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An Archeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Haig Point, Webb, and Oak Ridge Tracts, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina James L

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An Archeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Haig Point, Webb, and Oak Ridge Tracts, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina James L University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Research Manuscript Series Institute of 2-1983 An Archeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Haig Point, Webb, and Oak Ridge Tracts, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina James L. Michie Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Michie, James L., "An Archeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Haig Point, Webb, and Oak Ridge Tracts, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina" (1983). Research Manuscript Series. 179. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/179 This Book is brought to you by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Manuscript Series by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Archeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Haig Point, Webb, and Oak Ridge Tracts, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina Keywords Excavations, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina, Archeology Disciplines Anthropology Publisher The outhS Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology--University of South Carolina Comments In USC online Library catalog at: http://www.sc.edu/library/ This book is available at Scholar Commons: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/179 AN ARCHEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF THE HAIC POINT, WEBB, AND OAK RIDGE TRAC~rS, DAUFUSKIE ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA by James L. Miohie Researoh Manusoript SE3ries 187 Prepared by The Institute of AroheoLogy and AnthropoLogy University of south CaroLina CoLwnbia, South CaY'oLina February 1983 •I Iii·.... The Univepsity of South CapoLina offeps equaL oppoptunity in its empLoyment, admissions and edu~ationaL a~tivities, in a~~o~an~e with TitLe IX, se~tion 504 of the RehabiLitation A~t of 1973 and othep ~iviL pights Laws. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES. v LIST OF TABLES • vi ACKNOWLElXJMENTS • vii MANAGEMENT SUMMARY • viii ABBREVIATIONS. THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF DAUFUSKIE ISLAND. 1 Physieat Environment. 1 Loeation •• 1 Geotogy, Geomorphotogy, and SoUs. 1 Hydrotogy. 6 Biophysieat Environment • 8 Ftora. 8 Fauna. 11 Considerations of a Pateoenvironment • 13 AN ARCHEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF SOUTH CAROLINA PREHISTORY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE WWER COASTAL PLAIN • 19 Pateo-Indian Period • 19 Arehaie Period. 20 Woodtand Period • 22 Mississippian Period. 23 Historie Period • 24 Historieat Baekground of Daufuskie Istand • 25 Earty History of Daufuskie Istand. 26 Nineteenth Century OWnership of Haig Point • 27 Changing Patterns of Land Use on Daufuskie • 27 An Areheotogieat Overview of the Projeet Area. 34 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES. 35 Introduetion. 35 Researeh Design • 35 Survey Methodotogy. 37 SITE DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION. 41 Prehistorie Sites • 41 Site Deseriptions. 43 Historie Sites Data • 55 Introduetion • 55 Historie Cemeteries • 75 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Page SITE DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION (Cont.) Sites of PotentiaL Significance ••••••••• ... 80 Haig Point Tpact • 80 Webb Tpact •••• ••••••••••• 82 Oak Ridge Tpact. ••••••••••••••••••• 83 The Cemetepies ••••••••••••••• 83 Recormnendations. •••••• • ••• · ... 83 Haig Point Tpact • ••••••••••••• 83 Webb Tpact. ••••••••••••••• 84 Haig Point Cemetepy • ·. 85 Othep Considepations•• . .. .... · ... 85 Summapy ••• ••••• 85 REFERENCES ........... .. .. APPENDIX A - Cpemated Human Remains fpom the BLuff site, 38BU135, Daufuskie IsLand, South CapoLina • •••••• .. · . APPENDIX B - A SummapY of the Aptifact AssembLages fpam the Histopic Sites RecoPded DUPing the Daufuskie IsLand ApcheoLogicaL Supvey, Daufuskie IsLand, South CapoLina •• iv ! J LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE 1: Site Map of Daufuskie IsLand · ... 2 FIGURE 2: Hardwood swamp in Haig Point tract ·. ..... 4 FIGURE 3: Freshwater marsh near Union Baptist Church • 4 FIGURE 4: Drainage ditch in the Haig Point tract 5 FIGURE 5: Drainage ditch in the Haig Point tract • ·· · ·· . 5 FIGURE 6: Landfo~ of Daufuskie IsLand showing high and Low topography. .. ·· · ·· · . .. 7 FIGURE 7: Photograph of Daufuskie IsLand aLong the western edge.. 13 FIGURE 8: Photograph of Daufuskie IsLand on the northeastern side. •••••••••• ·. .. FIGURE 9: smaLL pines near Union Baptist Church •• · . .. 10 FIGURE 10: ReLict Live oak in the vicinity of Haig Point•• · ... 10 FIGURE 11: Eustatic sea LeveL curve based on submarine and gLaciaL morphoLogy and radiocarbon dating. ••• 15 FIGURE 12: Proposed sea LeveL fLuctuations based on geoLogicaL and archeoLogicaL info~ation and radiocarbon dates. •• 16 FIGURE 13: PLat of Daufuskie IsLand in 1860 •••• ·... 