Introduction: The Greek Magical Papyri...... 1 I. General Character...... 1 1. Modern Editions and Translations...... 1 2. The History of Greek and Demotic Magical Papyri and Magical Handbooks...... 2 II. Defixionum Tabellae and Magical Amulets...... 4 III. Characteristics of the Greek Magical Papyri...... 5 1. Greek Language...... 5 2. Hymns...... 5 3. Categories of Spells...... 6 4. The Magical Operation...... 6 IV. The Focus and Methods of the Monograph...... 8 1. Magic - Definition...... 8 2. The Concepts of the Divine in the Greek Magical Papyri: Chapter Description...... 9

Chapter 1: The Religio-Philosophical Concept of the Personal Daimon and the Magico-Theurgic Ritual of Systasis...... 11 I. Introduction...... 11 II. The PGM Spells...... 11 1. “Systasis with your own daimon”{PGM VII.505-528)...... 11 2. Untitled spell for dream revelation {PGM VII.478-490)...... 21 3. Untitled spell concerning your own shadow {PGM III.612-632)...... 22 4. “The erotic binding spell of Astrapsoukos” {PGM VIII. 1-63)...... 24 III. Conclusion...... 31 Chapter 2: The Religious Concept of Paredros...... 35 I. Introduction - The Basic Concept of Paredros...... 35 II. Paredroi as Daimones...... 37 1. “A daimon comes as an assistant” (PGM 1.1-42)...... 37 2. “Power of the Bear constellation that accomplishes everything”{PGM IV. 1331-1389)...... 38 III. Paredros as the Resurrected Spirit and Body of the Dead...... 39 A. Scholarly Discussion...... 40 B. The issue of the resurrection of the dead in the spells...... 41 1. “King Pity s’ spell that leads over any skull cup” {PGM IV. 1928-2005)...... 41 2. “Divine assistance from three Homeric verses” {PGM IV.2145-2240)...... 42 3. “Pitys’ spell that leads”{PGM IV.2006-2125)...... 42 C. The purpose of reanimating the dead in the magical rite...... 43 IV. Paredros as the God Eros...... 48 V. Paredros as the Spell Itself and as a God, or Goddess Revealed as Another Entity...... 48 1. “Spell of Pnouthis, the sacred scribe, for acquiring an assistant”{PGM 1.42-195)...... 49 2. “Spell to Selene”{PGM I.147ff.)...... 50 3. Untitled spell to acquire a divine assistant (PGM LVII. 1-37)...... 51 4. The “Lunar spell of Klaudianus and ritual of heaven and the Bear constellation over lunar offerings” {PGM VII.862-918)...... 52 5. “The old serving woman of Apollonius of Tyana” (PGM XIa.1-40)...... 53 VI. Paredros as Divine Assistance from Homeric Verses and an Object...... 56 VII. The Relationship between the Paredros and the Magician...... 57 VIII. Conclusion...... 60

