Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1981 The Origins and Development of the Gentlemanly Ideal in the South: 1607-1865. Robert Lynn Rainard Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Rainard, Robert Lynn, "The Origins and Development of the Gentlemanly Ideal in the South: 1607-1865." (1981). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3651. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3651 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “ Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 8126973 Ra in a r d, R o be r t L y n n THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENTLEMANLY IDEAL IN THE SOUTH: 1607-1865 The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col.Ph.D. 1981 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 Copyright 1981 by Rainard, Robert Lynn All Rights Reserved THE ORIGINS AHD DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENTLEMANLY IDEAL IN THE SOUTH: 1607-1865 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Robert Lynn Rainard B.A., University of South Florida, 1972 M.A., University of South Florida, 1974 August 1981 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the assistance and encouragement of professors, family, and friends, this work would have never been completed. Heading the list of those I wish to thank is my major professor, Anne C. Loveland. Dr. Loveland not only has my gratitude, but also my admiration and respect. She has always taken the time to provide guidance in both research and writing, and has been ever prepared to accept whatever academic burdens I have thrust upon her. I will always be in her debt. No graduate student can pass through the Louisiana State University history department without becoming indebtc to Dr. John Loos. Dr. Loos has provided encouragement, but even more importantly, he has helped provide the financial assistance without which this dissertation would not be possible. Dr. William J. Cooper’s assistance has also been invaluable. Our conversations about the meaning of southern history have often led me to reevaluate my assumptions about the South, and his bibliographic suggestions have often sent me scurrying to the library in search of one more source. His suggestions have been influential and appreciated. I would also like to thank Dr. Burl Noggle for his encouragement over the past five years, and Dr. William ii Bankston, who willingly joined my committee on short notice. During the summer of 1979 I hau the pleasure of doing research in a number libraries throughout the South. The staffs at the Alderman Library of the University of Virginia, at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, at the North Carolina Department of Archives and History, at the University Archives of the University of South Carolina, and at the Southern Historical Collection of the University of North Carolina, were of great help in my search for the gentleman of the South. Deserving of special recognition for the aid and encouragement they rendered are Shirley Bright Cook of the Papers of John C . Calhoun, Allen Stokes of the South Caroliniana Library, Robert L. Byrd of the William R. Perkins Library at Duke University, and Margaret Cook of the Earl Gregg Swem Library at the College of William and Mary, who made my research trip a pleasurable experience. Without funding, the aforementioned trip would not have been possible. I would like to thank the Graduate School and Mrs. Clyde C. Warrick for providing financial assistance, and, once again, Dr. Loos for the duty-free assistantship which gave me the time and money that made the trip possible. Also deserving of thanks are Dr. John Easterly, who graciously agreed to proofread the manuscript, and John iii Byrne, who diligently searched the LSU library for the bibliographic information which I had failed to copy fully, and to Jonathan and Donna Fricker, who kindly opened their doors to me when I returned to Baton Rouge to defend the dissertation. Finally, I wish to thank my wife Juanita, who provided support throughout my graduate school career--long as it was--and who proved an especially good research assistant and companion during the research trip. Without her faith and support I might never have finished the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................... vi CHAPTERS I. THE ITALIAN ORIGINS OF THE IDEAL M A N ............. 1 II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN .... 28 III. THE EMERGENCE OF TWO IDEAL TYPES IN THE SOUTH. 63 IV. ADVICE LITERATURE IN THE OLD SOUTH ............. 106 V. THE GENTLEMAN IN THE OLD SOUTH ................. 124 VI. ANTE-BELLUM NOVELISTS AND THE IDEAL MAN ........ 214 EPILOGUE .................................................. 243 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................. 246 VITA ......................................... 270 v ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the origins and development of the gentleman in the South. It begins with an examination of Castiglione1s The Courtier. Castiglione provided a discussion of the ideal man of Renaissance Italy. His ideal man, the courtier, possessed cultivation, character, and class. Together, these attributes made up the complete, or universal man. The Renaissance idea of the complete man profoundly influenced all later thought concerning the nature of the gentleman. The English embraced Castiglione's idea of a complete man, but they immediately adapted it to suit their own needs. The English placed much greater emphasis upon the gentleman's duty to his nation and to his fellow man. In addition, the English stressed Christian morality, expecting the gentleman to be both charitable and humble, and they also stressed the importance of the bourgeois virtues of frugality and industry. The influence of the English ideal on the colonial South is clearly identifiable. Colonists read the English advice literature which recommended the development of gentlemanly attributes, and they recommended that others follow the English ideal. Although southerners embraced the basic elements of the ideal of the English gentleman, they also adapted it to suit colonial conditions. Colonists believed that the gentleman had to possess a natural simplicity which reflected their rural life. They celebrated simplicity as one of the required virtues. Ante-bellum southerners were indebted to Castiglione, the English, and their own colonial forebears for their gentlemanly ideal. According to their letters, diaries, commencement addresses, and novels, southerners believed that the gentleman ought to be a complete man, possessing the requisite elements of class, character, and cultivation. He should possess a noble obligation to serve his nation and his fellow man; he should possess the Christian virtues of humility and charity; he should possess the bourgeois virtues of industry and frugality; and he should possess a rural simplicity. The ideal of the gentleman in the South