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ん Syllables Vowels

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ん Syllables Vowels JAPANESE PRONOUNCIATION JAPANESE.FLIPPANTRY.COM Syllables sai sah ee Syllables in Japanese are very regular. Unlike English, there is no stress on any particular syllable of a word. Each syllable is also nande nah n dey given equal time to pronounce, including double consonants, nakatta nah kah t~ ~ta individual vowels, and ん. Toukyou to~ ~oh kyoh~ ~oh Keep in mind that because Japanese is spoken quickly, empha- kiite kee~ ~ee tey sizing each syllable would sound strange. Instead, focus on the time given to each syllable. The language should sound like a kitte kee t~ ~tey steady flow. Vowels Vowels can act inconsistently in English, but vowels in Japanese are simple and predictable. Japanese vowels never form diphthongs (combined vowels that form a new sound, like “ai” in “rain”), but remain distinct sounds. There are also “long vowels,” which are when a single vowel sound is held for two intervals. a ah, like in “raw” aoi ah-oh-ee i ee, like in “bee” iie ee~ee-ay u oo, like in “moo” uu (long u) oo~oo e eh, like in “meh” or ey, like in “hey”* ee or ei (long e) e~ey o oh, like in “bow” oo or ou (long o) o~oh ん Although it is typically translated as “n” in romaji, ん sounds like an “m” when followed by “m,” “p,” or “b.” Also remember that the ん sound is held for the same time as any other syllable, which results in a slight pause after the ん. NOTES * Some syllables tend to have a weak vowel sound. For example, “shita” → “shh-tah”, “desu” → “deh-ss” * For double consonants, treat it like one long * “f” sounds more like an “h” in Japanese. Try to say sound. Start the beginning of the sound at the “fu” without touching your teeth to your lips. end of the preceding syllable, hold silently for * “r” is softer in Japanese. Try to say “ru” by flicking an interval, then finish with the next syllable. your tongue, not pursing your lips. * The vowel “e” can vary slightly in sound. When * Tip: Try clapping your hands at even intervals or at the end of a word or followed by a vowel, it using a metronome to help you practice your sounds harder, like “ey” in “hey.” timing. JAPANESE WRITING: HIRAGANA JAPANESE.FLIPPANTRY.COM A あ I い U う E え O お KA か KI き KU く KE け KO こ ﾞSA さ SHI し SU す SE せ SO そ ﾞTA た CHI ち TSU つ TE て TO と ﾞNA な NI に NU ぬ NE ね NO の HA は HI ひ FU ふ HE へ HO ほ ﾟﾞMA ま MI み MU む ME め MO も YA や YU ゆ YO よ RA ら RI り RU る RE れ RO ろ WA わ WO を KYA きゃ KYU きゅ KYO きょ ﾞSHA しゃ SHU しゅ SHO しょ ﾞCHA ちゃ CHU ちゅ CHO ちょ ﾞNYA にゃ NYU にゅ NYO にょ HYA ひゃ HYU ひゅ HYO ひょ ﾟ MYA みゃ MYU みゅ MYO みょ ﾞ N ん RYA りゃ RYU りゅ RYO りょ DAKUTEN k g t d* HANDAKUTEN s z* h b h p * tsu → dzu shi → ji chi → ji * “j” syllables other than ji (じ) combine “ji” and small “y” kana. For example, “ja”: じゃ * A small tsu (っ) represents a double consonant. For example, かったﾟ means “katta.” * A long dashﾞ (一) represents a long or double vowel, meaning hold the vowel sound for two intervals. JAPANESE WRITING: KATAKANA JAPANESE.FLIPPANTRY.COM A ア I ィ U ウ E え O オ KA カ KI き KU ク KE ケ KO コ ﾞSA サ SHI シ SU ス SE セ SO ソ ﾞTA タ CHI チ TSU ツ TE テ TO ト ﾞNA ナ NI ニ NU ヌ NE ネ NO ノ HA ハ HI ヒ FU フ HE へ HO ホ ﾟﾞMA マ MI み MU ム ME メ MO モ YA や YU ュ YO ヨ RA ラ RI リ RU ル RE レ RO ロ WA ワ WO ヲ KYA キャ KYU キュ KYO キョ ﾞSHA シャ SHU シュ SHO ショ ﾞCHA チャ CHU チュ CHO チョ ﾞNYA ニャ NYU ニュ NYO ニョ HYA ヒャ HYU ヒュ HYO ヒョ ﾟ MYA ミャ MYU ミュ MYO ミョ ﾞ N ン RYA リャ RYU リュ RYO リョ DAKUTEN k g t d* HANDAKUTEN s z* h b h p * tsu → dzu shi → ji chi → ji * The “v” sound doesn’t occur naturally in Japanese, so it is often substituted with “b” or represented as a dakuten form of “u”: ヴ. * Other syllables that don’t occur naturally in Japanese are often formedﾟ by using a small version of a vowel. For example, “fu+small o” makes “fo”: フォ. Simularly, ヴぁ makes “va” A smallﾞ tsu (ッ) represents a double consonant. For example, カッタ means “katta.” * * A long dash (一) represents a long or double vowel, meaning hold the vowel sound for two intervals. JAPANESE VERBS: INTRODUCTION JAPANESE.FLIPPANTRY.COM Godan Verbs Ichidan Verbs Irregular Verbs Meaning “five stage,” for each vowel Ichidan verbs consist only of verbs There are dew irregular verbs in stage, and the most common type of that end in -eru