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Views, 18, 63-84 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ A Comparison of Glacial Chronologies between the Eastern and Western Cordilleras, Bolivia By Colby A. Smith M.S. University of Maine, 2003 B.S. University of Maine, 2001 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Geology) The Graduate School The University of Cincinnati May 2008 Advisory Committee: Thomas V. Lowell, Professor of Geology, University of Cincinnati (primary advisor) Bryan G. Mark, Assistant Professor of Geology, Ohio State University David B. Nash Professor of Geology, University of Cincinnati Lewis A. Owen, Professor of Geology, University of Cincinnati Donald T. Rodbell, Professor of Geology, Union College i Abstract The timing and forcing of glacial advance in the tropical Andes remains uncertain with regard to both higher latitude and intra-tropical glacial fluctuations over the last glacial cycle and through the Holocene. Surface exposure age dating of glacial deposits in both the Eastern and Western Cordilleras of Bolivia coupled with glacial mass balance modeling provides a step towards understanding these relationships. 36Cl Surface exposure age dating at Nevado Sajama in the Western Cordillera, Bolivia suggests that glaciers retreated from moraines at ~16.9 ka -10.2 ka, 7.0 - 4.4 ka, and 4.7 - 3.3 ka. In the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia at Nevado Illimani glaciers retreated from moraines at 15 ka -13.0 ka, 10.5 ka - 8.5 ka, and 3.0 ka -1.5 ka based on 10Be surface exposure ages. The new data from the Eastern Cordillera agree well with other Late Glacial and late Holocene aged moraines in the Eastern Cordillera while the data from the Western Cordillera agree well with the one previous study. However, this study provides the first dates on Holocene moraines in the Western Cordillera. The major chronological contribution from the Western Cordillera is that the Late Glacial aged advance appears to be the most extensive of the last glacial cycle and approximately synchronous with the Late Glacial advance in the Eastern Cordillera. If indeed the two advances occurred at the same time, reconstruction of past equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) suggests that that the regional ELA was nearly flat between the Eastern (4870 m a.s.l.) and Western Cordilleras (>4690 m a.s.l.) as opposed to today where it rises 360 m from the Eastern to the Western Cordillera. It is hypothesized that the change in the slope of the regional ELA results form increased winter precipitation from the west. A positive degree-day glacier mass balance model was applied to the paleo-ELAs associated with the moraines dated at Nevado Illimani. Unique solutions were obtained for ii periods where independent estimates of either precipitation or temperature are available. According to the model only a ~2.3 oC cooling is required to advance glaciers to their Late Glacial extents if precipitation was 50-75% higher. The model was also applied to the Western Cordillera. However, it did not produce the correct modern ELA. This suggests that PDD models are not applicable to regions where sublimation is the dominant ablation mechanism. iii iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank the members of my committee for their help over the past four years. All committee members have read and re-read drafts of these manuscripts and added useful comments for which I am grateful. However, many committee members have gone beyond the usual editing duties. I would like to thank Don Rodbell and Bryan Mark for introducing me to fieldwork in South America in 2005. I would like to thank Lewis Owen for the use of his lab and the help and insight he has given me regarding cosmogenic exposure age dating. Finally, I would like to thank Tom Lowell for his leadership and friendship over the past decade. Beyond my committee, I would like to thank the Parque Nacional de Sajama for permission to work in the park. Also, the Universidad de San Andres and Jose Escobar and Monica Escobar for organizing the logistics in Bolivia. Preface My dissertation is a compilation of three separate manuscripts. Chapter 2 has been submitted to the Journal of Quaternary Science with Thomas V. Lowell and Marc W. Caffee of the Department of Physics, Purdue University as co-authors. Chapter 3 is in preparation for submission to Quaternary Research with Thomas V. Lowell, Lewis A. Owen, and Marc W. Caffee as co-aruthors. Chapter 4 will likely be submitted to the Journal of Glaciology with Thomas V. Lowell as a co-author. v Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introductory Remarks………………….