28 FIGURE 14: Map of Daufuskie IsLand, 1920 U.S.G.S., showing Limited settLement ••••••• ·... .. .. 32 FIGURE 15: Map of Daufuskie IsLand, 1945 U.S.G.S., showing greatest popuLation density • ••• 33 FIGURE 16: Probing for the depth of a sheLL midden •• · .. 38 FIGURE 17: DispLaced sheLL midden on the edge of the isLand •• •• 39 FIGURE 18: SevereLy eroded beach. .... ·. 42 FIGURE 19: Beach erosion• ••••• · ... 42 FIGURE 20: SampLe of points from east beach • ·..... 44 FIGURE 21: Map of site Locations• •••• ·..... 45 FIGURE 22: PLan view of the BLuff site•• . .. .. 46 v LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.) Page FIGURE 23: Western edge of the BLuff site ·.. .... 47 FIGURE 24: Site map of Webb traet •• . ... .. 49 FIGURE 25: Rabbit Point sheLL midden. .... .. 49 FIGURE 26: Tabby eompLex on Haig Point traet. ·.. 56 FIGURE 27: Tabby stY'Ueture on Haig Point traet. • . .. ... 57 FIGURE 28: Profile of test pit A., 38BU153G •• 59 FIGURE 29: PLan view of test pit A•• . ... 60 FIGURE 30: Lower House site •••• ·. .... .. .. 62 FIGURE 31: Haig Point Lighthouse. ....... ..... 64 FIGURE 32: Stratigraphy of test pit and Haig Point Lighthouse • 65 FIGURE 33: PLan view of Haig Point Lighthouse privy • . ..... 66 FIGURE 34: The Webb site. .. .. ... 69 FIGURE 35: The Woodwa~ site. ... .. ... 72 FIGURE 36: Historie Middens site. · · . ... FIGURE 37: Historie Middens site. · . ·. ....... 74 FIGURE 38: South Tabby site . · ·. .. ·.. 76 FIGURE 39: Grave goods at Haig Point CemeteI']j • ·. .. 78 LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 1: VegetationaL histoI']j of South CaroLina • ·...·.. .. 14 TABLE 2: A euLturaL sequenee for human oeeupation in the Lower CoastaL PLain of South CaroLina. ••••• · .. 21 TABLE 3: 1850 agrieuLtUY'aL eensus for residents of Daufuskie IsLand., South CaroLina . · · . · .. ·· . · . 30 TABLE 4: 1860 agrieuLturaL eensus for residents of Daufuskie IsLand., South Carolina . · · . · .. ·· . · . 31 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With a great deal of pleasure we acknowledge the efforts of Edward D. Stone, Jr., and Associates to insure the protection of cultural resources on Daufuskie Island. It is through such interest and understanding, as demonstrated by these gentlemen, that substantial advancements can be made towards understanding the heritage of South Carolina and the cultural sys­ tems that have operated in this state for the past twelve millennia. Among those many responsible for the project is David S. Armbruster, who has con­ tinued to work effectively and efficiently with everyone involved with the project; Charles Cauthen, who thoughtfully provided the crew with excellent living accommodations in the Haig Point Lighthouse and who cooperated fully wi th the goals of the project; Dr. Robert L. Stephenson, Director of the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, who served as co-principal inves­ tigator and who provided his knowledge, cooperation, and expertise with the administration of the project. During the field reconnaissance many people contributed their volun­ teer labor. Thanks to Drs. John and Carolyn Winberry, Department of Geo­ graphy, University of South Carolina, for their field assistance and con­ sultation; Dr. Michael H. Logan and Elizabeth Logan for their assistance; and Robert N. Strickland , University of South Carolina-Lancaster, for his help; Scott Kinsey; Kathleen King; Bert Rayle; Dr. Claude M. Cupp; and Sammy Lee. During the last phase of the project Cynthia Aulbach-Smith, Bot­ anist with the Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, and Dr. Douglas Rayner, Botanist with South Carolina Marine and Wildlife Resources, gave freely of their time and knowledge concerning plant identification. Local residents were especially helpful for providing information about historic and prehistoric sites, and for providing specific services. Bob Burn and James Alberto allowed us to analyze their relic collections and knew about site locations, and Mrs. A. L. Burn, Postmaster, gave us a considerable amount of information about local cemeteries and other his­ toric places. Thomas and Bertha Stafford and Walter Simmons also provided information about the island and its graveyards. Brief and numerous con­ versations with other island residents helped the project. Transportation problems were solved by Jake Washington, Mrs. A. L. Burn, Bud Bates, and Jim Batey. All of these people made the survey a reality. Last, and certainly not least, I am indebted to James D. Scurry, archeological assistant, and Michael C. Taylor, field assistant. Scurry dealt primarily with the historic components and research and tracked down documents and information that were almost impossible to find. His research included South Carolina and Georgia. The sections dealing specifically wi th the history of Daufuskie and its historic sites were compiled by Scurry. Taylor assisted both of us in the fieldwork, laboratory analysis, and archival research, and found time during
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