274 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW SEPTEMBER1933 The pressure (27.47 inches) observed on the British of full maturity and of what appears to be unusual com- steamer Jamaica Pioneer, August 30, near Turks Island, plexity of structure. ranks next lowest aiiiong the cases here revieu-ed. The lowest pressure observed on the Phemius, 27.01 Esaminatioii of the detailed report in this instmce nlso inches (914.6 nib.), was reached on the 5th near 14O N. shows a very s1i:~rpvortes. The ship was only 7%hours ';go W., nnd within a few hours after the vessel entered within the circle of pressures below 29.50 inches, and the hurricane mea. This is one of the lowest barometer about an hour and 10 minutes while it was below 25.50 readings ever observed at sea level, and the lowest fully inches. The storm could nnt have been more than 3 suthenticatecl reading in the West Indian region so far as days old at the time the Jamaica Pioneer crossed the can be ascertained at this writing. center. This hurricane was moving quite rapidly at the The fall in barometer as this vortex approached was time, and no clear eye was reported. Three days Liter very rapid, and was attended by hurricane winds so the American steanier Hwrester. recorded 27.99 inches in intense thnt superstriictures on shipboard were badly ths storm. dnmaged, and the ship's funnel actually torn out and Readings below 2s inches in the other two storms, as blown overboard. The vessel was from that time disabled, reported by the Norwegian steuniship Tana (Aug. IS), nnd wallowed in the seas throughout the remainder and the French ship Wushington (Sept. ll), were also of the storm. obtained at times when we must assume the cyclones The barometer did not rise with equal promptitude, to have been at n coinparntively early stage of develop- however, and the height that prevailed a few hours before ment. In neither of these storms can any center be the vessel's encounter with this terrific vortes was not definitely located or actual storm winds founcl in our amin reached for 4 days. Instead, there was a partial reports more than 1 or 2 days prior to tlie date of the rise, followed by several marked decreases, to 25 ship's encounter with the vortex. inches on the third day and 27.92 on the fourth, as if there The table carries five records taken at different times might linve been either a family of subvortices or vacilla- in the same storm, between Septeniher 11 and 17. It is of tion in the movement of the primary storm center. Dur- interest to note that these readings together coiistibute a ing those 4 days the ship was involved in continuous consistent progression of dates, positions, and pressure storm conditions of great severity, with the barometer values; this must be because the central pressure slowly for 3 days never rising above 2'3.50 inches. increased as the storni progressed along its track. This hiirricnne was the snnie th:it on November 9, 1932, In this connection, and bearing upon the qiiestinn of ndvanced northward across Cuba and devastated the city the pressure distribution in tropicd clisturbnnces, refer- of Snnta C'ruz del Sur, with the loss of several thousand ence is made to a report (not previously published in tlw lives. Its nieteorologicnl history in the western Carib- REVIEW)obtained from the British steamer Phem ius, bean has not been fully worked out, but the record of the which was involved for 4 days in intense hurricnne con- Piiernius \-erg clearly shows an estent and complexity ditions in the western Caribbean Sea in early Novemhcr of structure that throws this case into great contrast 1932. The meteorological log of this ship's experience, wit,h the simpler vortices reported in the ship's observa- as given in detail in the British MARINE OBSLCRVERfor t8ionsof 1%<5. October 1933 (vol. I, pp. 133-125), indicates a hurricnnc TROPICAL DISTURBANCES OF SEPTEMBER 1933 By C. L. MITCHELL [Weather Bureau, Washington, October 19331 Tropicul disturbance of Ailgust Sl-September 7'.