or -iru, but not all Japanese, including the “copulas,” da verb. They are mostly regular, aside -eru or -iru verbs are ichidan. The and desu, and the verbs suru and from three special classes: iku/yuku, only way to tell is by memorization. kuru, as well as verbs that use suru -aru verbs, and colloquial -u verbs. as their root. aruku to walk taberu to eat suru to do kau to buy oboeru to remember benkyou suru to study kasu to lend deru to leave chuumon suru to order mastu to wait kariru to borrow shimpai suru to worry yomu to read miru to see kuru to come kudasaru to give (honorific) dekiru to be able da ~to be iru to need iru to be, to exist desu ~to be (polite) Godan Conjugations Conjugate each form starting from the dictionary (”u”) form. -[vowel]+u -[v]+wa A -tsu -ta Suru/Kuru -u -a Ichidan suru shi A -tsu -chi A -ru ー kuru ko -su -shi I -ru ー suru shi I I -u -i E -ru -re kuru ki -ru¹ -i O -ru -you suru sure E -tsu -te -ru -te kuru kure E TE -u -e TA -ru -ta suru shiyou O -tsu -tou kuru koyou O -u -ou suru shite TE -ku² -ite -ku² -ita kuru kite -gu -ide -gu -ida suru shita TA TE -u³/-tsu/-ru -tte TA -u³/-tsu/-ru -tta kuru kita ¹ Only for the five “honorific” aru verbs: kudasaru, -su -shite -su -shita nasaru, gozaru, irassharu, and ossharu ² iku itte / itta | yuku yutte / yutta -bu/-nu/-mu -nde -bu/-nu/-mu -nda 行く → 行く ³ In some dialects, -u → -uta/ute or -ota/ote JAPANESE VERBS: VOWEL FORMS JAPANESE.FLIPPANTRY.COM aruka kawa kasa mata tabe mi shi ko -nai² negative present -naide negative command -nakatta negative past -zu (ni) [clause] not have done when [clause] -nakereba negative condition [nai to/nakereba] [naranai/ikenai] must do irrealis-mizenkei A Form aruki kai kashi machi tabe mi shi ki -masu polite present -tai² desiderative (”want to do”) -masen (deshita) polite negative (past) -nikui² / -yasui² hard / easy to do -mashita polite past -nagara [verb] do while doing [verb] I Form continuative-ren’youkei aruku kau kasu matsu taberu miru suru kuru attributive-rentaikei U Form [base] plain present + [noun] present relative clause na plain negative command no/koto nominalization nara assumptive conditional koto ni suru¹ decide to do U Form terminal-shuushikei aruke kae kase mate tabere mire sure kure -ba hypothetical/provisional conditional -ru³ potential/ability (godan only) kateikei -ba ii² optative (”would be good if”) -nai² no potential/ability (godan only) -ba yokatta regret (”would’ve been good if”) [base] impolite command (generally godan only) E Form hypothetical- arukou kaou kasou matou tabeyou miyou shiyou koyou [base] volitional (”let’s...”) NOTES to omou¹ think about doing ¹ verb that can be conjugated ² adjectival verb (i-adjective) that can be conjugated to suru¹ try to do / be about to do ³ forms new ichidan verb that can be conjugated O Form volitional-ikoukei JAPANESE VERBS: TE, TA, PASSIVE, AND CAUSITIVE JAPANESE.FLIPPANTRY.COM -ku -ite Te Form The participle is a verb form that modifies the noun, verb, or noun or verb clause. In Japanese, -gu -ide the participle it is commonly used for continous actions, to -u/-tsu/-ru -tte make requests, answer questions, and link a series of actions performed in order. -su -shite -bu/-nu/-mu -nde [base] command/answer/linking kudasai request ichidan -ru -te iru¹ continous action (”i” often omitted) aru¹ passive perfect continous iku itte kuru¹ perfect continuous action iku¹ future continous suru shite oku¹ to plan to do miru¹ to try doing and “see” kuru kite shimau¹ accidentally/unexpectedly mo ii “may” (”may I?”/”you may”) -ku -ita Ta Form The perfective aspect doesn’t exist in English, -gu -ida the perfective but it is simple enough to compare it to our simple past tense. It is an action that has been -u/-tsu/-ru -tta completed in full. -su -shita -bu/-nu/-mu -nda [base] perfective (~simple past) -ri [...-ri] suru³ list general actions ichidan -ru -ta bakari to have recently done koto (ga) aru¹ to have experienced iku itta -ra conditional (“tara” form) -rou past subjunctive (”probably”) suru shita to shitara/suru¹ suppositional to shite mo “even if...” kuru kita toki “when [clause happened]...” tokoro to have just done Passive Tense Causative Tense Subject becomes the direct object.
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