EVERYTHING ABOUT COFFEE

1 Content

Foreword

1. The Legend and History of Coffee

1.1. The legend of coffee

1.2. The Real History of coffee

2. Coffee production from bean to cup

2.1. Coffee growing

2.2. It’s all in the roast

2.3. Grinding tips

2.4. Processing

2.5. Soluble coffee

2.6. Decaffeinated coffee

3. Coffe and England

3.1.

4. Famous way for serving coffee

2 4.1. Espresso

4.2. Turkish Coffee

5. Coffee facts and figures

5.1. Most expensive coffee beans

5.2. Art and coffee

5.3. Coffee Myth vs. Fact

FOREWORD

I do not know about you , but I can not start one single morning without a generous cup of black coffee. I feel like I have forever loved coffee , because I can not remember when I had my first cup or to have refused a cup. It`s not about addiction or need , it`s just the fact that I enjoy drinking coffee in every way :espresso, cappuccino, Turkish coffee, pot made and at every time of the day .

I have recently realized that my entire family loves coffee, even if it`s about the cup they grab in a hurry every morning and even on Sundays when the whole family is round the table sipping together a cup of pot made coffee my by our grandma.

I am always impressed by its aromma , especially because my grandma owns a brewer and she only does coffee with freshly grinded coffee. So as I was once watching her brewing the coffee , I started to wonder, where coffee come from? I had to know everything about coffee- history , origins, production and many other interesting facts about it .

3 When I was to pick a topic for my final papper at english , I had no hesitation in choosing to write about coffee. I found out that coffee it`s the second most traded commodity in the world and many other interesting facts that I would like to share with you.

1.The Legend and History of Coffee

1.1 The Ethiopian legend of the coffee bean The story of coffee has its beginnings in Ethiopia, the original home of the coffee plant; coffee Arabica, which still grows wild in the forest of the highlands. While nobody is sure exactly how coffee was originally discovered as a beverage, it is believed that its cultivation and use began as early as the 9th century. The only thing that seems certain is that it originated in Ethiopia, from where it travelled to Yemen about 600 years ago, and from Arabia it began its journey around the world.

The Ethiopian legend surrounding the discovery of the coffee bean revolves around an inquisitive goat herdsman Kaldi. Kaldi's goats' behavior became suspiciously noisy, exaggerated, and enthusiastic one afternoon. He observed his goats eating a bright red cherry off nearby trees. In interest, Kaldi decided to try one of these obscure berries and was excited to discover the berries had the same energetic effect on him as it did his goats. Kaldi sped home to his wife with his pockets stuffed with these berries. She was as

4 excited as he was and, convinced they were a gift from God, sent Kaldi to their local monastery. The monk was skeptical of this so-called miraculous discovery and declared the berries from the devil while throwing them into the fire. An enticing aroma began to saturate the room drawing other monks in curiosity. They knelt down and scooped up the now roasted berries to cover them with hot water for preservation. That night the monks sat up drinking the rich fragrant brew and discovered for themselves the novel sense of elation and energy. They committed to drinking the brew every night to help them stay awake during night prayers.

From Ethiopia, the ingenious coffee beans made their way north to Yemen and eventually became a staple drink in Arabia. Over time the legend of and love for coffee spread throughout Europe and was eventually exported to various colonies around the world. An insignificant goat herdsman in the solitude of the Ethiopian hills made one of history's most significant beverage discoveries that has led to revolutions, epiphanies, innovations, and a socially based coffee-drinking culture.

It was the Arabs who first roasted coffee, produced it, and marketed it as a drink in defiance of a ban issued by the religious authorities in Mecca.

1.2 The history and origins of coffee

African Origins (Circa A.D. 800)

Coffee berries, which contain the coffee bean, are produced by several species of small evergreen bush of the genus Coffea. The two most commonly grown species are Coffea canephora (also known as Coffea robusta) and Coffea arabica. These are cultivated in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted, undergoing several physical and chemical changes. They are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor.

5 They are then ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways.

Coffee has played an important role in many societies throughout modern history. In Africa and Yemen, it was used in religious ceremonies. As a result, the Ethiopian Church banned its consumption until the reign of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. It was banned in Ottoman Turkey in the 17th century for political reasons, and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe. Noted as one of the world's largest, most valuable legally traded commodities (after oil), coffee has become a vital cash crop for many Third World countries. Over one hundred million people in developing countries have become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income. Coffee has become the primary export and backbone for African countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia as well as many Central American countries.

A coffeehouse in Palestine (1900).Coffee was initially used for spiritual reasons. At least 1,000 years ago, traders brought coffee across the Red Sea into Arabia (modern-day Yemen), where Muslim monks began cultivating the shrub in their gardens. At first, the Arabians made wine from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries. This beverage was known as qishr (kisher in modern usage) and was used during religious ceremonies.

Coffee became the substitute beverage in spiritual practices where wine was forbidden. Coffee drinking was briefly prohibited by Muslims as haraam in the early years of the 16th century, but this was quickly overturned. Use in religious rites among the Sufi branch of Islam led to coffee's being put on trial in Mecca: it was accused of being a heretical substance, and its production and consumption were briefly repressed. It was later prohibited in Ottoman Turkey under an edict by the Sultan Murad IV. Coffee, regarded as a Muslim drink, was prohibited by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians until as late as 1889; it is now considered a national drink of Ethiopia for people of all faiths. Its early association in Europe with rebellious political activities led to its banning in England, among other places. 6 Growing Regions

Today coffee is grown in a multitude of countries around the world. Whether it is Asia or Africa, Central or South America, the islands of the Caribbean or Pacific, all can trace their heritage to the trees in the ancient coffee forests on the Ethiopian plateau. Coffee cultivation wandered east and west, eventually forming a belt roughly bounded by the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

Growing regions typically offer moderate sunshine and rain, steady temperatures around 70ºF (20ºC), and rich, porous soil. In return the delicate tree yields beans that are an economic mainstay for dozens of countries and about 25 million people—and, among natural commodities, have a monetary value surpassed only by oil. Of the two main coffee trees, arabicas beget the better beans—and about 70 percent of the harvest. The harsher beans of the hardier robusta tree account for about 30 percent.

