f I

No. I. OCTOBER, 1902, Vot. VIII.

SOUTH PLACE ··MAGAZINE

EDITED BY W. J. REYNOLDS.

, Contents PAGE. ETHICS, SCIENCE AND VIVISECTION ...... 1 By MONA CAIRO. H AROLD SEYLER - IN MEMORIAM ...... 5

WILLIAM JOHNSON FOX ...... 9 By J. H . , BRITISH EMPIRE SERIES...... 10 By H. C. CORRESPOND ENCE ...... 11 NOTES AND COMMENTS ...... 11 NOTICES ...... 14

Monthly , 2d.,

o It 25. 6d. PE tt ANN U M I I) 0 S T F R E E

~OI\~OI\ SOUTH PLACE ETHICAL SOCIETY, FINSBURY, KC. A. & H . B . BONNER. 1&2 TOOK'S COURT, FURNIVAL STREET, E.C 'llufq ilart @fqiraI ~llritty. ------...... South Place Chapel & Institute, Finsbury, E .C ~ Object of the Society. " The object of the Society is the cu.itivation of a rational religious sentiment , the study of ethical principles, and the promotion of human welfare, in harmony with advancing knowledge. " OCTOBER, 1..902. Tlte jollowi7lg DISCOURSES will be delivered 011 S!llIday 1II01'ltWgS, Service beginnillg at 11.15. October 5th.-HERBERT BURRO WS .•, Christ In London." A th I 1. "If with all your heans " (Elljah) ...... At .III/clssoI",. n ems 2. iI As tben tbe tulip" and 11 Alas! that Spring J' (Persian Garden) Llhman". H 1No. 16. "Once in the busy streets" (0. B. I17) ymns No. la. "A IIltle child, in bulrush ark" (0. B. 61) October 12th.-M rs. ANNIE BESA NT.-" India and England." Antbems I J. :: O. pr~y [or the ~,eace" ...... Tllolllt. 2. PIlgnm s Song ...... TschaikQwsky. H mns I No. 96. "Honour to bim who freely gives" (0. B. 514) y No. 77. "Man whose boast it is that ye" (0. B. 386) Oct ober Igth.-Dr. CHARLES LENTZNER (of tbe Oriental Seminary, Berlin).­ " Modern Classics and Eth ical Culture." Anthems \ 1. "Now ariscth the sun of liberty" ... Mo.art. 2. "My beart is weary" (Nadeshda) ...... Goring Thomas. H mn I No. 112. 11 A dreamer dropped a random thought" Y S No. 33. 11 There is a song now singing" (0 B.170) October 26th.-HERBERT BURROWS.-" Rationalism and Life." Anthems I I. "Salve Rcgina" ...... Ha"ptma",•. •. "I will extol Thee" (Ell) ...... Cosla H I No. 29· "Truth is great and must prevail" (0. B. 160) ymns No. 30. "Hast thou, 'midst life's empty noises? " (0. B. 161) S U NDAY S CHOOL. The Children meet in the CHAPEL every Sunday morning, at 11.15, and tbeir lesson is given in the CIa ..-room during the discourse. Members and friends wishing tbeir children to attend the school are requested to communicate with the Superintendent. October 5th. D. J. RtOER ... " Tatlcrley." 12th. W. VARIAN ... lI Sermons in Stones." 19th. Miss F . A. LAW ••. " Symbols." 26th. H . F . GOULO ... " Cbarles Darwin."

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No. I. Vo!. VIII. 1902. • d. Monthly. O CTOBER, 2&. Od. por annum, poet trl'e.

The writels of Articles appearing it! tltis Magazillc al'e alotle I'CSPollsible jor the opinions thereit! expressed.)

ETHICS, SCIENCE AND VIVISECTION.

