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U.S. UNCLASSIFIED REL NATO, GCTF, ISAF, MCFI, ABCA For Official Use Only MULTINATIONAL INTEGRATION Multinational Integration Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 - Global Environment and Challenges 3 Future Strategic Environment in an Era of Persistent Conflict 3 MAJ Paul S. Oh, U.S. Army The Struggle Against Global Insurgency 19 Dr. Daniel G. Cox Eliminating High Seas Piracy: Legal and Policy Considerations 27 James P. Terry China’s New Security Strategy for Africa 33 Jonathan Holslog Chapter 2 - USAFRICOM 45 Overview/Operations of U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) 45 LTC Leda Rozier U.S. Army Africa: A Team Like No Other 53 MG William B. Garrett III Exercise in Africa Breaks Many Molds 57 Rita Boland The Battlefield Surveillance Brigade as a Joint and Multinational Task Force Headquarters: 560th BFSB Lessons from Exercise 61 Natural Fire 10 in Uganda COL Peter C. VanAmburgh i CENTER FOR ARMY LESSONS LEARNED Chapter 3 - USCENTCOM 67 Operational Design for ISAF in Afghanistan: A Primer 67 Julian D. Alford and Scott A. Cuomo The Use of Airpower in Combating Terrorism in Iraq 77 Staff Maj Gen Qaa’id K. M. Al-Khuzaa’i, Iraqi Air Force Predator Command and Control: An Italian Perspective 85 Colonel Ludovico Chianese, Italian Air Force Chapter 4 - USEUCOM 99 USAREUR: Building Partner Capacity for the Future GEN Carter F. Ham, Commanding General, U.S. Army Europe and 99 Seventh Army Strengthening the Bridge: Building Partnership Capacity 103 ADM James G. Stavridis, U.S. Navy; and COL Bart Howard, U.S. Army Chapter 5 - USNORTHCOM 109 The Future of Warfare: Canadian Counterinsurgency Manual Reflects US-Canada “Synergy” 109 Anthony Fenton The Enduring Value of NORAD 113 Gen. Victor E. Renuart Jr. USAF Chapter 6 - USPACOM 121 U.S.-Vietnam Defense Relations: Deepening Ties, Adding Relevance 121 Lewis M. Stern Unlocking Russian Interests on the Korean Peninsula 133 Major John W. Bauer ii MULTINATIONAL INTEGRATION Fires in the Pacific’s Theater Security Cooperation Plan 141 COL Jack K. Pritchard Chapter 7 - USSOUTHCOM 145 Time to Improve: U.S. Defense Structure for the Western Hemisphere 145 Dr. Craig A. Deare Islamic Terrorist Activities in Latin America: Why the Region and the US Should be Concerned 157 Renee Novakoff War Without Borders: The Ecuador-Colombia Crisis of 2008 and Inter-American Security 167 Dr. Gabriel Marcella iii CENTER FOR ARMY LESSONS LEARNED Center for Army Lessons Learned Director Colonel Thomas Joseph Murphy Division Chief Larry Hollars CALL Analyst Kevin Makel Production Coordinator/Editor Joey Studnicka Graphic Artist Dan Neal Distribution Manager Candice Miller The Secretary of the Army has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business as required by law of the Department. Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine or feminine gender is used, both are intended. Note: Any publications (other than CALL publications) referenced in this product, such as ARs, FMs, and TMs, must be obtained through your pinpoint distribution system. iv MULTINATIONAL INTEGRATION Introduction The following collection of articles and reports are focused on multinational training and operations. The articles are categorized in the following areas of interest: global environment and strategic challenges; and the geographic Combatant Commands: USAFRICOM, USCENTCOM, USEUCOM, USNORTHCOM, USPACOM, and USSOUTHCOM. In a complex and changing world with enduring and emerging challenges, this newsletter cover a range of issues relating multinational training and operations, the strategic environment, and challenges of each geographic area. The articles should not be considered as all-inclusive or as a complete guide to each region. In some instances, the information may be slightly dated, or opinions and conclusions of the author(s), but it is our determination that many of the thoughts, lessons, and insights are valid and enduring. Each article, representing only a small diverse slice, was selected to highlight an aspect of a Combatant Command area of responsibility, and give a thought-provoking perspective to each region and an understanding of the activities and challenges taking place there. In many instances, the ideas presented in these articles are personal opinion, and in some cases, are not approved the U.S. Government, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Army. Any recommendations in these articles should always be validated with the latest approved U.S. government policies and U.S. Army and joint doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures. This newsletter is an effort to capture relevant articles published in recent professional journals and, the Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) archives to provide a historical document for future reference. CALL acknowledges and thanks the professional journals and authors who permitted the reproduction of these articles and, in some instances, were personally involved in assisting CALL in the formatting process. CALL editors note: Minor modifications to format were made by CALL editors to support the CALL newsletter format. In some instances, pictures that were not referenced in the narrative were deleted to save space. Every effort has been made to give appropriate credit to the author(s) and professional journals. 