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State of Hate, Far-Right Extremism in Europe 2021

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STATE OF HATE FAR-RIGHT EXTREMISM IN EUROPE 2021 Editors: Joe Mulhall and Safya Khan-Ruf STATE OF HATE FAR-RIGHT EXTREMISM IN EUROPE 2021 HOPE not hate Charitable Trust PO Box 61383, London, N19 9ER Telephone 020 7952 1184 Email: [email protected] http://charity.hopenothate.org.uk Registered office: Suite 1, 3rd Floor, 11-12 St. James’s Square, London SW1Y 4LB FAR-RIGHT EXTREMISM IN EUROPE A Collaborative Report by: HOPE NOT HATE CHARITABLE TRUST Established in 1992, HOPE not hate Charitable Trust uses research, education and public engagement to challenge mistrust and racism, and helps to build communities that are inclusive, celebrate shared identities and are resilient to hate. The charity monitors far-right extremism and produces in-depth analysis of the threat of the politics of hate in the UK and abroad. We also specialise in related policy work, which draws on our research and our extensive data mapping, community engagement and training as well as a national Education Unit. AMADEU ANTONIO STIFTUNG The Amadeu Antonio Foundation is one of Germany’s foremost independent non- governmental organizations working to strengthen democratic civic society and eliminate neo-Nazism, right-wing extremism, anti-Semitism, racism and other forms of bigotry and hate in Germany. Since its founding in 1998, the Foundation has funded more than 1.400 projects and campaigns in pursuit of this goal. It brings direct support to victims of hate-based violence, and promotes alternative youth cultures and community networks to weaken the social structures that intolerance and racism need to survive. Furthermore the Foundation engages with hate and other forms of group-focused enmity online while promoting the development of a democratic digital civil society. EXPO FOUNDATION Expo Foundation is an anti-racist organisation based in Sweden working towards a vision of a society where racist ideas lack influence. The foundation works for an open, democratic society by counteracting racist organisations and ideas. The work consists of monitoring, journalistic investigation and education aiming to raise peoples ability to challenge racist ideas, myths and conspiracy theories. January 2021 | 3 STATE OF HATE AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES SAMUEL BOURON geographies of inequality (e.g. social marginalization and stigmatization, social risk) and issues connected Samuel Bouron is associate professor at the to development studies. Previous work has appeared University of Paris-Dauphine. His work focuses on in journals such as International Journal of Urban the relationship between the far right and the media. and Regional Research, Urban Geography, Cities, He wrote From Fascists in the Street to Heroes on Area, Environmental Politics and Identities. He has the Web. The training of Identitaires Militants, based reviewed academic papers for Political Geography, on participant observation within the network Urban Studies, British Journal of Sociology, Cities, Génération Identitaire, which shows the impact of Sustainable Cities and Society, Area, Identities and this organization in the far-right group’s mobilization Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. on Internet. Remus is the 2004-2005 Fellow of NOW (NWO) grant awardee at the University of Utrecht, The VALERIO ALFONSO BRUNO Netherlands and a member of UNGEGN’s (United Valerio Alfonso Bruno is Senior Fellow at the Centre Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names) for Analysis of the Radical Right (CARR), where Working Group on Exonyms. he is deputy head of the populism research unit and Fellow at the Center for European Futures (CEF). Bruno cooperates with the Advanced School RICARDO CABRAL FERNANDES of Economics and International Relations at the Ricardo Cabral Fernandes is a Portuguese journalist. Catholic University of Milan and the Observatoire He has dedicated himself to studying the Portuguese de la Finance in Geneva. His online analyses have far-right and its international connections. appeared regularly on Al Jazeera, Social Europe, Fair Observer, Rantt, openDemocracy and LSE EUROPP. JACEK DZIĘGIELEWSKI Bruno is currently working on a monograph on the Jacek Dzięgielewski graduated in philology and populist radical right in Italy between 2018 and 2020, journalism and has been involved in the Polish with J.F. Downes and A. Scopelliti, for Ibidem-Verlag/ anti-racist and anti-fascist movement for many Columbia University Press. years. He currently works closely with the ‘NEVER AGAIN’ Association from Poland on activities such as JAN CHARVÁT monitoring hate speech and racist violence, as well as Jan Charvát is an assistant professor at the removing racist and nazi symbols from public space. Department of Political Science at the Institute of Political Studies in the Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University. He is the author of the book PATRIK HERMANSSON Současný politický extremismus a radikalismus Patrik Hermansson is a researcher at HOPE not hate (Current Political Extremism and Radicalism, specialising in transnational extreme right networks, 2007, in Czech) and co-author and editor of the terrorism and digital research. In 2017 he spent a book Mikrofon je naše bomba. Politika a hudební year undercover in the British and American far-right subkultury mládeže v postsocialistickém Česku (The and is the co-authors of The International Alt-Right: Microphone Is Our Bomb. Politics and Youth Music Fascism for the 21st Century? (Routledge) released Subcultures in Post-Socialist Czech Republic, 2018). in 2020. His main professional interest includes political extremism, especially the current far right, social SAFYA KHAN-RUF pathology, and political subcultures. Safya Khan-Ruf is a researcher and journalist, covering different types of hate across Europe for REMUS CRETAN HOPE not hate, the UK’s largest anti-fascism Remus Cretan is Professor of Human Geography and anti-racism organisation. She is particularly at West University of Timisoara, Romania. Remus’s interested in interfaith efforts challenging prejudice, recent research includes urban, regional and cultural the interactions of minority communities with geographies, more specifically he has studied ethnic each other and the state, and the fortunes of the identities, social movements and place naming far right in Europe. Safya studied Neuroscience at in Central and Eastern Europe. His key topics are King’s College London, before doing a Masters in 4 | January 2021 FAR-RIGHT EXTREMISM IN EUROPE Journalism at City University and a Masters in Intl. countries to Russian influence, GLOBSEC Trends, History at the London School of Economics. She analytical reports mapping the connections between previously worked at the Bureau of Investigative Kremlin and far-right political actors. He previously Journalism and *Research Europe. worked as Adviser at OSCE-Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights in Warsaw, Coordinator of anti-extremist policies at the Office NERMINA KULOGLIJA of the Minister of Interior and Special Adviser to the Nermina Kuloglija is a journalist with the Balkan Minister of Justice. Investigative Reporting Network Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2019. Her particular focus is on ultra-right groups, extremism and terrorism. JOE MULHALL She is also covering topics related to corruption and Joe Mulhall is Senior Researcher at HOPE not hate, war crimes. the UK’s largest anti-fascism and anti-racism organisation. He is a historian of postwar and contemporary fascism and completed his PhD at JONATHAN LEMAN Royal Holloway, University of London. He sits on Jonathan Leman is a researcher at Expo Foundation. the Board of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust He monitors activism, propaganda and criminality in the UK. He has published extensively both of the extreme right in Sweden. He has also done academically and journalistically and appears extensive work on modern antisemitism and the regularly in the international news media and gives wider far-right. talks around the world about his research. In 2020 he published two books, British Fascism After the SHAUN MCDAID Holocaust: From the Birth of Denial to the Notting Shaun McDaid is Senior Lecturer in the Division of Hill Riots 1939-1958 (Routledge) and the co-authored Criminology, Politics and Sociology at the University The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st of Huddersfield. Century? (Routledge). His forthcoming book is Drums in the Distance: Journey’s Into The Global Far Right SUSI MERET (Icon Books). Susi Meret is an Associate Professor at the Department of Politics and Society, University of ANITA NISSEN Aalborg, Denmark. Her main research interest is Anita Nissen (Aalborg University, Denmark) is a with populist radical right-wing parties in Europe, post-doc in European Studies and affiliated with populism, political extremisms and civil society the Aalborg Center for European Studies (ACEuS). reactions hereto. She has conducted studies on Her research encompasses the fields of political right-wing populism in Denmark (and beyond), sociology and political science. Her main research also considering the mainstream parties’ counter- topic is the far right, both in its extra – and strategies, the role of Islam and more broadly the parliamentary forms. Currently, she is involved in civil society responses to growing anti-immigration, the research project ‘Social exclusion, polarization and populist ethno-nationalism. and security in the Nordic welfare state’ (funded by NordForsk), where she will conduct research on far-right radicalization processes. Her PhD DANIEL MILO
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  • Defence Forces Review 2020 Defence Forces Review 2020

