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The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report 1933 THU OCT271934 LIBRARY 49 West 49th Street New York © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD XVII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 1 REPORT OF THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION .. IS REPORT OF WORK IN THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 161 REPORT OF WORK IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 193 REPORT OF WORK IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 231 EMERGENCY GRANTS , 281 REPORT OF WORK IN THE HUMANITIES 301 REPORT OF THE TREASURER 335 INDEX -423 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Dr. Nelson Caryl Davis XIV Colonies of Africa where yellow fever protection tests have been carried out 31 Automatic Paris green distributor, Philippine Islands 53 Spreading Paris green mixture, Annotto Bay, Jamaica, British West Indies 53 Mosquito net for rural-style bed, Philippine Islands 54 Stripping abaca fibers to be woven into mosquito netting, Philip- pine Islands 54 Drainage canal, Pontine Marshes, Italy 65 Marshy shore filled in with seaweed, Durres, Albania 65 Open ditches at Salinas, Puerto Rico, prior to the inauguration of malaria control measures 66 Main pipes of the new drainage system discharging into the ocean, Salinas, Puerto Rico 66 Chapel in San Lucas, Costa Rica, used as a dispensary during hook- worm investigations 77 Washing stools in an improvised laboratory, San Lucas 77 A parochial tuberculosis dispensary, Jamaica, British West Indies.. 78 New tuberculosis dispensary, Panama City 78 Types of health work in which the Foundation is assisting in Europe 91 Group of prize babies, Breathitt County, Kentucky 92 A branch public health laboratory, Turrialba, Costa Rica .92 Unprotected community well, village of Kapsia, Greece 97 Safe well installed at Kapsia during the rural sanitary campaign.... 97 Taking a culture in a diphtheria carrier survey, Eisenstadt District, Austria 98 Comparing results of Schick tests, Eisenatadt District 98 Midwives* club of the local health unit, Tierra Blanca, Mexico 98 o Well-baby clinic, First National Midwifery School, Peiping, China. 109 All-India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta 109 Group of student nurses, University of Lyon School of Nursing, France. 110 First graduating class of the State Central School of Nursing, Buda- pest, Hungary 110 New building of the University of Lyon School of Nursing 110 Dalhousie Health Clinic, Nova Scotia 173 New pathology laboratory, Chulalongkorn University Medical School, Bangkok, Siam 174 Scientific Station, Jungfraujoch, Switzerland 213 Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden.. 214 Social science research building, University of Chicago 241 London School of Economics and Political Science 242 University of Hawaii, Honolulu 242 Members of a California barter group at work 242 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation VU1 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION PAGE Recently completed addition to the RadcUffe Science Library, Oxford University 307 Entrance to the new museum at Mitylene on the Island of Lesbos, erected for the preservation of the antiquities of the island 308 Unrestored manuscript, Jagelloman Library, Cracow, Poland .. \. 319 An old manuscript after restoration 319 Assyrian tablet discovered at Khorsabad by the Iraq expedition of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 320 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION MEMBERS, COMMITTEES, AND OFFICERS 1933 Mtmbtri JAMES R. AKGBLL JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 'JR. TREVOR ASINETT • JOHH D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD JOHN W. DAVIS WALTER W. STEWART DAVID L. EDSALL HAROLD H. SWIFT RAYMOND B. FOSDICK AUGUSTUS TROWBRIDGE JERQUE D. GREENE GEORGE H. WHIPPLE ERNEST M. HOPKINS WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE VER.BON KELLOGG RAT LYUAN WILBUR MAX MASON ARTHUR WOODS OWEN D. YOUNG Executive Commiittt THE PRESIDENT, Chairman JAMES R. ANGELL JERQUE D. GREENE TREVOR ARNKTT JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, SRO DAVID L. EDSALL WALTER W. STEWART RAYMOND B. FOSDICK ARTHUR WOODS Finance Committee JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR., Chairman RAYMOND B. FOSDICK WALTER W. STEWART International Health Division Scientific Directors .ALPHONSER. DOCBEZ,M.D. WALLERS. LEATHERS, M,D. JOHN G. FITZGERALD, M.D. FREDERICK F. RUSSELL, M.D. ..EDWIN 0. JORDAN, Sc.D. WILSON G. SMILLIE, M.D. LEWIS R. THOMPSON, M.D. Officers Chairman of the Board of Truitees , JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. President \ MAX MASON Pice-Presidents '. THOUAS B. APPI.EGET i SELSKAR M, GUNN Director/or the Medical Sciences \ ALAN GREGG, M.D. j Director/or the Natural Sciencei i WARREN WEAVER Director for the Social Stunces EDMUND E. DAY Director for the Human ities DAVIB H. STEVENS Director, International Health Division FREDERICK F. RUSSELL, M.D. Secretary NoniiA S. THOMPSON Trfasurtr LEFFERTS M. DASIUELL i Comptroller > GEORGE J. BBAL Counsfl ( . THOMAS M. DESEVOISE © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION MEMBERS, COMMITTEES, AND OFFICERS 1934 Members JAMES R. ANGELL JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, SRD TREVOR ARKETT WALTER W. STEWART JOBS W. DAVIS HAROLD H. SWIFT DAVID L. EDSALL AUGUSTUS TROWBRTOGE » RAYMOND B, FOSDICK GEORGE H. WHIPPLE JEROME D. GREENE WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE ERNEST M. HOPKINS RAT LTUAH WILBUR MAX MASON ARTHUR WOODS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. OWEN D. YOUNG Executive Committee THE PRESIDENT, Chairman IAMBS R. ANGELL JEROME D. GREENE TREVOR ARNETT ' JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, SRD DAVID L. EDSALL WALTER W. STEWART RAYMOND B. FOSDICK ARTHUR WOODS Finance Committee JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR., Chairman RAYMOND B. FOSDICK WALTER W. STEWART International Health Division Scientific Directors ALBERT!. CBESLEY, M.D. JOHN G. FITZGERALD, M.D. RUFUS COLE, M.D. FREDERICK F. RUSSELL, M.D. ALPHONSF. R. DOCHEZ, M.D. WILSON G. SMILLIE, M.D. LEWIS R. THOMPSON, M.D. Officers Chairman of the Board of Trustees JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. President MAX MASON ViccPresidents THOMAS B. APPLEGET SELSKAR M. GUNN Director for the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M.D. Director for the Natural Sciences WARREN WEAVER Director for the Social Sciences EDMUND E. DAY Director for tiu Humanities DAVID H. STEVENS Director, International Health Division FREDERICK F, RUSSELL, M.D. Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer LEFFERTS M. DASHIKLL Comptroller GEORGE J. BEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBEVOISE 1 Died March 14.1934. © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation DR. NELSON CARYL DAVIS Dr. Nelson Caryl Davis, member of the field staff of The Rocke- feller Foundation for eleven years, died suddenly on October 20, 1933, at Bahia, Brazil, where he was in charge of the Foundation's yellow fever laboratory. Dr. Davis was born on August 26, 1892, in Osceola, Nebraska. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of California in 1921. In May, 1922, he became a regular member of the staff of the International Health Board of The Rockefeller Foundation. He began his field service in Brazil with hookworm control and related studies. Next he was assigned to malaria work in Argentina. His studies in hookworm and malaria re- sulted in several publications of value. In 1927 Dr. Davis was granted study leave, and he spent a year in the School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University. After a brief supplementary period of study in 1931 he received the degree of Doctor df Public Health. In 1928, at the end of his study leave, he undertook the establishment of a labo- ratory at Bahia, Brazil, to carry on yellow fever research and also to make laboratory studies for the extensive yellow fever control service maintained jointly by the Government of Brazil and The Rockefeller Foundation. He rapidly became one of the principal contributors to new knowledge of yellow fever. Dr. Davis was the first to verify Anopheles pseudopunciipennis as the chief malaria vector in the Argentine, as well as to discover A. darlingi in the Amazon region, to demonstrate that this mos- quito is one of the moat formidable malaria vectors Indigenous to Brazil, and to show that the recent African invader of Brazil, A. gambiae, possesses a capacity for transmitting malaria in Brazil possibly exceeding that known for the species in its native home. His contributions on the biology of Aedes aegypti and the larvae of the Brazilian species of Mansonia, as well as those dealing with the transmission of yellow fever by mosquitoes other than Aedes aegypti and a diversity of other arthropods are likewise of out- standing importance. Dr. Davis was in the prime of life, with an expectancy of decades of productive work, when he died. Through his death The Rocke- feller Foundation and the scientific world have been deprived of a most productive worker and his family and friends have suffered a cruel loss. But in looking back one cannot but feel that he is to be envied for the satisfaction which must have come with the successes of his brief but rich life. © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Photograph Excised Here © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation To the Members of The Rockefeller Foundation, New York. Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit herewith an ac- count of the work of The Rockefeller Foundation for the period January 1, 1933, to December 31, 1933, including the reports of the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Foundation, the Director of the International Health Division, and the Di- rectors for the Medical Sciences, the Natural Sciences, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities. The period has been marked by economic, so- cial, and political stress in many parts of the world, giving rise to pressing problems of na-
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  • Nber Working Paper Series

    Nber Working Paper Series

    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HIGHWAY TO HITLER Nico Voigtlaender Hans-Joachim Voth Working Paper 20150 http://www.nber.org/papers/w20150 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2014 For helpful comments, we thank Sascha Becker, Tim Besley, Leonardo Bursztyn, Davide Cantoni, Bruno Caprettini, Melissa Dell, Ruben Enikolopov, Rick Hornbeck, Gerard Padró i Miquel, Torsten Persson, Diego Puga, Giacomo Ponzetto, Jim Snyder, David Strömberg, and Noam Yuchtman. Seminar audiences at Basel University, Bonn University, CREI, King’s College London, the Juan March Institute, LSE, Warwick, Yale, Zurich, and at the Barcelona Summer Forum offered useful suggestions. We are grateful to Hans-Christian Boy, Vicky Fouka, Cathrin Mohr, Casey Petroff, Colin Spear and Inken Töwe for outstanding research assistance. Ruben Enikolopov kindly shared data on radio signal strength in Nazi Germany. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2014 by Nico Voigtlaender and Hans-Joachim Voth. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Highway to Hitler Nico Voigtlaender and Hans-Joachim Voth NBER Working Paper No. 20150 May 2014, Revised April 2016 JEL No. H54,N44,N94,P16 ABSTRACT When does infrastructure investment win “hearts and minds”? We analyze a famous case – the building of the highway network in Nazi Germany.