FLEPPC Plant List Committee Documentation of the Criteria used in Determination of Category I and Category II Invasive Species

Species name: Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore Category proposed: Cat. II

Proposed by and Date: Patricia L. Howell, January 12, 2015

Start date of this document: April 3, 2014

Document Author/s: Patricia L. Howell

Common names: red flower ragleaf, fireweed, ebolo, Okinawa Spinach

Synonyms: Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) Steen. Belcher Crassocephalum crepidioides f. luteum (Steen.) Belcher, Gynura crepidioides Bentham

Has the species been vouchered? Yes No Not known

Counties with vouchered records for natural areas: Broward, Miami-Dade, Hillsborough, Desoto, Lee

Voucher data: Entail pertinent data including museum where voucher is housed (e.g. FLAS; USF, FSU, FTG, etc.). Add rows as needed.

County Locality Habitat Date Museum

Miami-Dade Porter Pineland Preserve Pine rockland 03/16/99 USF

Broward Pine Island Ridge Natural Area Hardwood hammock 05/09/01 USF

Broward Long Key Natural Area Hardwood hammock 06/15/04 USF

Broward Fern Forest Nature Center Hardwood hammock 05/27/04 USF

Broward Crescent Trail Preserve (Site 39) pineland 12/07/06 USF

Hillsborough Fish Hawk Nature Preserve, Lithia area Mixed hardwood hammock 01/31/07 FLAS

Lee Pine Island Wet flatwoods 05/26/08 USF

DeSoto Deep Creek (SWFWMD) Mesic hammock 08/28/08 USF

Counties with non-vouchered records: Broward

Name of non-vouchered natural area invaded: West Creek Pineland, Herman & Dorothy Shooster Preserve

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Habitats invaded: pineland, disturbed edge of basin swamp

Population density / age structure: One plant produces 29 flowers with approximately 4, 370 seed per plant reaching a plant density of 70.5 individuals per square meter. The seeds have a pappus of 10-11mm and are therefore easily blown by wind soon after detachment from mature inflorescence. (Randall RP, 2012)

Alteration observed to natural community: Out-competes native re-generation after exotic removal projects

Fire tolerance: Readily pops-up after prescribed burns and wildfires.

Native Range: tropical Africa

Native Habitat: humid tropics at altitudes from 15-200 m up to 2500m above sea level, natural grass land, riverbanks, rocky area/lava flows, shrub/shrub land

Additional Comments: This ugly weed has successfully moved from southern Florida (1971) to Escambia County. The suspected and supported mode of transportation is wind, nursery weed, potherb, and also moved and transplanted as a medicinal. It was collected at the University of Florida campus, Student Agricultural Gardens; Ethno-Botany Club section on January 2, 2012. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/scripts/dbs/herbs_project/herbsproject/herbs _pub_proc.asp?accno=213400&famsys=A&output_style=Report_type&trys=2

Supporting images: (insert directly here, in reduced size)

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Supporting documents: (provide citations and/or insert documents here)

C. crepidiodes is an invasive herb included in the Global Compendium of Weeds and classified as one of the most aggressive weed occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/15870

Distribution Map from the Global Compendium of Weeds

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Distribution Map from the Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants

References from the Global Compendium of Weeds

Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm Belcher RO, 1955. The Typification of Crassocephalum Moench and Gynura Cass. Kew Bulletin, 3:455-465. Chacón E, Saborío G, 2012. Red Interamericana de Información de Especies Invasoras, Costa Rica ([English title not available]). San José, Costa Rica: Asociación para la Conservación y el Estudio de la Biodiversidad. http://invasoras.acebio.org Chen GuoQi, Guo ShuiLiang, Huang QiuSheng, 2009. Invasiveness evaluation of fireweed (Crassocephalum crepidioides) based on its seed germination features. Weed Biology and Management, 9(2):123-128. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/wbm Chong KY, Tan HTW, Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, 273 pp. http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/LKCNH%20Museum%20Books/LKCNHM%20Book s/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf DAISIE, 2013. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. DAISIE (online). www.europe-aliens.org

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Denton OA, 2004. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore. Record from Protabase. PROTA: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa [ed. by Grubben, G. J. H. \Denton, O. A.]. Wageningen, Netherlands. http://database.prota.org/search.htm Dong HongYun, Li Ya, Wang Qing, Yao Gan, 2010. Investigation and analysis on alien invasive plants in three nature reserves of Jiangsu Province. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 19(1):86-91. Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2012. Flora of China Web. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/ Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer JY, 2011. [English title not available]. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP).) . http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf Fosberg FR, Sachet MH, Oliver RL, 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica, 15:222. Henderson RJF, 1973. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore in Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 84(4):55-60. Henderson RJF, 1973. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore in Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 84(4):55-60. Herrera K, Lorence DH, Flynn T, Balick MJ, 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Lawai, Hawaii, USA: National Tropical Botanical Garden, 146 pp. Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, Plucknett DL, 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons. Ismail BS, Chuah TS, Hussin KH, 2001. Paraquat resistance in the broadleaf weed Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore from the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Plant Protection Quarterly, 16(1):44-46. Ismail BS, Chuah TS, Khatijah HH, 2001. Metabolism, uptake and translocation of 14C-paraquat in resistant and susceptible biotypes of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore. Weed Biology and Management, 1(3):176-181. Ismail BS, Chuah TS, Salmijah S, Hussin KH, 2001. Role of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in paraquat-resistant redflower ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52(5):583-586. Itoh K, 1994. Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 38(4):369-373. Itoh K, Azmi M, Ahmad A, 1992. Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia. Proceedings of the 1st International Weed Control Congress. Melbourne, Australia; Weed Science Society of Victoria, 2:224-228 Kiew R, 2009. Additions to the weed flora of Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 61(2):133-142. Kostermans AJGH, Wirjahardja S, Dekker RJ, 1987. The weeds: description, ecology and control. Weeds of rice in Indonesia [edited by Soerjani, M.; Kostermans, A.J.G.H.; Tjitrosoepomo, G.] Jakarta, Indonesia; Balai Pustaka, 24-565 MacKee HS, 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris, France: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, unpaginated.

