Burt Steinberg (Missouri); nities and establish measurable man- species and environment. There are pho- agement objectives. Richard taught tos, maps, diagrams for use in published Wendy Williamson (Wisconsin); his new approaches at workshops works, memorabilia and papers related Gregg Wollner (Minnesota) in 21 states and provinces between to organizations and societies for which and Forrest Wood (Arkansas). 1977 and 1983. he had membership. 98 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Paul Brouha Robert B. Ditton Fisheries. Robert was an avid traveler and Vermont Texas had amazing opportunities to travel all over the world doing what he loved. He Paul (AFS member, ‘73) began his During Robert’s (longtime member was part of many projects in Norway, career as a fish manager in Wisconsin of AFS) long successful career, he taught Mexico, Canada, Australia, Italy, Hungary, in 1974. The U.S. Forest Service’s (USFS) a number of classes at the graduate Jordan, Guatemala, Finland, Ireland, recognition of the need to develop a level focusing on Human Dimensions Dominican Republic, Portugal, Korea, recreational fishing policy required aquatic/ of Fisheries and Outdoor Management. Galapagos Islands, Ecuador and more. fisheries expertise. Paul joined the USFS, He advised a large number of graduate He was invited to speak and present his attracted by this exciting new aquatic students and was respected by all who research in many places. One of his great- resource direction. Paul left Wisconsin worked with him. He served in many est honors was teaching classes in Wuhan, for a staff biologist position at the Shasta editorial positions for numerous scien- China and South Korea. Robert retired in –Trinity National Forest in California. Later tific journal publications including but September 2007 as Professor Emeritus he became Northern Regional Fisheries not limited to North American Journal in Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences and Program Manager. He was next promoted of Fisheries Management, Fisheries, Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences. Dr. to National Fisheries Program Manager in Society and Natural Resources, Journal of Robert Ditton passed away October 30, USFS headquarters in Washington, DC, Human Dimension of Fish and Wildlife 2009. http://wfscnet tamu.edu/news_dit- the top fisheries job with the USFS. Here Management, ton.html. Paul emerged as a national leader, building Leisure Sciences support for and institutionalizing a fisher- (Editor-in-Chief), ies/aquatic habitat program in the Forest Coastal Zone Service’s 155 national forests across the Management country. Paul’s thrust was to underpin this Journal and the program with science with the focus on Journal of Leisure habitat protection and improvement. Paul Research. He was an early champion of using econom- co-wrote 3 books ics of both commercial (salmon) and and hundreds of recreational fishing in successfully making journal articles and the case to U.S. Department of Agriculture papers in his field and the U.S. Congress to adequately fund of expertise. Robert fish habitat management and access to was affiliated with a fishing in the national forests. Paul lead number of profes- a coalition of state and national fisheries sional organizations leaders who crafted the foundation for including American the Forest Service’s “Rise to the Future” Fisheries Society, fisheries program, that by 1992 grew to Texas Chapter- exceed $40 million staffed by over 300 American Fisheries professional fisheries biologists. Nationally Society, National recognized for his leadership skills and Recreation and success, Paul was selected as the Deputy Park Association, Director of the American Fisheries Society Society for Park (AFS) and shortly promoted to Director and Recreation following Carl Sullivan’s retirement (Note: Educators and AFS O.S. System, Inc. Carl Sullivan is Enshrined). Paul’s leader- Committee on the ship at AFS had an astounding and lasting Human Dimensions impact on the AFS, the major international of Recreational fisheries professional society.

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 99 Every1Counts Membership Recruitment Campaign