Chapter 3: The Concept of God through Manifold Religious and Philosophical A ssim ilations...... 63 I. Introduction...... 63 II. Helios...... 63 1. “Spell to bring the god” (PGM IV.985-1035)...... 64 a) Helios the greatest god, lord Horus Harpocrates...... 64 b) Helios holding the reins and steering the tiller, restraining the serpent...... 65 c) Helios - praised, Iao...... 66 2. “This is the (consecration) ritual for all purposes. Spell to Helios”(PGM IV. 1596-1715)...... 67 d) Helios - the gracious Good Daimon...... 67 e) Helios - Sabaoth Adonai, the great god...... 69 f) Helios - the Cosmokrator, the Thalassokrator, Heaven as Helios’ processional way...... 71 3. “[Systasis to] Helios”(PGM III.494-611)...... 73 g) Helios - the image, the whole of the cosmos; forms and names...... 73 4. “Systasis with your own daimon”(PGM VII.505-528) h) Helios - the Mixture of the Cosmic Nature...... 77 5. Hymn “To Helios”(PGM IV.939-948)...... 79 i) Helios - 4>ucnxainvpdg dpxcd or cpuori xainvpog dpxy)...... 79 III. Eros...... 86 1. “Eros as an assistant”(PGM XII. 14-95)...... 86 2. “The sword of Dardanos”(PGM IV. 1716-1870) ...... 88 IV. The Creator-God...... 95 1. “Prayer of Jacob”(PGM XXIIb. 1-26)...... 95 2. “Oracle of Kronos demanding, called little mill” (PGM IV.3086-3124)...... 96 3. “[Systasis to] Helios”(PGM III.494-611)...... 97 4. “The sword of Dardanos”(PGM IV. 1716-1870) ...... 97 5. “A little ring”(PGM XII.201-269)...... 98 6. The use ofxti '£co...... 98 V. Aion...... 100 1. “Divine assistance from three Homeric verses” (PGM IV.2145-2240)...... 101 2. “GOD/GODS; A sacred book called Monad or Eighth Book of Moses about the holy name” (version A. 1-343 fromPGM XIII. 1-734)...... 102 3. “A little ring”(PGM XII.201-269)...... 104 4. “Stele” (PGM IV. 1167-1226)...... 105 5. “Another way”(PGM V.459-489)...... 107 VI. Chrestos...... 109 1. “Releasing from bonds”(PGM XIII.288-295)...... 110 a) Orthographical and interpretation issues: The scholarly discussion...... 110 b) Analysis of the spell - Influences and Religious Assimilations...... 112 i) Chrestos as the creator...... 113 ii) Chrestos as “the one who created Compulsion and Punishment and Torture”...... 114 iii) The “release” and “open up” formula...... 117 iv) Chrestos “biaios”: Mechanisms of appropriation and integration...... 119 VII. Dionysus-Osiris...... 122 A. Osiris...... 123 1. “Pitys’ spell that leads” (PGM IV.2006-2125)...... 123 B. Dionysus...... 124 i) Explicit references to Dionysus...... 124 1. Untitled Spell{PGM XIII.734-1077)...... 124 ii) Allusions to Dionysus...... 124 1. “A daemon comes as an assistant” (PGM 1.1-42)...... 125 2. “Excellent philtron”{PGM VII.459-461)...... 125 3. “Cup spell” (PGM VII.643-651): Dionysus-Osiris Assimilation...... 126 4. “This is the (consecration) ritual for all purposes. Spell to Helios” (PGM IV. 1596-1715)...... 129 VIII. Hekate-Selene-Artemis...... 130 1. “Prayer to Selene” (PGM IV.2785-2890)...... 131 2. “Erotic spell that leads” (PGM IV.2441-2621)...... 133 IX. Hermes-Thoth-Hermes Trismegistos...... 137 A. Hermes-Thoth...... 137 B. Hermes Trismegistos...... 139 C. The Religious and Philosophical Assimilations...... 139 1. Untitled spell for revelation (PGM V.370-446)...... 139 2. “The erotic binding spell of Astrapsoukos” (PGM VIII. 1-63)...... 141 3. “Lamp divination” (PGM VII.540-578)...... 142 X. Typhon-Seth...... 143 A. The Symbolism of the Blood of Typhon-Seth...... 144 B. The Religious and Philosophical Assimilations...... 145 1. “Spell to restrain anger and to subject” (PGM VII.940-968)...... 145 2. “Nephotes to Psammetichos immortal king of Egypt” (PGM IV. 154-285)...... 146 3. “Spell to restrain” (PGM XXXVI. 1-34)...... 148 4. Untitled Spell (PGM XIVc.l6-27)/“Spell to cause ‘evil sleep’”{PDM xiv.675-694)...... 148 5. “Separation spell” (PGM XII.365-375)...... 148 XI. Sarapis...... 150 1. Untitled erotic spell (PGM XIXa. 1-54)...... 151 2. “Oracle of Sarapis” (PGM V.1-53)...... 151 3. “This is the (consecration) ritual for all purposes. Spell to Helios”{PGM IV. 1596-1715)...... 151 4. “Another way”{PGM V.459-489)...... 151 XII. Isis...... 152 1. “The erotic binding spell of Astrapsoukos” {PGM VIII. 1-63)...... 153 2. Untitled spell to acquire an oracle (/“Great Isis the lady”) {PGM XXIVa. 1-25)...... 153 3. Untitled spell for protection ((OuXaxT^piov)) {PGM VII.490-504)...... 154 4. Untitled spell to acquire a divine assistant {PGM LVII. 1-37)...... 154 XIII. Aphrodite...... 155 1. “Erotic spell that leads” {PGM IV.2891-2942)...... 155 2. “Aphrodite’s name”{PGM IV. 1265-1274)...... 158 XIV. Bes(as)...... 159 1. Spells: “Request for a dream oracle from Besas” {PGM VII.222-249) and “Request for the dream oracle of Besas”{PGM VIII.64-110)...... 159 2. “Stele of Jeu the hieroglyphic in his letter” {PGM V.-96-172)...... 161 3. “A restraining seal”{PGM IV.2125-2139)...... 162 XV. Divine Epithets and Identities...... 162 XVI. Conclusion...... 164

E p ilo g u e...... 171

Appendix 1...... 175 Appendix 2...... 177 Appendix 3...... 178 Appendix 4...... 180 Appendix 5...... 182 Appendix 6...... 184 Appendix 7...... 190

Bibliography. 193 Index of Greek Words...... 229 Index of Sources...... 234 Index of Modern Authors...... 249 Index of Names and Subjects