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GEOPOLITICAL CONCEPTS AND MARITIME TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR IN INDONESIAN FOREIGN POLICY Dino Patti Djalal B.A., Carleton University, 1986 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Political Science Dino Patti Djalal Simon Fraser Uni versi ty OCTOBER I990 A1 l rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. 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Ni la these ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent 6tre imprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 9-315-78351-6 APPROVAL Name: Din# Patti D.,af a1 Dear ee: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Geopolitical Concepts and Maritime Territorial Behaviour in Indonesian Foreign Policy Examinina Committee: Chairpersnn: Dr. L. Doburinskis - Sen i or Supevvi sor Dr. Theodore Cohn Second Supervisor DY. S.TUC~ ~ong Third Supervisor Ian Townsend-Gault Examiner Assoc iate Professor and Director of Asian Legal Studies Faculty of Law, University of British Columbia Date Approved: b 28: fi?o PARTIAL COFYRlGHT LICENSE I hereby grani to Simon Fraser University the right to lend ry thesis, project or ex~endedessay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for finan-ial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay "Geopolitical Concepts and Maritime Territorial Behav iour in Indonesian Foreign Policy" Dino Patti Djalal ( name ! November 29, 1990 (date) ABSTRACT This thesis undertakes to examine Indonesia's maritime territorial behaviour from a geopolitical perspective. More specifically, it aims to identify the geopolitical factors which have shaped the development of the so-called Archipelago Doctrine. Promulgated in 1957, this doctrine revoked the colonial three-mile territorial waters in favour of a territorial model whose boundaries circumscribed the archipelago, thereby placing under the country's sovereignty a predominant portion of the inland seas within the ~ndonesianarchipelago. The Archipelago Doctrine is examined in this thesis by evaluating its bureaucratic sources (particularly the role of the military), the political circumstances which surround the various stages of the doctrine's development, the nature of political priorities and perceptions which are attached to it, and the doctrine's relationship to other national doctrines. This study finds that the Indonesian elite's "needw to control the waters of the archipelago has been determined by symbolic, strategic and economic considerations : svmbolic, because the territorial model is perceived to bear relevance to the theme of national unification; strateaic, because it involves an attempt to control foreign maritime - but especially naval - movements within the archipelago; and economic, because it relates to the resource exploitation (mainly oil) in offshore areas. These three variables, acting individually or collectively, have at different points in time shaped the policies and level of interest of successive Indonesian governments toward the Archipelago Doctrine. These variables are also considered as ngeopoliticalll because they amalgamate geographical and political elements. The present analysis also demonstrates that the rise of the ii i Archipelago Doctrine to the top of the national agenda during late 1960's was directly connected to the military's advent to power. By committing itself to such tasks as the reform of political symbolism and the acceleration of economic development, the military created a strong incentive for the revival of interest in the maritime territory. Furthermore, the emergence of the military also meant that Indonesia's national policy had become amenable to the line of thought of the new elite, of which geopolitical rationalization is an important part. This explains why, unlike its predecessor, the present administration has been outspoken in pointing to the linkage between the Archipelago Doctrine and some traditional geopolitical themes in Indonesia's foreign relations. To Indonesia and to mama and papa Acknowledqements I am indebted to Dr. Doug Ross, who managed to find time in his busy schedule to patiently and diligently wade through the drafts of this thesis and provided me with helpful comments and suggestions. The assistance of Dr. S .T. Wong, who has been very attentive to my personal and academic well-being here and who further stimulated my interest in durin?geopo iticsmy stax t rough his Political Geogra hy course, is also appreciated. 1 would also like to thanf Dr. Ted Cohn, who first suggested that a paper which I wrote for his graduate course be extended into a thesis. This thesis was written between the fall of 1989 and the fall of 1990, and over such period of time numerous individuals - be it in official or unofficial capacities - have contributed in one way or another to this project. Pancasilawan (Caca), my loyal friend at the Foreign Ministr , went beyond the call of friendship b assistin me with tb e gathering of some of the research ma F erial in 3akarta. Mr. John Muzhar, Head of the Foreign Ministry's diplomatic school in Jakarta, kindly helped me obtain a pennisslon to complete my Masters program at SFFJ and was ,instrumental in extendin permit this year. N slster Dim, meanwhile, *8nalvelyw9eX me her library card go sign-out a mountain of books from the UBC library, for which she received fines on several occasions. The wonderful-taf fs of Inter-Library Loans deserve credit for helping me ac ire a considerable amount of books and articles which are useF.' in this thesis. I must also convey a special gratitude to Mr. Vern Loeiver, director of financial aid, who provided me with a se-ries of bursaries at a timz when I surely needed them most. Finally, my friends at Sm, without mentionin any particular names, deserve credit for helping me get t% rough the difficult moments in the pre aration of this thesis .in ways the only know how - but peri aps by constantly posm one ruB e question which is despised by all graduate stu1 ents : "when are you going to finish?" . There are two people, however who need to be singled out : my mother and father. All my !life the have always been there for me, butthe emotional cushion an financial sup ort which they provided me during the past twox years have geen es eciall invaluable. Time and time again the came to my ais when she chips were down No one could as): for better parents. Without their untiring assistance and faith in me, I can not imagine that this thesis would be corn leted. I therefore dedicate this thesis to my mother and Pather, the two most important people in my life. TABLE OF CONTENT APPROVAL ............................................... ii ABSTRACT....,......................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................... -vii pu ose of this Inquiry ........................... 1 Sta? ement of the Issue-area to be Investigated ....4 statement,of H othesis.........................,9 Organization oP Thesis, ..........................