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Zoeckier, Otto, 1833-1906. Cross of Christ : Studies in the History of Rt

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Zoeckier, Otto, 1833-1906. Cross of Christ : Studies in the History of Rt Zoeckier, Otto, 1833-1906. Cross of Christ : studies in the history of rt and Ihe inner life of Ihe church. THE CROSS OF CHRIST. THE CROSS OF CHRIST STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF RELIGION AND THE INNER LIFE OF THE CHURCH. / ' BY THE REV. V OTTO ZOECKLER, D.D., PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY IN GREIFSWALD. TRANSLATED, IVJTH THE CO-OPERATION OF THE AUTHOR, BY THE REV. MAURICE J. EVANS, B.A. "Crux Christ! unica est eruditio verborum Dei, theologia sincerissima." Luther, on Psalm vi. ii. HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW, MDCCCLXXVII. \_All Kights Reserz'ed.^ Printed by Hazell, Watson, and Viney, London and Aylesbury. ii A AUTHOR'S PREFACE. A MONOGRAPH of the Cross in the form of an octavo volume of almost five hundred pages will appear to some a hazardous undertaking ; to others, it may be, a mon- strosity. He who has seen the three bulky quarto volumes of Gretser's gigantic work will perhaps doubt the possibility of adding anything thereto of a nature to complement or correct that which has been said by him. On the other hand, he who is unacquainted with the abundance of problems con- nected with the history of worship and of art, and even of civihsation and morals, presenting themselves in this domain, will regard it as hardly comprehensible that a volume, even of the size of the present one, should be composed upon this subject, without its contents being afflicted with the bane of tedious dryness, or with the pedantry of an ingeniously trifling miniature painting. We hope, from the nature and contents of our work, to be sufficiently justified against objections on either side. A mere hasty glance at the sketch of the Literature appended to this Preface will be enough to correct the impression of those — of the one class or of the other — who doubt as to the neces- sity for fresh investigations upon our subject, and specially as to the timeliness of a survey of the researches devoted to this subject. To the seriously reflecting mind, however, not merely that side of the subject bearing on the archaeology of cultus and art — of which the very great fulness in particular, is forcibly illustrated by our compendious list of the works VI AUTHORS PREFACE. already written upon it, — but also its significance for a deeper penetration into the innermost essence of Christianity, and for a right apprehension of highly important religious and social problems of the present day, can hardly remain long a thing unperceived. The cross as " the emblem of Christianity universally," as the symbolic " representation of the one great truth, out of which a multitude of truths may be developed," ^ is only apparently on a level with a number of other religious emblems, the study of which can call forth no interest beyond that of an art-historical or liturgical examination. It may be that a false externalising, specially in the Church of the Middle Ages, has attached itself to the reverence manifested towards the cross. An exact and critical detailing of these superstitious extravagances and mystical playings of the imagination may more than once run the risk of producing a wearying or even repelling effect. Nevertheless there is inherent in this particular sign a stronger power of attraction than in any of the other symbols of Christianity. The externalising and corrupting influence upon the essence and life of our religion proceeding from it, from the time of Constantino and Helena, was followed in the period of the Reformation by a purifying and spiritualising process, which, equally with that process of degeneration, took its point of departure in the original expression of believing and enthusiastic attachment to the symbol of redemption. The Catholic devotion to the Cross, and the Evangelical preaching of the Cross, have their roots in the same soil. The implement of torture, transformed from an abhorred symbol of the curse into a rock of salva- tion for all peoples, is the common sacrificial altar of both, alike of that half of Christendom which has returned to the poor rudimentary ordinances of the world (Gal. iv. 3 ; Col. ii. 8, 20), and of that which by virtue of a truly spiritual apprehension and embodiment of the idea of the cross of ' K. Chr. W. Biihr. author's preface. vii Jesus (Matt. xvi. 24), is raised above the danger of relapse into a heathen or Jewish externahty. Nor does it in the pre- sent day deny its place of honour and of power, either in the Romish, or in the Greek, or in the Evangelical Church ; and it will continue to maintain its central and unitinsf sienificance for the totality of the Church until the end of the days. A delineation, briefly presenting in its leading features the historic course of development which gave rise successively to these main forms and phases of the religion of