1 MULTINATIONAL INTEGRATION Chapter 1 - Global Environment and Challenges Future Strategic Environment in an Era of Persistent Conflict M AJ Paul S. Oh, U.S. Army Reprinted with permission from the July-August 2009 issue of Military Review. Framing the Future strategic environment in an era of persistent conflict is an immense challenge.1 Unlike during the Cold War era, the United States no longer has an overarching paradigm through which it can view the world. Nonstate actors and irregular warfare dominate America’s attention as it continues to fight insurgencies while coping with terrorist threats like Al-Qaeda. Traditional threats persist in places like the Korean peninsula, while the rise of China presents the prospect of a future strategic competitor. Increasingly global forces in economics, the environment, and health have greater impact on citizens worldwide. The U.S. is not sure how to structure, fund, and oversee its national security apparatus to meet these future challenges. No overarching paradigm suffices, and the United States faces the prospect of racing from one crisis to the next. Several institutions have conducted studies to help policymakers plan for national challenges beyond the next 20 years. Among the most recent are Mapping the Global Future by the National Intelligence Council; Joint Operating Environment by United States Joint Forces Command; Forging a World of Liberty under Law by the Princeton Project on National Security; The New Global Puzzle by the European Union Institute for Security Studies; and Global Strategic Trends Programme by the British Ministry of Defense Development, Concepts, and Doctrine Centre. These studies suggest the trends that will characterize and shape the future strategic environment: globalization, demographics, and the rise of emerging powers, the environment and competition for resources, non-state actors and challenge to governance, and advances in technology. These trends will present complex, multidimensional challenges that may require careful use of the military along with other instruments of national power. To respond to this future strategic environment, the United States will most likely be involved in three types of missions: expeditionary warfare to manage violence and peace, defense of the command of the commons, and homeland defense. The land forces will spearhead expeditionary missions to “contested zones” to protect American interests abroad. 2 Sea, air, and space forces will counter threats to the American command of the commons—air, sea, space, and cyberspace—where the Ameri can military currently has dominance. The military will also support the interagency effort in homeland defense as technological advances weaken traditional natural barriers to attack on U.S. soil. Future Trends of the Next 20 Years Globalization will force future trends that present both optimistic and pessimistic likelihoods. The good - In Mapping the Global Future, the National Intelligence Council calls globalization the overarching “mega-trend” that will shape all other trends of the future.3 Globalization is an amorphous concept, but here it is meant in its broadest definition—the increasingly rapid exchange of capital, goods, and services, as well as information, technology, ideas, people, and culture.4 Markets for goods, finance, services, and labor will continue to become more internationalized and interdependent, bringing immense benefits to the world as a whole.5 Globalization will continue to be the engine for greater economic growth. The world will be 3 CENTER FOR ARMY LESSONS LEARNED richer with many lifted out of poverty. It is unclear, however, whether a richer world where America has less relative economic power will be better for the United States in terms of its global influence.6 Studies before the recent economic shock had expected the global economy to be 80 percent larger in 2020 than in 2000, with average per capita income 50 percent higher.7 According to the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the world economy will grow at a sustained annual rate of 3.5 percent between 2006 and 2020.8 The United States, European Union, and Japan will likely continue to lead in many high-value markets, with the United States continuing to be the

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