    Defence Forces Review 2020 Defence Forces Review 2020

    Defence Forces Review 2020 Defence Forces Review 2020 ISSN 1649-7066 DISCLAIMER The material and views expressed in these papers are those of the authors, which have been subject to academic peer review, and do not indicate official approval of the Defence Forces or the Department of Defence. Published for the Military Authorities by the Public Relations Section at the Chief of Staff’s Branch, and printed at the Defence Forces Printing Press, Infirmary Road, Dublin 7. © Copyright in accordance with Section 56 of the Copyright Act, 1963, Section 7 of the University of Limerick Act, 1989 and Section 6 of the Dublin University Act, 1989. 1 Launch of the Defence Forces Review In conjunction with an Academic Seminar Dublin City University, 3rd December, 2020 Defence Forces Review 2020 Preface “Not all readers are leaders, but all leaders are readers.” (Harry Truman, US President 1945 – ‘53) Building on the success of last year’s Review, launch and positive reaction 2020’s Review is themed ‘The global island: Strategic implications for Irish defence planning in the evolving geopolitical landscape.’ This is a pertinent topic in light of the Defence Commission proposed in the 2020 Programme for Government, which is set to look at “the medium- and longer term defence requirements of the State…” The Defence Forces Review provides a forum in which contributors can present their research and facilitate discussion on a wide range of defence-related matters for the benefit of the wider Defence Community in Ireland and beyond. Sadly, due to Covid 19 restrictions we will be unable to have a normal launch of the Review.