the Cross, may, on account of the beauty and grandeur of its object, be regarded as secured against the suspicion of micrologic dul- ness. The history of the Cross necessarily presents a reflected image of the history of Christianity itself, and indeed a more instructive and important one than any other similar contem- plation, under the veil of an emblem, of the rise and growth of our religion hitherto, which might in any way be attempted. Specially upon a closer examination of its preparatory history — in the remarkable and partly enigmatical airy reflections which, in the form of so many a cruciform symbol upon the art monuments of the pre-Christian as of modern Heathen- dom, serve as heralds and precursors of the cultus of the Cross in the Christian Church — does our subject awaken interest in every one at all endowed with historic culture, and a sense for the appreciation of higher ethical endeavours and problems. The title " Contribution to the Philosophy of History," pertains with unquestionable right to a treatment of the subject designed and executed from such standpoint ; even though from time to time an indispensable entering into the details of the controversies with regard to the archaeology of worship or of art, as also an examination of the more important phenomena of the dogmatic or mystic-ascetic literature bearing upon our subject, should occasion many deviations from the mode of treatment ordinarily prevailing in works on the philosophy of history. Vlll AUTHOR S PREFACE. We might also, looking not so much at the plan and mode of treatment as at the nature of its contents, have ventured to designate our book an " Apology for Christianity." For a history of the glorifying of the Cross by the forms of cultus and the art-formations of the Church, but also not less by the manifold products of the practical following of Christ upon the via regia crucis, is in itself, without any apologetic addition or rhetorical art, an effective defence of Christianity. And the more vigorously and incisively we, in presenting this history, employ the critical standard which the Evangelical standpoint of faith places in our hand ; the more carefully all glorifica- tion of the sensuous and external side of the symbol of redemption, in the sense of an unsound romanticism or of a hazy natural-philosophic mystery, remains excluded ; the m.ore emphatically, on the other hand, the intransitory religious-ethical core and centre of the same is presented in bold relief, and is set forth in its ever radiant clearness, its irresistible power of attraction, its solace and peace-diffusing operations, among Christians of all confessions : so much more distinctly will be brought out that which the Cross preaches in the present day, alike to the scornful despisers as to the salvation-loving friends of the religion of Jesus, and at the same time with the elenctic will also the apologetic significance of this preaching become apparent, amidst the conflict of the powers of our age. We hope that, on account of the paramount interest which the subject presents on more than one side, the studies and literary notes, bearing more upon the learned details of our investigations, which we have collected in the form of a number of excurses at the end of our work, — some of these only slightly connected with the main object of our examina- tion, (Nos. III., IV. and VII.,) — will meet with a not unfriendly reception at the hand of the majority of our readers. Greifswald, July, 1875. if TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. 'T~^HE Christian conception of the Cross of Christ is th^t of -*- the world's altar of reconciliation, on which the sacrifice of the God-man is the antitype and substance, not only of the typical expiations of the Old Covenant, but also of all those shadowy expiations which occupy so prominent a place in the history of all ancient peoples. The supreme affection which the Church has always cherished for the symbol of the Cross is thus an affection which has for its object, not the instrument of death in itself, but the Divine Saviour who in grace hung thereon. The Church in all ages has rejoiced to extol the love of Him who redeemed her with His blood. In our author's volume the paramount influence of this affection upon the Church's thought and life is traced through the successive ages of her history. So early as the time of the Apostles, the grace of her Redeemer finds its meet com- mendation in Christian song. One of the earliest hymns of the Cross is that communicated by the Apostle Paul : " If we have died with Him, we shall also live with Him ; If we suffer, we shall also reigii with Him : If we deny Him, He also will deny us ; If we believe not, yet He abideth faithful, He cannot deny Himself." ^ Who can tell to what extent such calm and peaceful songs of the Christians on that memorable Sunday preceding the battle of the Milvian Bridge affected the perturbed mind of Constantine, and disposed him to accept as a token of deliver- X translator's preface.
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