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RUfV/eHl" CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGLISH COLLECTION THE GIFT OF JAMES MORGAN HART PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH Cornell University Library CC315.R8 H59 + Runic roods of Ruthwell and Bewcastle, w 3 1924 029 809 070 ohn Overs Cornell University Library ^ The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029809070 THE BUNIC BOODS OF BUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE All Rights Reserved PLATE I. RUTHWELL CltOSS, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgotnerie, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Frontispiece. THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE WITH A SHORT HISTORY OF THE CROSS AND CRUCIFIX m SCOTLAND BY JAMES KING HEWISONJ M. A., D.D. (Edin. ); Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland THE WORKS OF NINIAN WINZET EDITOR OF ; AUTHOR OF "THE ISLE OF BUTE IN THE OLDEN TIME," "THE COVENANTERS," "THE COUNTY GEOGRAPHY OF DUMFRIESSHIRE," ETC. GLASGOW: JOHN SMITH & SON, LTD. 1914 DEDICATED TO JOHN CUNINGHAME MONTGOMERIE ESQUIRE OF DALMORE COMPANION DURING MANY PILGRIMAGES TO THE RUNIC ROODS OP RUTHWELL and BEWCASTLE PREFACE Veneration for the Runic Roods and a grateful interest in my native shire of Dumfries have impelled me to write this history of the stately Cross of Ruthwell, now re-erected within the Parish Church of Ruthwell, in the county of Dumfries, and to conjoin with it an account of the twin pillar which adorns the parish churchyard of Bewcastle, in Cumberland. The superb photographs of these two remarkable monuments which embellish this volume are the artistic work and the gift of Mr J. C. Mont- gomerie of Dalmore. To him, not the present writer only, but every subse- quent student in this subject, will be under the deepest obligations for his infinite trouble in procuring such masterpieces. I wish to thank Mr Rutherford of Jardington for the use of an early photograph of Ruthwell Cross while it stood in the open air ; Sir David Prain, Kew, for assistance in endeavouring to name the flowers carved upon both monuments ; G. N. Count Plunkett, F.S.A., Vice-President of the Royal Academy, Dublin ; Rev. George Yorke, formerly Rector of Bewcastle ; and the Rev. J. L. Dinwiddie, M.A., Parish Minister of Ruthwell, for many facilities granted for personal examination of the crosses under their charge ; the Dean and Chapter of Durham for the use of illustrations of relics in the Cathedral Library ; Messrs W. & R. Chambers, Ltd., for permission to reproduce from Chambers's Encyclopaedia Canon Taylor's table of runes on Bewcastle Cross ; Mr H. D. Hood, Melrose, and Mr John Gibson, Hexham, for the use of photographs ; Mr John Taylor, Dublin, Mr J. W. Dods, Dumfries, the Misses Montgomerie, Dalmore, and Mrs Dinwiddie, Ruthwell, for kind help frequently given in these studies. viii THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE To the Rev. Joseph Traill, B.D., Rothesay, I am much indebted for reading the manuscript and proofs, and for many valuable suggestions. Study for this book has given me an exquisite pleasure on account of the fact that, through the courtesy of librarians in London, Oxford, Lambeth, and Dublin, I was permitted to handle and consult such precious Anglo- Saxon, Hiberno-Saxon, and other MSS. as The Lindisfarne Gospels, The Alcuin Bible, The MacRegol Gospels, The MacDurnan Gospels, King Mihel- stan's Psalter, Queen Margaret's Gospel-Book, The Book of Durrow, and other library treasures. JAMES KING HEWISON. Rothesay, February 1914. ;; : CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introductory—A Short History of the Cross and Crucifix in Scotland 1 CHAPTER II Sites : Traditions : Emergence into History 10 Location of Rune-inscribed monuments at Ruthwell and Bewcastle. Traditions Emergence into history of Ruthwell Cross ; its demolition ; restoration as an " ancient monument." Emergence into history of Bewcastle Obelisk. CHAPTER III Descriptions of Ruthwell Cross and of Bewcastle Obelisk or Cross . 