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McCormack G, 2013. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database. Rarotonga, Cook Islands: Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/search.asp Meyer JY, 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire ([English title not available]). Papeete, Tahiti: Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, 39 pp. http://www.li- an.fr/jyves/Meyer_2007_Rapport_Plantes_Introduites_Wallis.pdf Nakamura I, Hossain MA, 2009. Factors affecting the seed germination and seedling emergence of redflower ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides). Weed Biology and Management, 9(4):315-322. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/wbm Namaganda JM, Karamura E, Namanya P, Bridge J, Gowen SR, 2000. Studies on host range of the banana lesion nematode, Pratylenchus goodeyi. Acta Horticulturae [First International Conference on Banana and Plantain for Africa, Kampala, Uganda, 14-18 October, 1996.], No. 540:419-425. Parker C, 1992. Weeds of Bhutan. Weeds of Bhutan., vi + 236 pp. Patel DP, Anup Das, Rajesh Kumar, Munda GC, 2005. Comparative study of photosynthesis and associated parameters in major crops and weed species in mid hills of Meghalaya. Annals of Plant Physiology, 19(1):1-4. PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., USA: Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry . http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html Randall RP, 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Perth, Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 1124 pp. http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/pw/weed/global-compendium-weeds.pdf Raulerson L, 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution, 37. 1-69. Roder W, Phengchanh S, Keobulapha B, 1997. Weeds in slash-and-burn rice fields in northern Laos. Weed Research (Oxford), 37(2):111-119; 24 ref. Rushulo Kemp, 2003. Ethno-medicinal plants used by the Rengma tribe in Dimapur District, Nagaland (India). Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 27(2):485-488. Sanusi M, 1977. Problems and control of weeds on young tea in Indonesia. Proceedings 6th Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, 427-431. Sanusi M, Sabur AM, 1987. Performance of oxyfluorfen herbicide on weeds in young tea plantation (Camellia sinensis). Weed Research Bulletin, 1:42-49. Sastroutomo SS, Pandegirot ET, 1988. Ecological Survey of Weeds at Ciliwung Tea Plantation, West Java. Proceedings 9th Conference of the Indonesian Weed Science Society, 2: 233-253. Sauerborn J, Koch W, 1988. An investigation of the germination of six tropical arable weeds. Weed Research, UK, 28(1):47-52 Shine C, Reaser JK, Gutierrez AT, 2003. Invasive alien species in the Austral-Pacific Region: National Reports & Directory of Resources. Smith AC, 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji. Lawai, Kauai, Hawai`i. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Volume 5, 626 pp. Soerjani M, Kostermans AJGH, Tjitrosoepomo G, 1987. Weeds of Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Balai Pustaka, 716 pp.

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Space JC, Flynn T, 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, 51. Space JC, Flynn T, 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service. Space JC, Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, 83 pp. Space JC, Waterhouse B, Miles JE, Tiobech J, Rengulbai K, 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service, 174 pp. Space JC, Waterhouse BM, Newfield M, Bull C, 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. 80 pp. [UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity.] http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/niue_report_2004.htm Stroud A, Parker C, 1989. A Weed Identification Guide for Ethiopia. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Su MingChou, Kao HueyLien, 2005. Investigation and analysis of herbaceous plants on junior high school campuses of Pingtung City. Journal of the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University, 19(3):187-205. Swarbrick JT, 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Report to Parks Australia. J.T. Swarbrick, Weed Science Consultancy, 131 pp. Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, 1987. Field characterization of the confused species Crassocephalum crepidioides and Erechtites valerianifolia in Indonesia. Proceedings, 11th Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference Taipei, Taiwan; Asian Pacific Weed Science Society, No. 2:533-540 Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, 1991. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore. Weed Info Sheet No. 4. Bogor, Indonesia: SEAWIC-BIOTROP. Tomimori K, Nakama S, Kimura R, Tamaki K, Ishikawa C, Mori N, 2012. Antitumor activity and macrophage nitric oxide producing action of medicinal herb, Crassocephalum crepidioides. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12(78):(21 June 2012). http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6882-12-78.pdf USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. http://www.ars-grin.gov/ Vanijajiva O, Kadereit JW, 2009. Morphological and molecular evidence for interspecific hybridisation in the introduced African genus Crassocephalum (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) in Asia. Systematics and Biodiversity, 7(3):269-276. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=6051400&fulltextType=R A&fileId=S147720000900303X Vimla Bisht, Negi GCS, Joshi GG, 2007. Changing pattern of the flora vis-à-vis tea cultivation in Uttarakhand hills. International Journal of Tea Science (IJTS), 6(3):15-21. Wagner WI, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH, 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, Revised edition. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaii Press, 1498-1499. Waterhouse DF, 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the southern and western Pacific. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. 93 pp. [ACIAR Monograph No. 44].

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Wunderlin RP, Hansen BF, 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Florida, USA: University of South Florida. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/

______To be Filled in by List Committee following Hearing of Proposal ______

Outcome: Cat.I Cat.II TBW Hold Date: July 29, 2014

Vote tally: # 11 Yea #__ Nay #__ Abstained #__ Voting withheld

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