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Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Letras E Artes Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Música Doutorado Em Música UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO CENTRO DE LETRAS E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM MÚSICA DOUTORADO EM MÚSICA “É PARA SER ESCURO!” - CODIFICAÇÕES DO BLACK METAL COMO GÊNERO AUDIOVISUAL CLÁUDIA SOUZA NUNES DE AZEVEDO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009 “É PARA SER ESCURO!” – CODIFICAÇÕES DO BLACK METAL COMO GÊNERO AUDIOVISUAL. por CLÁUDIA SOUZA NUNES DE AZEVEDO Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Música do Centro de Letras e Artes da UNIRIO, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor, sob orientação da Professora Dra. Martha Tupinambá de Ulhôa. Rio de Janeiro, 2009. Azevedo, Cláudia Souza Nunes de. A994 “É para ser escuro!” – codificações do black metal como gênero audiovisual / Cláudia Souza Nunes de Azevedo, 2009. xiii, 244f. + CD-ROM Orientador: Martha Tupinambá de Ulhôa. Tese (Doutorado em Música) – Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2009. 1. Black metal (Música) – Anos 1990. 2. Black metal (Música) – Subgêneros. 3. Black metal (Música) – Análise, apreciação – Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 4. Gêneros musicais. 5. Gênero audiovisual. 6. Se- miótica. I. Ulhôa, Martha Tupinambá de. II. Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (2003-). Centro de Letras e Artes. Curso de Doutorado em Música. III. Título. CDD – 782.42166 Catalogado na fonte pela Divisão de Processamento Documental da Biblioteca Central – UNIRIO. It’s meant to be dark! É para ser escuro! Frase atribuída ao guitarrista norueguês Euronymous, ao referir-se ao black metal, em 1993. ii AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer à CAPES pelas bolsas que me concedeu: doutorado e Programa de Doutorado com Estágio no Exterior, PDEE, através da qual realizei parte de minha pesquisa junto ao Departamento de Musicologia da Universidade de Oslo, entre 1 de fevereiro e 31 de julho de 2008. Gostaria, também, de expressar minha gratidão especial à orientadora, Professora Dra. Martha Tupinambá de Ulhôa, que aceitou meu projeto e esteve sempre disponível para debater minhas idéias com gentileza e interesse. Ao Professor Dr. Stan Hawkins, que recebeu-me como orientanda em Oslo, empenhou-se para que minha estadia fosse humana e academicamente proveitosa, cedendo-me seu tempo para debate e, generosamente, sugerindo leituras específicas, meus sinceros agradecimentos. Agradeço a todos que colaboraram com minha pesquisa, aceitando conceder entrevistas e compartilhar informações; a minha mãe, Nyrma, que tomou conta de minha filha enquanto estive fora; ao meu irmão, Flávio, que me ajudou com os computadores; aos Professores Doutores Caio Senna, Luiz Paulo Sampaio, Elizabeth Travassos, Silvio Merhy e demais professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Música (PPGM) da UNIRIO pelo privilégio do debate; a Jean-Pierre Caron, Marcílio Marques Lopes e demais colegas; ao Sr. Aristides e demais funcionários da Secretaria de Ensino do PPGM; ao Professor Dr. Leonardo Fuks, da Escola de Música da UFRJ, pela generosidade. Também gostaria de agradecer ao Departamento de Musicologia da Universidade de Oslo, que me recebeu com boa vontade, aos professores e colegas que encontrei por lá, em especial o Professor Telef Kvite, Marita Buanes, Eirik Askerøi, e a Sra. Ellen Wingerei, em nome dos funcionários. Sobretudo, meus agradecimentos a minha família: meus pais e avós, pelo incentivo e conforto que sempre me proporcionaram... e à Stella, porque ter filhos é uma coisa mágica. iii AZEVEDO, Cláudia S. N. de. “É para ser escuro!” – Codificações do black metal como gênero audiovisual. 2009. Tese (Doutorado em Música) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Música, Centro de Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. RESUMO Nesta tese, argumenta-se que o subgênero de metal extremo black metal deve ser abordado como um gênero audiovisual, devido à intertextualidade de seu sistema semântico, ancorado em um tripé de elementos de igual importância: ideologia (hipernormas), sonoridade (normas técnico-musicais) e iconografia (normas semióticas). A estética deste gênero audiovisual tornou- se transnacional durante os anos 1990, especialmente a partir de acontecimentos extramusicais protagonizados por adeptos noruegueses. Outra argumentação presente na tese é a de que, apesar da homogeneidade de sua expressão artística em várias regiões do planeta, o significado atribuído às práticas black metal é compartilhado pelos fãs nestes diversos locais apenas até certo ponto, adquirindo contornos próprios de acordo com as variáveis de tempo e espaço. Estes pressupostos foram verificados à luz da teoria dos gêneros musicais de Franco Fabbri e da teoria da competência musical de Gino Stefani. Como metodologia, foram utilizados alguns dos procedimentos sistematizados por Philip Tagg para análise semiótica da música popular, a saber, a aplicação de testes de recepção a partir da audição de peças produzidas por artistas black metal (objetos de análise) de modo a verificar quais associações (campo de associação paramusical) são feitas a partir das estruturas musicais (itens do código musical). Os testes foram feitos com fãs e, também, com não-fãs de black metal - estes últimos funcionando como grupo de controle da subjetividade da pesquisadora devido a sua experiência êmica. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada majoritariamente no Rio de Janeiro, com passagem por Oslo, Noruega. Associações paramusicais relativas à agressividade, raiva e ódio, feitas tanto por fãs quanto por não-fãs, a partir de estruturas musicais (dissonância, textura cerrada, intensidade, andamento rápido, timbres resultantes de instrumentos amplificados eletronicamente, vocalização gutural ou guinchada) apareceram como fortemente codificadas por referenciais bio-acústicos e mostraram um elevado grau de recorrência na respostas. Entretanto, no caso de uma peça musical acústica, não costumeiramente identificada pelo senso comum como pertencente à estética do metal extremo, houve recorrência entre as respostas dos indivíduos do grupo dos não-fãs, que em grande parte, relacionaram as estruturas musicais ouvidas à areia (deserto ou praia) e a cenários hispânicos ou árabes. A mesma peça suscitou respostas muito específicas entre os fãs, a partir do conhecimento prévio que possuíam a respeito do subgênero, com associações majoritariamente relativas a: neve, frio, montanhas, Idade Média, cenários e mitologia nórdicos. Estes resultados apontam a eficácia do sistema semântico do black metal entre indivíduos possuidores de competência nestes códigos. Palavras-chave: Black metal, metal extremo, metal no Rio de Janeiro, análise semiótica da música popular, competência musical, teoria dos gêneros musicais, gênero audiovisual. iv AZEVEDO, Cláudia S. N. de. “It’s meant to be dark!” – Codifications of black metal as an audiovisual genre. 2009. DoctorateThesis (Tese de Doutorado) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Música, Centro de Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. ABSTRACT In this thesis, it is argued that the subgenre of extreme metal known as black metal should be approached as an audiovisual genre due to the intertextuality of its semantic system, embedded on a tripod of equally important elements: ideology (hyper rules), sound (technical musical rules) and iconography (semiotic rules). The audiovisual aesthetics of the genre became transnational during the 1990’s, particularly because of extra musical events involving Norwegian adepts. Another argument is that, in spite of the homogeneity of the artistic expression in several parts of the planet, the meaning of black metal practices is shared by fans around the world only up to a certain point, acquiring its own features according to variables of time and space. These assumptions were verified according to Franco Fabbri’s theory of musical genres and Gino Stefani’s theory of musical competence. In the field of methodology, the thesis drew on some of the procedures for the semiotic analysis of popular music as suggested by Philip Tagg, with emphasis on reception tests from the listening of pieces produced by black metal artists (analysis objects) in order to verify which associations (paramusical field of connotation) are made from musical structures (items of musical code). Fans and non-fan of black metal were tested, the latter forming a control group, an useful strategy due to the emic experience of the author. Field work was carried out mostly in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with a passage in Oslo, Norway. Paramusical associations concerning agressivity, hatred and anger made by both fans and non fans, from musical structures (dissonance, closed texture, intensity, fast tempo, timbres resulting of electric amplified instruments, guttural or screeched vocal delivery) appeared as heavily coded through bio- acoustical references and displayed a high degree of recurrence. However, in the case of an acoustic piece - not identified by common sense as belonging to the extreme metal aesthetics – there was recurrence among the answers of non-fans in Rio de Janeiro who, in great part, related musical structures to sand (desert or beach) and to Arabian and Spanish sceneries. The same piece disclosed recurrence in specific associations among black metal fans, supposedly based on the previous information they had acquired from emic experience: snow, coldness, mountains, Middle Ages, Nordic sceneries and mythology. These results indicate that black metal’s semantic system operates efficaciously among individuals who are competent in these codes. Key-words: black metal, extreme metal, metal in Rio de Janeiro, semiotics analysis of popular music,
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