IN his interesting article on the "Province of Ethics and the Province of S ience" in the August number of this Magazine, Mr. Elwes does much to supply the key to the position of the opponents of vivisection, though he is dislosed to accuse the much refuted hand of having no position worth mentioning. In the distinction between Ethics and Science, Mr. Elwes (who speaks in the name of Science) is emphasising a point on which all careful opponents of vivisection have invariably laid insistent stress. Tt is the defenders of the practice who have obscured the distinc­ tion by declaring indignantly that they alone are the judges in this question, and that the agitation against their work is an unwar­ rantable and mi chievous interference. The reply to this is: Science and Ethics are distinct: you, as men f science are not, as such, especially competent to decide on the right and wrong of the matter. In that, the public has a claim to a voice, eeing that it involves the problem of the rights of animals which is an ethical and not merely a scientific question. Indeed your special interests and enthusiasms tend to disqualify you, to some extent at least, from judging the ethical point. ft is of course the true policy of the pro-vivisector to bring the battle to his own field, and his efforts will generally be found to be directed to concentrating the argument on the scientific value of his experiments. It not eldom happens that his opponent unwisely allows himself to be led on to this ground, and to admit, by infer­ ence, that he might consent to a practice which he began by denouncing as a crime, if once he could be convinced that its fruits are sufficiently tempting. Thus the whole question of ethics is confused with that of science, while the" Good of Humanity" is treated from the neces­ . arily limited point of view of one profession only (that of the physiologist) to the total ignoring of that more general "good of humanity" which hangs at least as much upon the principles on which man founds his Jaws and his sentiments as upon the parti- ular knowledge which he might (per assumption) acquire respecting nerves and organs, or the particular preparation of diseased animal matter which medical experts might see good to introduce into the z blood of a confiding people, with their will or against it, according as the balance of power at the moment might decide. It is not in a wilfully controversial spirit that 1 make this effort to re-examine the logical principle which underlies-or ought to underlie-opposition to this practice. Mr. Elwes cannot restrain a scientific £lout or so at anti-vivisec­ tors in the course of his article, and this perhaps is not unnatural j for to all but those who have made a special tudy of the tre­ mendous principles involved in this con trover y, the opponents of science (as they are called) must indeed seem easily assailable, especially on the ground of inconsistency. By Mr. Elwes' showing their dilemma is most serious. If, he argue, they hold it wrong to torture animals for great scientific and humanitarian ends, surely they ought to hold it more wrong to "inflict pain and death merely to provide food not absolutely necessary," and for other purposes less important. This argument, to begin with, treats death and torture as if there were no distinction between them. It is as if one were to reply to an opponent of the rack or the thumbscrew, that the objection was absurd in one who failed to protest also against war, capital punishment, and even again. t imprisonment which involves some painful experience to the victim. The criticism quoted above from Mr. Elwes' article, virtually amounts to no more than this. It seems to be at this date, the natural first-hand vie,," of the case j that is, the view induced in the public mind after about twenty years of legalised vivisection. Previous to that, the first­ hand impression produced by the practice (then outside the realm of law) was intense indignation, as will be seen by anyone who cares to study the early history of the movement. By this signi­ ficant fact we may trace the reconciling effect of familiarity with what is horrible j the inevitable trend of sentiment towards acquies­ cence and finally applause when it deals with a duly recognised and State-supported institution. The present first-hand view, whi h Mr. Elwes hares, implies that the subject has never been fully onsidered: otherwise it would be een that the accusations of inconsistency that assail the so-called enemies of science are entirely irrelevant. For the opponent of vivisection in that capacity has no locrical concern with any lesser wrong to animals than that which' hf~ opposes. Hc is not, of necessity, their defender from all kinds of treat­ ment which might (or might not) be held unjustifiable. He makes no claim to have solved the whole difficult problem of the relations of man to his weaker brethren. That is the work perhaps of centuries to come. He does not even ask his country­ men to take a novel view of right or wrong or to a cend fresh heights of ethical achievement. He asks them only to desist from 3 following a steep downward path; he pleads with them that they shall not be unfaithful to the great principle already accepted when ivilised man said to himself: "deliberate torture as a means to an end is vile and abominable, fit only for medireval dungeons and the prisons of the Inquisition. We will suffer it no more." That pronouncement-barring individual lapses-roughly re­ presents the ethical standard at which man has arrived, as shown hy his sentiments, his laws, civil and military, and his general conduct in society. In awful emergencies, in violent passions, horrible cruelties are still committed, but they are not committed with State connivance and provided with instruments and establishments for the purpose. No plea of religion or policy-even that 'of national defence­ is now permitted as a justification for systematic and organised tor­ ture. In the seeming exception to this rule, it will be seen in aJmost every case that the torture is an accidental rather than an essential part of the practice. Now the opposer of experiments on living animals claims for these "little brothers ", as St. Francis called them, that they shall enjoy the benefit which, logically, the ethical status of their age already accords them; he urges that they have a claim under existing standards to immunity from organised torture, and he asserts that it j only because a powerful body of men have received a special charter, denied to all other interests, that such an obvious and initial right of a sentient creature has come to be infringed upon. Just as in the days of the ascendency of the Church, when Religion employed