Earn recognition…….Win prizes……Help AFS grow! Did you know that most of our members join because someone like you asked them? Send one email Make one phone call Have one conversation That’s all it takes to recruit a new member and participate in AFS’s Every1Counts Membership Recruitment Campaign — and you’ll receive recruiter points, win great prizes and earn recognition from your colleagues! Take the initiative today. Recruit a member – or two, or more! How it works: All members in good standing may participate. You will receive a point for each new member recruited through the end of August 2011, and will be recognized in Fisheries. Everyone will receive a prize, even if you recruit just one new member. Please be sure to have the new member recruit enter your name on the membership application. Top recruiters will be awarded as follows: 3rd place – complimentary AFS membership for the following calendar year, and a choice of an AFS book 2nd place - $100.00 gift certificate to your favorite sporting goods store 1st place – complimentary registration to the AFS Annual Meeting in Seattle So send that email today, talk to your colleagues, and help AFS become a stronger advocate for you and your profession. Meet our newest members: Tim Allen Maurice Crawford William Haase Nicole Legere Daniel Peterson Justin Spaulding Donald Anadu Joshua Dub Alexis Hall Marylise Lefevre Dan Prince Emilie Springer Marshall Bailey Jihong Dai James Hawhee Justin Leon Enrique Pugibet Molly Stevens Sara Bangen Ben Dickinson Walter Heady Tyler Linderoth Geoff Rabone Jacob Stockton Kira Baranowski Kari Dammerman Jeff Hendrickson Matthew Litvak Joe Reisdorf Andrea Stoneman Adam Barrager Kiley Danc Billy Hensley Randal Loges Anne Reynolds Jennifer Stoutamore Dyhia Belhabib Michael Downs Benjamin Hlina Michael Lloyd Jessica Rohde Gregory Stunz Dale Bertelson Danielle Duncan Bruce Higgins Courtney Lyons Melissa Rhodes-Reese Steven Sutton Nick Bertrand Robert Dunn Keiko Hirokawa Chris Manhard Ryan Rindone John Swanson Rachael Blevins Erika Eliason John Hook Laurinda Marcello Matthew Robinson Daniella Swenton Chris Bowser Aaren Ellsworth Allison Hrycik Joe Mazza Jared Ross Brian Tate Parker Bradley Robert Euchner William Humbert Jamie McKellar Stuart Running Andrew Taylor Tanya Brunner James Europe Dan Isaak Megan McKim David Ruppel Kristen Taylor Stacey Buckelew Tina Fairbanks Jennifer Jacobs Stephanie Meggers Dave Rutz Suzanne Teerlink Steve Budnik Ashley Ferguson Sheila Jacobson Melissa Meiner-Johnson Brandi Sangunett Ben Trerise Kaden Buer Patrick Ferguson Caroline Jezierski Brett Miller Scott Shasteen Kelly Turek David Buzan Gilbert Flores Kevin Job Seyed Saeed Mirzargar Nicholas Shaw John Vile Andrew Carlson David Fowler Jason Kaczor Katie Moerlein Kevin Schab Justin Carney Trevor Fox Elizabeth Kandror Cinamon Moffett Michael Schmidt Dominic Vitali Ignacio Alberto Catalán Jens-Ole Frier Iris Kemp Leslie Moore Lee Schoen Rachael Wadsworth Adam Challice Heather Fuller Justin Keesee Ethan Mora Grant Scholten Lila Warren Catherine Chambers Jeanette Gann Constance Kersten Reid Morehouse Cody Schrader Joel Webb Christopher Cheek Damon Gannon H. George Ketola Ernie Niemi Mike Selckmann Chantel Wetzel Ellen Chenoweth Greg Gaulke Nicole Kierl Kevin Ott Robert Sims Ciaran Whatley Roger Chong Marc Gendron Ronald Koth Andy Otting Bridget Smith Amanda Wiese David Clausen Rosalinda Gonzalez Michael Kohan Veronica Padula Michael Smith Gerrish Willis Brendan Coffin Dayna Green Jessica Kosiara Jackie Patt Nicholas Smith Shay Wolvert Nathan Cooley Matthew Gruntorad Melissa Kracke Laure Pecquerie Willia Smith Patricia Woodruff Craig Corpstein Danielle Haak Sean Larson Pablo Perez Martinez Travis Snyder Adam Zaleski Travis Crist Travis Haas Christopher Leckie Logan Perkins Timothy Softye Syeda Zohra

100 Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Win the honor of having YOUR writing published In Fisheries!

Student Writing Contest Now Accepting Submissions

Submission deadline The American Fisheries Society Student April 15, 2011 Writing Contest recognizes students for excellence in the communication of fisheries SbSubmi ssi ons should be research to the general public. directed to: Undergraduate and graduate students are Walt Duffy encouraged to submit a 500‐ to 700‐word California Coop Fish & article explaining their own research or a Wildlife Unit, Humboldt research project in their lab or school. The State University, Arcata, CA article must be written in language 95521 understandable to the general public (i.e., journalistic style). The winning article will be published in Fisheries. Questions? Call Walt Duffy at (707) 826‐ Students may write about research that has 5644 or email been completed, is in progress, or is in the [email protected] planning stages. The papers will be judged according to their quality and their ability to turn a scientific research topic into a paper for the gene ra l publi c aadnd will be scor ed based upon a grading rubric. Check the AFS Web site (www.fisheries. org) awards page for the grading rubric.

Fisheries • v o l 36 n o 2 • f e b r u a r y 2011 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 101 EMPLOYERS: To list a job opening on the AFS Online Job Center submit a Announcements: position description, job title, agency/company, city, state, responsibilities, qualifications, salary, closing date, and contact information (maximum Job Center 150 words) to [email protected]. Online job announcements will be billed at $350 for 150 word increments. Please send billing information. Listings are free (150 words or less) for organizations with Associate, Official, and Sustaining memberships, and for Individual members, who are faculty members, hiring graduate assistants. If space is available, jobs may also be printed in Fisheries magazine, free of additional charge.

Fisheries Biologist II, Association of Qualifications: For a full job description, Qualifications: Degree in fisheries or Village Council Presidents, Alaska contact Lema at the below e-mail or call related field or equivalent experience. Salary: JC 45 her at 1-800-478-3521 or 907-543-7340 Understanding of salmon culture Closing: Until filled Contact: [email protected] techniques. Maintenance experience. Under the provisions of P.L. 93-638 Supervisory experience preferred but not Responsibilities: Natural Resources qualified Indians/Alaska Natives are provide required. Must pass pre-employment drug Supervisor: Natural Resources Director dpreference in filling vacancies. EEO. screen and possess current drivers license. FLSA status: Exempt Salary range: Competitive wages, DOE. Responsible for the program management Fish Culturist, Prince William Sound, Benefits include housing and utilities, and administration of fisheries projects and Aquaculture Corporation, Alaska health insurance, annual leave, relocation other fisheries related issues for the Yukon- Salary: TBD benefits, 403 b retirement plan. Satellite Kuskokwim delta villages as established Closing: Until filled service for internet, phone, and television by the Natural Resources Department Responsibilities: Be responsible for all possible. aspects of cultivation and rearing of Contact: www.pwsac.com or call 1-800- director. Serve as a liaison between tribes salmon including propagation, harvest and 884-1331. Send or fax completed of the AVCP and outside entities to analysis of data, provide assistance to the application, resume and letter of interest to address management and policy concerns hatchery maintenance and improvement Human Resources, PWSAC, PO Box 1110, utilizing his/her own professional discretion program and lead crews of seasonal Cordova, Alaska 99574, fax 907-424- regarding fisheries. fisheries technicians. 7515, [email protected], [email protected]

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