-This the only evidence of damage at West Palm Beach was the disturbance was central about 150 miles north of Puerto effects of high winds upon trees and shrubbery. However, Rico the morning of the 1st. It evidently was attended a nuniber of plate glass windows were broken and the by winds of hurricane force nearer its center at this time, damage in this respect would have been niuch greater inasmuch as the S.S. Gdf Wing reported a haronietm except for the extensive protective measures taken. reading of 25.98 inches and a wind velocity of SO miles Between West Palm Beach and Jupiter, and extending per hour about 150 miles east of Turks Island the evening northward to Fort Pierce, there was serious damage to of the 1st. The center passed some distance north of electrical transmission lines and to telephone and tele- Turks Island during the night of the 1st-2d and over graph mires, with many poles broken off or blown over. Harbour Island, nbout 2 desnorthwest of the islnnd of At Stuart there was serious damage from both wind and Eleuthern, Bahamas, the morning of the 3d. There was water. The most estensive damage in the entire storm a calm of 30 minutes at this place. Previously the wind area was at Olympia Beach, north of Jupiter Inlet, where had reached an estimated velocity of 140 mdes per hour. there was widespread destruction of trees and shrubbery At 4 p.m. of the 3d, northwest storm warnings were ordered and serious damage to houses. The greatest loss was to displayed at Miami, hurricane wnrnings north of hlianii the citrus crop in the Indian River section from Jupiter to Melbourne, Fla., and northeast storm warnings north to Fort Pierce. In the vicinity of Stuart there are several of Melhourne to Jaclcsonvdle. At 10 p.m. storm wam- groves that sustained a 100 percent loss of fruit and the ings were displayed on the west Florida coast north ol uprooting of many trees. The estimated loss of citrus Key West to Cedar Keys. fruit for the State is 16 percent, or 4,000,000 boxes. The storm center apparently passed directly over This storm recurved to the north during tmheafternoon Jupiter Inlet, Fla., where there was a lull of 40 minutes of tlie 4th when its center W~Snear the coast north of beginning near midnight, of the 3d. The lowest barom- Tampa. Moving very slowly northward with diminishing eter reading at Jupiter was 27.98 inclms and the esti- intensity during tlie nest 2 days it dissipated over Georgia mated maximum wind velocity 135 miles per hour. At on the 7th. West Palm Beach the lowest barometer reading was 23.77 Tropical disturbance qf Stptember 10-21 .--Although inches with a maximum wind velocity close to SO miles conditions were disturbed over and east of the Leeward per hour. According to the official in charge at Miami, Islands from the 7th to the 9th, it was not until the 10th

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that a definite center could be located. This center wns 125 ides per hour. Loss of life was due chiefly to hiqh water in then about 300 miles northeast of the Island of St. Mnrtin. isolated localities north of Beallfort froin \\ liich escape was difficult or impossible. Accordinr[ to the lntest rrports x total of 21 lives By the morning of the 11th it wns evident that the dis- were lost. Property daningc nloiig the entire North Carolina. const turbance was one of considerable intensity, and it WRR so will total, acrordiiig to earl\. cstimnteq, 1111)rctlmi '$1,000,000. stated in the advisory issued nt 10 n.m. of that dnte At Cape Hatterns the lowest, h:iroiiieter reading was This disturbance continued to move northwestward with approximately 23.35 inches about 7 a.m. of the 16th. The gradunlly increasing intensity until the 15th, when it highest wind velocity preceding the arrivnl of the center recurred and moved nlniost directly northward. Its wns GS miles per hour from the east and tlie highest nfter center passed slightly west of Cnpe Hntterns about 8 n.111 the center pnssed, 76 miles