cruelty as a means to her ends, so Science, her heir and successor in dominion, adds torture to the implements of her power. But if this anachronism is to be submitted to, if science be allowed a means so awful for her great ends, why may not the same indulgence be legitimately claimed by Religion, as of old, by Art, and other avocations dear to human progress? Indeed it was claimed by Art in the days of the Medici when a too logical painter hearing of the malefactors delivered over for vivisectional purposes to learned professors, protested his equally pure motive, and suc­ ceeded in obtaining a wretched prisoner whom he was allowed to have crucified in order that he might paint a moving picture of the Crucifixion, and so serve Art and Religion economically at one and the same time . . If a good object excuses the over-riding of individual rights, why it does excuse it, and the Society that permits it in one case has no excuse [or refusing it in another. That animals have rights, is a serted as a premiss by their de­ f nders. It is not necessary to seek assent to the doctrine that these rights are inherent and transcendental: they are claimed simply as the necessary result of the conclusions at which mankind has ar­ rived. When once men abandoned the idea of Might and Right b ing interchangeable terms (which, as a matter of fact, they never 4 seem to have really held), the weaker among sentient beings at once acquired some rights, and if any rights at all, then undeniably the right to immunity from the worst of wrongs. And here is the essential point in the position of the anti-vivi­ sector. Starting 1'-0112 OU1- present mm-at level, he proclaims the exist­ ence of animals' rights, and on this ground protests against the illo­ gical exception which permits a special interest and profession to infringe upon the first, most elementary right which any living creature can po sess, viz., the right not to be made the victim of deli­ berate and organised torture. If it has not this it has nothing. This i tlie very least that can possibly be granted to a being capable of feeling pain. Without it, the creature is in the position of a stick or a stone, which has no rights, and can have none, inso­ much as it can suffer no wrongs. (The measure of the capacity to enjoy and to suffer, it may be said in parenthesis, is the measure C?f all rights, and gives the clue to the difference between those of animals and those of men.) Now the infringement of so elementary a right is not a matter of small importance in a community, however unimportant the victims. If acquiesced in by the entire public it means the abandonment of the very root-idea of social cohesion : viz .. the existence of rights irrespective of strength to enforce them. If the community i not ready, and indeed ardent in defence of a right for its own sake irrespective of the status of the possessor, then the real bonds and safeguards of tha~ society are slackened, and from aggression on the weakest it will-and must from the very nature of the human mind-proceed to aggression on more important members of the State, till at last no one whose martyr­ dom offered a sufficient bait to his fellows would be safe from even the worst of wrongs. This process would doubtless be eu­ phoniously called" the just sacrifice of the individual for the good of the community". Grant to a particular body a monopoly of certain cruel methods, permit them to over-ride rights on the plea of a good object, and at once the principle is established in the most striking and authori­ tative manner possible: that an important end is sufficient in itself to justify atrocious means. ow this principle bores a large hole (logically speaking) in the social ship through which the whole ocean of arbitrary aggression may pour in, till literally no one is safe from the good motives of his neighbour, and the devoted vessel founders miserably. A Reign of Terror is the natural outcome of such a doctrine. As some parodoxical student of human nature has said: "A man must be an extraordinarily good man before he may be guided by his conscience." At any rate, defenceless creatures cannot justly be delivered over to the tender mercies of physiologists merely because they assure us their conscience applauds cutting these creatures up alive! 5 The evil produced by this practical illustration of a dangerous principle is especially great in this particular case, because it is enforced by a grave, able, and revered profession whose work is understood to be-and so often is-for the benefit of mankind. The instinct is to believe that what they think right and "neces­ sary " must be so, the importance of their object casting a halo of sacredness over their methods. Thus they are insidiously doing grievous barm to the very race which they are unscientific enough to try to serve by obscuring its moral sense. Even in the elementary stages of human existence there has always been a sentiment at work that finds its sanction in omething other than physical force; and it is thi sentiment wherein the rights of every man, woman, child, and animal are rooted past all hope of logical dislodgement; unless indeed the bold assailant is willing to tear also from their mother-earth the very roots of the great Tree of Life-itself, that tremendous growth of human consciousness and intellect and heart that we call Society. It is exactly this root-principle of social cohesion that the prin- iple of vivisection threatens, and thus the denial of elementary ju tice to the weakest of our brethren comes back in sinister form and direst consequences upon humanity, in whose name the atrocity has been perpetrated. It is not a little astonishing that this aspect of the matter-the evil con equences-has to be dwelt on in order to deter civi­ lised men and women from actually seizing upon sensitive and helple s creatures and dissecting them alive! As for setting to work to find virtuous excuses for su h deeds-the idea would seem absolutely preposterous were it not for the staggering fact that sane and good-hearted persons are solemnly doing that "ery thing every day. One has sadly to remind oneself that good people may hold hideous doctrines (did not Marcus Aurelius sit and watch the gla­ diatorial contests in the amphitheatre ?), and that one dare not . ubmit one's faith to even the most respectable authority. If there is any power or beneficence in justice, compassion, re­ spect for rights; if mercy and chivalry are anything more than pretty names with which sentimental people like to amu e them­ selves-then the cause of tortured animals is one of the great causes of the world, and it carries with it issues that are "'oven into the very texture and fibre of human destiny. MONA CAIRD.