Coffee Comes to Europe

European travelers to the Near East brought back stories of the unusual dark black beverage. By the 17th century, coffee had made its way to Europe and was becoming popular across the continent. Opponents were overly cautious, calling the beverage the ‘bitter invention of Satan.' With the coming of coffee to Venice in 1615, the local clergy condemned it. The controversy was so great that Pope Clement VIII was asked to intervene. Before making a decision however, he decided to taste the beverage for himself. He found the drink so satisfying that he gave it Papal approval.

Despite such controversy, in the major cities of England, Austria, France, Germany and Holland, coffee houses were quickly becoming centers of social activity and communication. In England ‘penny universities' sprang up, so called because for the price of a penny one could purchase a cup of coffee and engage in stimulating conversation. By the mid-17th century, there were over 300 coffee houses in London, many of which attracted patrons with common interests, such as merchants, shippers, brokers and artists. 7 Many businesses grew out of these specialized coffee houses. Lloyd's of London, for example, came into existence at the Edward Lloyd's Coffee House.

Plantations Around the World

As demand for the beverage continued to spread, there was tense competition to cultivate coffee outside of Arabia. Though the Arabs tried hard to maintain their monopoly, the Dutch finally succeeded, in the latter half of the 17th century, to obtain some seedlings. Their first attempts to plant them in India failed but they were successful with their efforts in Batavia, on the island of Java in what is now Indonesia. The plants thrived and soon the Dutch had a productive and growing trade in coffee. They soon expanded the cultivation of coffee trees to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes.

The Dutch did a curious thing, however. In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam presented a gift of a young coffee plant to King Louis XIV of France. The King ordered it to be planted in the Royal Botanical Garden in Paris. In 1723, a young naval officer, Gabriel de Clieu obtained a seedling from the King's plant. Despite an arduous voyage -- complete with horrendous weather, a saboteur who tried to destroy the seedling and a pirate attack -- he managed to transport it safely to Martinique. Once planted, the seedling thrived and is credited with the spread of over 18 million coffee trees on the island of Martinique in the next 50 years. It was also the stock from which coffee trees throughout the Caribbean, South and Central America originated.

Coffee is said to have come to Brazil in the hands of Francisco de Mello Palheta who was sent by the emperor to French Guiana for the purpose of obtaining coffee seedlings. But the French were not willing to share and Palheta was unsuccessful. However, he was said to have been so handsomely engaging that the French Governor's wife was captivated. As a going-away gift, she presented him with a large bouquet of flowers. Buried inside he found enough coffee seeds to begin what is today a billion-dollar industry.

8 In only 100 years, coffee had established itself as a commodity crop throughout the world. Missionaries and travellers, traders and colonists continued to carry coffee seeds to new lands and coffee trees were planted worldwide. Plantations were established in magnificent tropical forests and on rugged mountain highlands. Some crops flourished, while others were short-lived. New nations were established on coffee economies. Fortunes were made and lost. And by the end of the 18th century, coffee had become one of the world's most profitable export crops.

Etymology

The term was introduced to Europe via the Ottoman Turkish kahve, which is, in turn, derived from the Arabic: qahweh. The origin of the Arabic term is derived either from the name of the Kaffa region in western Ethiopia, where coffee was cultivated, or by a truncation of qahwat al-bunn, meaning "wine of the bean" in Arabic. The English word "coffee" first came to be used in the early to mid-1600s, but early forms of the word date to the last decade of the 1500s. It comes from the Italian caffè. In Ethiopia's neighbor Eritrea, "bunn" (also meaning "wine of the bean" in Tigrinya) is used. Also the Amharic and Afan Oromo name for coffee is bunna.

Most arabica coffee beans originate from Latin America, eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee beans are grown in western and central Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil. Beans from different countries or regions usually have distinctive characteristics such as flavor, aroma, body, and acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffee's growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such as Colombian, Java or Kona.

9 2. Coffee production from bean to cup

2.1 Coffee growing

The coffee tree is a small evergreen of the genus coffea, has smooth, ovate leaves and clusters of fragrant white flowers that mature into deep red fruits abut ½ inches (1.27 cm) long. The fruit which is green when young, then yellow and then bright red when ready for harvesting, usually contains two seeds – these are the coffee beans. The coffee plant prefers the cool, moist, frost-free climate found at higher altitudes in the tropics and subtropics. Optimum growing conditions include: a temperature of about 75ºF (24ºC); well-distributed annual rainfall of about 50 in (127 cm) with a short dry season; and fertile, deep, well-drained soil, especially of volcanic origin. While coffee can be grown from sea level to c.6,000 ft (1,830 m) – indeed, coffea robusta is produced at low elevations in West Africa – the better coffea arabica grades are generally produced above 1,500 ft (460 m). Strong winds limit coffee production and therefore coffee is often grown in the shelter of taller trees.

The coffee tree will start to bear fruit three to four years after planting. A coffee tree yields its maximum sometime between its fifth and tenth year and may bear fruit for about 30 years.

2.2 It’s all in the roast In its natural state, a coffee bean has plenty of caffeine, protein, acids, water and sugar but very little flavour, and therefore needs to be roasted. During the roasting process, its interior reaches about 400ºF, upon which it produces the aromatic oils that give coffee its

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