per hour from the northwest of the 16th, after which it moved north-northeastward for (estimated because 1 cup of the nuexnometer was blown about 12 hours, and then northeastward, reaching Nora n\vay). Scotia, the morning of the lsth, nnd extreme southern The daniage done by the storm at Norfolk and the Iceland on the 21st. other places 111 tlie J-irgini:i Capes section was compara- Storm warnings were ordered at 4 p.m. of the 14th from tively slight and was far less tlian that caused by the Jncksonville, Fla., to Benufort, N.C. At that time the August 1933 storm. hIuch credit is given by the business disturbnnce had not begun to recurve and it wns appm- interests and newspapers of Norfolk to the Weather ently headed for the northern South Carolinn, or southern Bureau for its timely ancl nccurate warnings. There was North Carolinn, const. St 10 p.m., storm warnings weTe ample tinic for complete preparation for the storm, thus estended nortliwnrd along the coast to the Virgini:l holding lopses to a minimum. The highest mind velocity Capes. The following morning the storm center wns in the Capes section was GS miles per hour from the north- about 350 miles east of Sni-annnh, Ga., and the indicn- east at Cape Henry. Farther north along the Atlantic tions w-ere that it would rench the North Carolinn const coast the highest velocities were 4s miles per hour at not far froni Cape Lookout in about 12 hours. Sccord- Atlantic City and 55 miles per hour at Block Island, ingly , hurricane warnings were ordered displayed nt R.I., and Nantucket, hIass. No great rzrnount of clam- 10:30 a.m., from Rilniington to Cape Hatteras, and age was reported north of the T'irginia Capes. northeast storm w-nrnings north of the Virginia Capes to Tropical disturbance of September lO-l5.-Weather Boston. conditions over the extreme western Caribbeiin Sen be- At 4 p.m. whole-gnle warnings were displayed north of came disturbed on the 9th and ii center was located be- 13atter:ts to the Viiginin Capes. At S pm., the center tween Tela niid Belize the evening of the 10th. During WAS about 100 miles south of Ctipe Hrttterns, iiioring the nest 2 days tlie disturlxince moved very slowly north nlmost directly northwmcl, and the hurricnne w-miiny by east toward Cozuniel Island, with gr:tdually increns- at Wilniington were changed to northwest storm warnings ing intensity; however, after the evening reports of the at 9:30 p.m. At 10:30 a.m. of the 16th whole-gale warn- 15th were received, the direction of movement chnnged ings were ordered along the coast (but not nt Baltiinore abruptly and the center moved iulnnd over the Yucntan and Philrtdelphia) north of the Virginia Capes to Atlnntic Peninsula north of Payo Ohispo. The distiirbance then City, and hurricnne warnings were changed to storm moved west-northwestwnrd across t!lc. Peninsula and the warnings north of Wilniington to Hatteras. The 2 p.111. southwestern Gulf of hIexico during the nest 48 hours, special reports indicated that the storm was beginning to and there was a marked incrensr in intensity while the recurve toward the northenst and thnt the center would disturbance was passing over tlie Giil€. The center pass some distnnce east of Cape Henry and the whole-gale passed directly over Tnnipico, Mexico, tlie morning of the warnings north of Hatteras to the Vir-oinia Capes mere 15th. There wns n period of calm between S a.m. and changed to northwest storm warnings at 4 p.m. At S p.m. the storm wns central about 125 miles south of 10 a.m., and the lowest barometer reading reported was Atlnntic City, apparently moving northeastward. At 28.34 inches. hIucli damage was done in Tainpico ancl 9:30 pm., northeast storm warnings were extended north vicinity but details are not availnhle. of Boston to Eastport, Maine, and whole-gale warnings Northeast storm warnings were ordered displayed at on the coast north of the Virginia Capes to Atlantic City Brownsville, Tes., the evening of the 14th, at which time w-ere changed to northwest storm