HAROLD SEYLER.

IN MEMORIAM.

THE sad news given in the eptember number, that one of the most useful and promising members of the outh Place Ethical Society met with his death under peculiarly distres ing circum­ stances, could receive no more than bare mention, as it came to hand just at the moment of going to press. 6

Harold Seyler was one of those who may be called the children of the Society, for the whole of his intellectual life was fo rmed under the influences many only come into late in life. Very early he threw himself into the activities of South Place, assisting every one of them that he felt able to, and showing plainly that his heart was in the work to no ordinary extent. His gay and happy tem­ perament led him naturally to further those social features that have occasionally led critics to imagine the serious work of Our Society must of necessity be neglected. Our young comrade's life was perhaps the best answer to this complaint, for while never at a loss to help the pleasant things of Our common life, he was equally apt at the prosaic details of finance or the never-ending clerical work he cheerfully took upon his young shoulders. 0 eager, steady and determined was he to give his whole leisure to assist our common ends, that of late years he came to live in the City, to be nearer to his work. When it is remembered that this devotion was found in one only twenty-nine years of age, some idea can be formed of how much this young life promised for the future, and how great a loss hi friends and colleagues have sustained in his un­ timely death. Amid the gloom the disaster brings, there is just one beautiful ray of light. The trouble has evoked such a wealth of kindly feeling, that even those who are most cruelly struck by the blow are profoundly touched by the universal sympathy accorded them. A common sorrow has brought hand to hand, and heart to heart, as only s rrow can. It does not repair the disaster, nothing will do that; it does not assuage the grief, time alone can accom­ plish that. But the love and sympathy that is given to the bereaved, and the tenderness that will ever linger round the memory of our lost comrade, enable us, in the familiar words of Dr. Conway's beautiful poem, to " win from the storm its music sweet."