28 I. Description of Ruthwell Cross ; measurements, description of panels, sculpture, Latin and Runic inscriptions ; the wheel-head ; Sandstone. II. Description of Bewcastle Obelisk ; measurements, description of panels, sculpture, Runic inscriptions ; Sandstone. CHAPTER IV The Inscriptions 48 I. The Latin-Saxon Letters. II. The Runes. Anglian, Manx, Hibernian Runes, etc. 1. The Runes on Ruthwell Cross. Disputed Runes on the cross-head. The Csedmon reading. Kemble's reference to The Dream of the Rood." The Dialect. 2. The Runes on Bewcastle Obelisk. The lost cross-head and its Runes. Various readings, and result of comparison. The historical personages alleged to be commemorated. CHAPTER V The Sculpture on both Monuments ... 77 1. Geometric patterns. 3. Foliaceous sculpture. 2. Interlaced patterns. 4. Figure sculpture. CHAPTER VI Symbols and Doctrine 93 1. The Cross. First cross in Northumbria 7. The Christ. the crosses of St Cuthbert, JSthelweald, 8. Anointing the Lord's feet. and Acca ; the wheel-head cross. 9. John the Baptist. Crucifix. 2. The Earliest representations ; 10. St Cuthbert. the permissive edicts ; the orbs. 11. The Nativity. 3. The Vine. 12. The Annunciation. 4. The Falconer and Hawk : the birds. The 13. The Visitation. eagle and the phoenix emblems. 14. The Shoes. 5. The Sacred Birds on Ruthwell Cross. 15. The Flight into Egypt. 6. The Archer. A sky-god ; Mithraic cult 16. Healing of Blind Man. symbol of light; zodiacal sign for 17. St. Matthew's symbol. December ; late idolatry on the 18. St Paul and St Anthony. Borders. 19. The Sun-dial. X THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE CHAPTER VII PAGE Early Art in Northumbria . ... 127 CHAPTER VIII The Dates assignable to the Runic Roods 139 Opinions of earliest writers ; of later authorities for a seventh-century origin ; Rivoira's preference for the twelfth century ; Cook's reference of the Ruthwell Cross to the twelfth century. The Raison d'etre op the Monxjments. Possible connection with St Cuthbert in the later day of his cult, i.e. in the historic age of King ^Ethelstan and of St Dunstan in the tenth century. Improbable connection with "Alchfrith." No motive for King David I. of Scotland erecting these crosses. Peace memorials. The Benedictine revival. The latest views of authorities—Professors Cook and Lethaby, Sir Martin Conway, and Mr Collingwood. CHAPTER IX " The Dream op the Rood "... .... 154 The Anglo-Saxon text : A Metrical Translation. APPENDIX I — Place-Names Ruthwell and Bewcastle .... 164 APPENDIX II The Mysterious Cynewulp ... .167 APPENDIX III Anglian and Anglo-Danish Sculpture . 169 APPENDIX IV Weight of the Monuments 173 Index ... 174 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE I. Ruthwell Cross, from the South- East. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie. Frontispiece TO FACE PAGE II. Celtic Crosses in Bute ....... 4 III. Ruthwell Parish Church—(1) front view, Photograph by J. K. Heivison; (2) apse north side, Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie 10 IV. Bewcastle Parish Church, Camp, Castle. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie 14 V. Portraits of (1) Nicolson ; (2) Duncan ; (3) St Cuthbert ; (4) M'Farlan ; (5) St Dunstan ......... 18 VI. (1^1) Gordon's Illustrations of Ruthwell Cross ; (5-8) Cardonnel's Illustrations of Ruthwell Cross ....... 24 VII. Ruthwell Cross, as re-erected by the Rev. Dr Duncan. Photograph by Mr J. Rutherford ........ 28 VIII. (1) Menhir at Dol; (2) Hickes' Illustration; (3) Crucifix of Charlemagne (4) Vietor's Illustration ....... 32 IX. Cotton's Letter to Camden, Photograph lent by Rev. Dr Wilson, Dalston ; (2 and 3) Smith's Illustrations of Bewcastle Obelisk .... 36 X. Bewcastle Cross or Obelisk, West face. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie 42 XI. Readings of Bewcastle Runes (1) Smith; Howard (3)Lysons; — (2) ; (4) Lysons 48 XII. Readings of Bewcastle Runes (1) Maughan ; Haigh ; (3) Taylor — (2) ; (4) Col lingwood .......... 52 face. XIII. Ruthwell Cross, South Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . 58 Cross, four faces. XIV. Ruthwell Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . 64 XV. The Christ on Bewcastle and Ruthwell Crosses. Photographs by Mr J. C. Mont- gomerie .......... 70 Ruthwell Cross, South-West. Photograph XVI. from by Mr J. C. Montgomerie. 76 XVII. Bewcastle Obelisk, from South-West. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . 82 XVIII. Bewcastle Obelisk, from South-West. Photograph by J. Mr C. Montgomerie . 88 Xii THE EUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE PLATE TO FACE PAGE XIX. Bewcastle Obelisk, East face. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . 92 XX. Bewcastle Obelisk, North face. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . 96 XXI. (1) Runic Alphabets, St Gall; (2 and 4) Spital Cross, Hexham, Photograph by Mr John Gibson ; (3) Photograph of Bewcastle Runes, Photographfrom Cast by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . .104 XXII. Table exhibiting various Readings of the Runes on Bewcastle Obelisk. Drawn by J. K. Hewison ......... 110 XXIII. "Cyniburug," Photographfrom Cast by Mr J. C. Montgomerie; (2) Langbar Rocks, Isa Photograph by J. K. Hewison ; (3) Bewcastle Obelisk, Photograph by Miss Montgomerie ; (4) Bewcastle Obelisk, Photograph by Miss Mary Montgomerie ; (5) Workmen and Cast, Photograph by Miss Isa Montgomerie . .114 XXIV. Reconstruction of Ruthwell Cross. Designed by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . 118 XXV. (1) Ruthwell Cross, Crucifixion Scene ; (2) the Baptists on both Monuments ; (A, Bewcastle B, Ruthwell) ; (4) Upper part of Ruthwell Cross, Photographs by Mr J. C. Montgomerie the Crocodiles . 122 ; (3) Horus upon XXVI. Bewcastle Obelisk, from North-West. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie 128 XXVII. Bewcastle Obelisk, from North-East. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . 132 XXVIII. Bewcastle—Landscape. Photograph by Mr J. C. Montgomerie . 138 XXIX. (1) Acca's Cross ; (2) St Cuthbert's Coffin. Illustrations lent by the Dean and Chapter, Durham ......... 144 XXX. Northumbrian Crosses. Illustrations lent by the Dean and Chapter, Durham . 152 ERRATUM P. 65, line 15, for Oswining read Oswiuing.
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  • Anglo-Saxon Sculpture and Rome: Perspectives and Interpretations

    Anglo-Saxon Sculpture and Rome: Perspectives and Interpretations

    258 CHAPTER 6 Anglo-Saxon Sculpture and Rome: Perspectives and Interpretations Having seen the many and varied ways in which early Christian Anglo-Saxon architecture could articulate ideas of 'Rome', this chapter will turn to review the other public art form of the Anglo-Saxon landscape, the stone sculpture, to consider also its relationship with concepts of ‘Romanness’. This is an aspect that has emerged – more or less tangentially – from other scholarly analyses of the material, but it has not been used as a common denominator to interpret and understand Anglo-Saxon sculpture in its own right. In the course of the twentieth century, scholars from different disciplines have developed research questions often strictly related to their own circumstantial agendas or concerns when discussing this kind of material, and this has tended to affect and limit the information that could be gained. It is only recently that some more interdisciplinary approaches have been suggested which provide a fuller understanding of the artistic and cultural achievement conveyed through Anglo-Saxon sculpture. 6.1 The scholarship 6.1 a) Typology and Style1 Any discussion of Anglo-Saxon sculpture opens with an account of the work of W.G. Collingwood (1854-1932) 2 and the impact that it has had on the development of subsequent studies.3 As such, he is generally considered to have 1 For a recent and full discussion on the subject see the forthcoming work by A. Denton, An Anglo-Saxon Theory of Style: motif, mode and meaning in the art of eighth-century Northumbria (PhD, York, 2011); I am grateful to her for the chance of reading and discussing her work.