warnings. The follow- the indications were that the storm center would reach ing morning when the storm center was about 150 miles the const nearly 100 miles north of Tampico and cause east of Atlantic City, whole-gale warnings were ordered strong northeast winds, possibly reaching gale force at displayed from Provmcetown to Nantucket, Mass. Brownsville. Upon receipt of the morning Tnnipico The principal damage done by this storm was froni a report of the 15th in the early afternoon, the warnings at short distance south of New Bern, N.C., to the Virginia Brownsde were lowered. Tropical disturbance of September l6-24.-M ishid Capes. The following is quoted from a report by the stations from St. Kitts to Bridgetown, Barbados, showed official in charge, Wilmington, N.C., relative to a trip of a 24-hour decrease in pressure of 0.06 to 0.10 inch the inspec tion of the storm area: morning of tlie 14th, indicating tlie approach of a dis- * * * Very little damage was noted until a point a few miles turbed condition from the enst, but no definite center southwest of New Bern was reached. Great damage was done by could be found passing between any of the islands of the wind and high water in New Bern and vicinity; many telephoue- and power-line pole6 blown down, numerous large trees uprooted Windward nnd Leewnrds groups. On the lSth the bn- or broken off, and houses and other buildings injured by falling rometer began to fall slowly at I

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 05:32 AM UTC MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW SEP~MBEB1933 latitude 18'50' N., longitude 83'20' W., reported a ba- storm of tho 15th, great damage was done at and near rometer reading of 28.70 inches and a wind velocity of 80 Tampico, but details are not available. miles per hour from the southwest. A later report re- Tropical disturbance of September 27-October ,$.-A ceived by mail from the S.S. Virginia which, at the same ininor disturbance apparently moved westward between time, was close to the position of the President Pierce the islmds of St. Gtts and St. Martin on the 27th. It gives the following barometer readings: 6 p.m., 29.65 was of such small diameter and slight intensity that the inches; 7 p.in., 29.49 inches; 8 p.m., 28.78 inches; 8:20 to center could not be located definitely every 12 hours. 8:30 p.m. (in calm center, stars visible), 27.44 inches; However, available data indicate that it moved west- 9 p.m., 28.64 inches; 10 p.m., 29.24 inches; 11 p.m., ward, until the 29th, when it turned to the north and north- 29.40 inches; midnight, 29.70 inches. east, passing some distance west of Port au Prince, Haiti, This disturbance moved west by north passing inland the evening of the 29th and centered north of Puerto over the Yucatan Peninsula with center about 40 miles Plata, Santo Domingo, the morning of October 1. Still south of Cozumel Island near midnight of the 21st and of nlinor int'ensitp, the disturbance then moved north- into the southwestern Gulf of Mexico north of Canipeche westward and lster north-northwestward until the 4th, the evening of the 22d. The center passed inland a after which it could not be located. short distance south of Tampico, Mexico, the evening of Tropical disturbance of September 28-30.-This was a the 24th, attended by winds of hurricane force. The very minor disturbance that apparently developed north- evening report of the 24th received from the S. S. J. N. west of the Isthmus of Panama and moved northwest- Dunziger was remarkable because of the fact that the ward. Its center passed near Cape Gracias the evening vessel was at the time in the center of the storm and re- of the 28th, then traveled west-northwestward and passed ported a wind velocity of only 2 miles 'per hour and a inland south of Belize, British Honduras, the morning of barometer reading of 28.40 inches. As in the case of the the 30th. BIBLIOGRAPHY C. FITZHTJGHTALYAN, in charge of Library RECENT ADDITIONS Gedda, Mr. le Baron de Mbmoire sur une nouvelle methode de construire des hygro- The following have been selected from aniong the titles metres corres ondans B points fixes de sbcheresse et of books recently received as representing .those most' d'humidit6. guvrage, qui B remporte le pris propose par la Societe roiale des sciences de Copenhague en likely to bo useful to Weather Bureau officials in their MDCCLXXXIII (1783). Copenhague. 