A short service was held at the Crematorium Chapel, Waking, on the Wednesday following the accident, conducted by Mr. W . J. Reynolds, who, after suitable readings, gave the following address: "Dear Friends,-'iVe are meeting here to-day under exceptionally sad circumstance to take our final leave of one who was very dear to many of us, and who has been snatched from us suddenly and pre­ maturely by one of tho e unforeseen calam ities that shake the nerves even of the strongest. Death is not always cruel and harsh, hard though it may be for loving survivors ever to think of it otherwise. Coming in the evening of life, when the flesh is weary, and when a long record of usefulness can be no more added to, Death seems rather to beckon as a friend who says, (Come to thy well-earned rest.' cc But in this sad case, we have a young life full of promise, with the fulfilment of that promise of necessity still largely in the future; a life that just in proportion as it raised our expectations in its open­ ing years chills u with regret when its delicate thread is rudely snapped; so hopeful a life with such a premature end, strikes down sternly the customary words of comfort that readily rise to our lips when mature life passes away. No words can mitigate the terrible 7 force of disappointments like this, and if we are to find consolation it must be in thoughts deeper and wider than are found in personal issues. And such consolations as death will permit us to wring from its tragedies, are best found when we attempt to gather up the less?ns ~f the life that has gone. For every bfe has its lessons. Nothmg IS more significant than the truth that we do not live unto ourselves. Whether we plod through every step of life's longest path, or a re turned aside with the journey scarce begun, our influence is for the time, be it long or short, falling on those around us and being incorporated with their lives. And this is perhaps more than usually the case when we happen to be bound together in a Society for some earnest purpose. Then we form part of a brotherhood, and our influence on one another is great indeed. If, then, we would console ourselves for the loss of a young comrade, we should try and understand what his life teaches us, what we can finc! in his inner character that we should like to enter into our own, what there is in his 'all too incomplete work that may serve us as a stimulus, or help us hetter to cherish his memory. " So intimately was he kJlOwn to many of you, so open was his life, that few words will call to mind the salient points of his character. Chief among these was his cheerful sunny heart, that made his pre­ sence ever welcome. In these dull grey days, when imagination is in decay, and the sparkle of humour is becoming well nigh unintelligible, a merry heart i so mething to be treasured. For below the fair surface is often that kind of wisdom that consists in seeing things in proportion, and that sense that does not disdain to win happy moments from the small things of life. These m ay seem trifles, but life is largely made of such, and those who can carry into the social relations cheerful dispositions and continual bonhomie, help many a one less !l"ifted with those bright characteristics; so tha t the world generally IS sweet r and better for their presence. In the sunshine they diffuse, gentle h"ppy feelings grow apace; harsh and angry ones die down, for the latter haunt the dank and gloomy soil. Thus the final word must be that not only is the cheerful heart not infrequently the wise one, but it m nkes for moral worth in addition. We need not, then, fear to remem ber our dear comrade's sunny ways, or think of them as the mere trifling side of his character, for were we gifted with the ability to trace out con equences in human actions to their limits-if there are limits-we might find that of all the forces the individual has power to set in motion, the influence emanating from a cheerful heart is the most potent of them all. " It is said that we have all the defects of our qualities, by which, of course, is meant that, given certain good qualities, we cannot have certain other good qualities that are in the n ature of in compatibilities. But real life abounds in surprises, and if we think that those who seemed destined to diffuse the sunshine of life, cannot do aught else. we a re happily confuted by even the short life of our youthful col­ league. It may be that the instances are not as frequent as we would wish them to be, but nevertheless it does occur that Nature welds to­ gether in the same individual what we ignorantly suppose to be oppo­ site characteristics, producing a new harmony, a higher synthesis than our superficial judgments would have deemed possible. It is a great delight to witness the growth of new possibilities in this direction, and to see, as we did see in our friend , the serious purpose, the strong en­ deavour, the steady perseverance, and untiring capacity for work in a good cause, grafted on to his bright and happy nature. For some 8

years-long enough to try the reins of one lacking in purpose, he took upon himself a task involving continual hard work for the good of our ociety-a task that must have often taken him from the sunshine he loved to the cause he loved still more. vVith the utmost precision he was ever at his self-appointed task, giving for Humanity the skill and leisure many would consider their most cherished personal possessions. Such work takes away the faintest possibility of thinking our friend was one of the bright and happy ones and nothing more. He was one of our brave steady workers, and we must place a burel on his bier for that alone. In the microcosm of our Ethical Society, as in the macrocosm of the great movements outside, the veterans are falling one by one. It is inevitable, and regrets at losing their \Vi dam and experi­ ence are vain. Those, too, of the second rank are pt'e sing on to the same end, and must in the nature of things follow their predecessors. But to the young, when they show a kindly nature, a capacity to work for others, a steadiness of character; all our hopes turn. vVe feel tbat the nobler tbings of the future rest with them, tbat the world in reality belongs to tbem, and when one of them falls, we feel the times are in­ deed out of joint. We are inclined then to the old world speculations a to how the worth-the finer qualities, the delicate and beautiful part of the character may be gathered up so as not to be cast to the void. But long ago those of us who accepted the rational principles in whicb our friend lived and died, saw that we must merge our per anal desires for immortality in the permanence of the race. We saw that' the indi­ vidual withers, while the race is more and more '. Let it be so. But if we seek, as we may surely seek, to pre- erve the finer, purer part of a human life-the true psyche­ we can, relying, as we feel we must, upon human means, accompli h it only in one way. 'Ve must gather tip whate\'er wa noble in those who have gone before, incorporate it with our O\\'n inner­ most nature, and hand it on to our successors. And if we see that it i not merely transmitted with idle indifference. but strengthened and enriched with the best we ourselves can bring; then the good life achie\'es its immortality. Death i , in a measure, then defeated, for though it lays the body, the soul, in the trulr t, purest, and best ense, moves down the ages, and animates the race. Let us think thu of our dear young friend, whom we leave to-day, let us take tenderly, generously, lovingly, all the good we remember of him as we would wish our own lives to be remembered if haply it mi~ht be; and with those sweet memories we need hardlv think of him as one dead, for in oberness and in truth he is living in our hearts." One who was very close to our lost friend sends the follow­ ing line as a tribute to his brother worker; and as their cadence will find an echo in many another heart, they will fittingly conclude this memorial:-