…………………………………………..1 Chapter 2. Late Glacial and Holocene Glacial Chronology and Geomorphologic Evidence for the Presence of Cold Based Glaciers at Nevado Sajama, Bolivia………........9 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………9 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..…9 Geologic and Climatic Setting…………………………...…………………………10 Previous Work…………………………...…………………………………….…....11 Methods…………………………...………………………………………….....…..12 Results…………………………...………………………………………….....…....14 Discussion……………………...…………………………………………...…....…19 Conclusion……..………………...…………………………………………...…..…28 Acknowledgements…………………………...…………………………………….29 References……………………….…………………………………………...…..…29 Tables…………………………...…………………………………………...…..….34 Figures…………………………...…………………………………………...…..…38 Chapter 3. Late Quaternary glacial chronology Nevado Illimani, Cordillera Real, Bolivia: Implications for paleoclimatic reconstructions across the Andes………………48 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..48 Introduction.………………………………………………………………………...48 Geologic Setting…………………………………………………………….………50 Methods……………………………………………………………………………..51 Results……………………………………………………………………………....52 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………..56 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………....60 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………....61 References…………………………………………………………………………..61 Tables…………………………………………………………………………….....67 Figures………………………………………………………………………………70 Chapter 4. Present, future, and past tropical Andean ELAs: Assessing the relative importance of precipitation and temperature on glacier mass balance using a positive degree-day model…………………………………………………..…….80 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..80 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………80 Glaciological Setting……………………………………………………………..…82 Data…………………………………………………………………………………83 Methods…………………………………………………………………………..…84 Selection of Model Variables……………………………………………………….83 Results……………………………………………………………………………....87 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………..88 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………...….94 References……………………………………………………………………….….95 vi Figures……………………………………………………………………………..101 Chapter 5. Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………………...107 List of Tables and Figures Chapter 1. Introductory Remarks……………….….…………………………………………..1 Figure 1……………...………………………………………………………………..6 Figure 2……………...………………………………………………………………..7 Figure 3……………...………………………………………………………………..8 Chapter 2. Late Glacial and Holocene Glacial Chronology and Geomorphologic Evidence for the Presence of Cold Based Glaciers at Nevado Sajama, Bolivia………........9 Table 1………………………………………………………………………………34 Table 2……………………………………………………………………………....35 Table 3…………………………………………………………………………...….36 Table 4………………………………………………………………………………37 Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………...…38 Figure 2……………………………………………………………….……………..39 Figure 3……………………………………………………………………………...40 Figure 4………………………………………………………………………….41-42 Figure 5………………………………………………………………………….43-44 Figure 6……………………………………………………………………………...45 Figure 7……………………………………………………………………………...46 Figure 8…………………………………………………………………………...…47 Chapter 3. Late Quaternary glacial chronology Nevado Illimani, Cordillera Real, Bolivia: Implications for paleoclimatic reconstructions across the Andes………………48 Table 1 ………..……………………………………………………………….……67 Table 2…………………………………………………………………………...68-69 Table 3…………………………………………………………………………...….70 Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………...…70 Figure 2……………………………………………………………….……………..71 Figure 3……………………………………………………………………………...72 Figure 4………………………………………………………………..…………….73 Figure 5……………………………………………………………………..……….74 Figure 6…………………………………………………………………..……...75-76 Figure 7……………………………………………………………………………...77 Figure 8…………………………………………………………………………...…78 Figure 9…………………………………………………………………………...…79 vii Chapter 4. Present, future, and past tropical Andean ELAs: Assessing the relative importance of precipitation and temperature on glacier mass balance using a positive degree-day model…………………………………………………..….….80 Figure 1………………………………………………………………………….....101 Figure 2……………………………………………………………….……………102 Figure 3…………………………………………………………………………….103 Figure 4………………………………………………………………..…………...104 Figure 5……………………………………………………………………..……...104 Figure 6…………………………………………………………………..………...105 Figure 7…………………………………………………………………………….105 Figure 8………………………………………………………………………….…106 Chapter 5. Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………………...107 viii Chapter 1. Introductory Remarks The oxygen isotopic records from high latitude ice-cores broadly indicate climatic correlation between the two polar hemispheres over the past 25 ka. For example, the GISP II core from Greenland (Blunier and Brooks, 2001) and the Dome C core from Antarctica (Lorius et
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