1784. 21 p. meterological work and studies: engr. (fold.) 23% cm. [American national red cross] Little, W. B. The tornado of May 1, 1933, in Webster and Bienville Science and the weather. London. 1933. 155 p. illus. Parishes, La. Official report of relief o erations of the 19 cm. American Red Cross. [Washington, D.21 1933. [6 p.] folder. illus. 23 cm. Mazzar6n. Antongiulio Nozioni elementari di meteorologia ad UBO degli aviatori. Aristoteles Milano. Editore Aeronautica. [pref. 1929.1 53 p. illus. Nicolai Cabei . . . In qvatwor libros meteorologicorvm (incl. charts). 25 cm. " Bibliografia": p. [54.] Aristoteles commentaria, et qvestiones qvat,vor tomis Meteorologia parallela comprsehensa qirihus lion solum meteorolo ica . . Des ist: Courieuse Nachrichten von dem Wetter und den Rome. 1645. 2v. illus. 30 cm. (Typis fireredurn mit silbigem gantz verwunderlich correspondirenden Francisci Corbelletti MDCXLVI.) sogenannten Wetter-Glasern, vom Anfang desz Herhsts Cacciatore, Niccolo A. 1710 bis auf den Fruhling dieses jetzt lauffenden 1711 De redigendis ad unicam seriem comparibilem meteoro- Jahra. Ausz den in Ulm gehabten alltiiglichen observa- logicis ubique factis observationibus conventio roposita tionibus zusammen getragen und dem Druck uberlassen. et tabulae supputatae ab Equite Nicolao dcciatore 1. Auszfertigung. Franckfurt und Leipzig. [1711.] 32 . . . Panormi. 1832. 82 p. engraving, tables. 27% p. illus., tables. 10% cm. cm. Morikofer, W. Die Abhhgigkeit der Sonnenstrahlungsintenmt~tvon der Calandrelli, [Abbate] Giuseppe Meereshohe und ihre Konsequensen flir die Organisstion Meterological correspondence with Johann Jakob Hemmer, der Lichtklimatischen Forschung. 5 p. 23% cm. (110 S.J., from 1780 to 1787, consisting of 11 aut,ograph Congrh international de la lumihre.) letters from the latter, with 11 autograph copies of Calan- drelli's answers, with other manuscripts and printed Ortiz, Oscar Rivery matter . . . 1780-87. 28% cm. (letter sizes vary). Breve estudio del huracan del lro. a1 11 de Noviembre de 1932. Habana. 1933. 49 p. charts (1 fold.) 27% Calandrelli, [Abbate] Giuseppe cm. (Boletfn hidrogrffico. Suplemento no. 1.) Miscellaneous correspondence. 1778-83. 28% cm. (letter C. H. sizes vary). Pfaff, Ueber die fruhern strengen Winter und uber die strengen Castellani, Sir Aldo Winter des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts bis zum Winter Climate and acclimatization: Some notes and observations. von 1776. Die Geschichte der strengen Winter. Erste London, J. Bale, Sons & Danielsaon. 1,831. viii, 152 p. Abtheilung. Kiel. 1809. xvi, 176 p. 20 cm. pl., maps (1 double), diagr. 18% cm. References": p. Richter, Georg Friedrich 134-144. De natalibvs fvlminvm tractatvs. physicve accedit appendix. Crowe, P. R. qva. litterae et. observationes qvaedam hvc. pertinentes. The analysis of rainfall probability. A graphical method Maffei. Lionii Pagliarini. aliorvmqve continentvr. and its application to European data. p. 73-91. pl., Lipsiae. 1725. 112 p. 16% cm. figs. 25 cm. (Reprinted from the Scottish geographical Robinson, Gilbert Wooding magazine, v. 39, March 1933.) Soils: Their origin, constitution, and classification: An in- Florence (Italy). Osserv. Ximeniano dei P. P. Scolopi troduction to pedology, London, T. Murbp & Co.; New Venticinque anni di valori pentadici. Pte. 2. Tensione York, D. Van Nostrand Co. 1932. xv, 390 p. front. urnidits-pioggia. 1933. 73 p. pl. 32 cm. (Pubb. illus. (maps) diagra. 22 cm. Bibliography at end of Osserv. Ximeniano. no. 145.) each chapter. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 05:32 AM UTC