ONLY TWENTY·NINE BRIEF PASSING SUMMERS HAD GIVEN WELCOME TO HIS SUNNY PRESENCE, BUT THESE HE HAD so GLADDENED WITH THE FLOWERS CALLED HAPPY MEMORIES, THAT IN TilE GARDEN OF THE HEARTS OF THOSE THAT LOVED HIM THERE IS NO GAP FOR THOUGHT OF \VINTER. 9

WILLIAM ]OHNSON FOX.

FEW indeed of those who may, from Sunday to Sunday, look upon the by no means idealised portrait of the most celebrated of South Place Ministers, which hangs on the front of the Chapel gallery, can have seen him in the flesh. And fewer still can have known him In the spacious days of the Anti-Corn Law League. To that great m ajority to whom W . J. Fox is little more than a n ame, the following vivid sketch of that famous man-one who, but for the accident of his position as a minister of religion, competent judges declare would have risen to a commanding position in the political world- this description of him cannot fail to be note­ worthy; while to all , old and young, who, as members or otherwise, are, or have been, directly connected with SOuth Place, it must be something more than a record and reminiscence. The quotation is from M1'. Augustus Mongredien's " History of the Free Trade Move­ ment " (CasseJl's Monthly Sh.ill ing .Library) :- " On the 28th September, 1843, the first public meeting convened by the (Anti-Corn Law) League at Covent Garden Theatre took place. Mr. George Wilson, as permanent Chairman, presided. Every part of the vast a rea was crowded to excess. Richard Cobden, and, after him, Mr. (John) Bright spoke, and their two admirable and effective speeches elicited enthu iastic applause. "Then there came forward a round-faced, obese man, of small stature, whom (if you avoided looking at his eyes) , you might take to be a person slow of comprehension, and slow of utterance- a sleek, satisfied, perflaps sensual person-a calm, patient, and somewhat lethargic man. The only thing remarkable about him (always except­ ing his eyes) , was a mass of long, thick, black hair, which waved over his neck and shoulders. This man spoke, and the vast audience was thrilled br hi s wonderful eloquence. "It was \i\. J. Fox, the Unitarian minister, and afterwards mem­ ber for Oldham. The moment he began to speak he seemed another man. His large brown eyes flashed fire, and his impressive gestures imparted dignity to his stature. His voice displayed a combination of power and sweetness, not surpa sed even by the mellow bass tones of D aniel O'Connell in his prime. His command of language seemed unlimited, for he was never at a loss, not only for a word, but for the right word. Not argumentative and persuasive like Cobden, or n atural and forcible as 1\1r. Bright, his forte lay rather in appealing to the emotions of his audience, and in this branch of the oratorical art his power was irresistible. "An eye-witness (Prentice: History of the Anti-Corn Law League) says : 'So beautifully articulated was every syllable, that his stage-whisper might have been heard at the farthest extremity of the gallery. The matter was excellent, aboun,ding with neatly-pointed epigram, cutting sarcasm , withering denunciation, and a rgument condensed and urged with laconic force .... The speech read well , but the reader could have no conception of its effect as delivered, with a bea uty of elocution, which Macready, on these same boards. might have envied. The effect, when he called on his hearers to bind themselves ID a solemn league never to cease their labours till the Corn Laws were abolished was electrical, thousands starting 011 their feet, with arms extended, as if ready to swear extinction to monopoly.''' J. H . 10

BRITISH EMPIRE SERIES.*'

THE promoters and publishers of the series of volumes, of which the one under consideration completes the undertaking, may alike be congratulated on the scope and merits of their enterprise. And as an indication of the vast and varied interests included within that singu­ lar aggregate known as the British Empire, the last volume, dis­ tinguished by the term General, is of the most importance. Here we have lucid dissertations on suc