Dossier Sui Prati Di Caprara, Giugno 2020

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Dossier Sui Prati Di Caprara, Giugno 2020 IL BOSCO SPONTANEO DEI PRATI DI CAPRARA UNA RISORSA PER LA CITTÀ DOSSIER SCIENTIFICO 0 2 0 2 o n g u i g a cura di Rigenerazione No Speculazione comitato di cittadini per un progetto alternativo sulla rigenerazione urbana a Bologna Prati di Caprara Bosco Urbano / Dossier PREMESSA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 1. INQUADRAMENTO TERRITORIALE e URBANISTICO ....................................................................................... 6 1.1 Le previsioni urbanistiche sui Prati di Caprara di Piergiorgio Rocchi .............................................. 10 1.1.1 Ricognizione vincolistica .......................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Prati di Caprara quale nodo della rete ecologica urbana e “stepping stone” della rete ecologica provinciale e regionale ................................................................................................................................ 19 2. L’ECOSISTEMA DEI PRATI di CAPRARA ........................................................................................................ 22 2.1 Una lettura storica del paesaggio rurale originario e del regime idraulico di Alessandra Furlani .. 22 2.2 Caratterizzazione vegetazionale attuale di Giovanni Trentanovi, con la collaborazione di Fausto Bonafede, Alessandro Alessandrini e Paolo Pupillo ..................................................................................... 30 2.3 La risorsa “suolo” di Umberto Meletti ............................................................................................ 39 2.3.1 Sullo stato di potenziale contaminazione ................................................................................ 39 3. SERVIZI ECOSISTEMICI ................................................................................................................................. 45 3.1 Conservazione della biodiversità ..................................................................................................... 46 3.1.1 La flora vascolare di Alessandro Alessandrini e Giovanni Trentanovi .................................... 46 3.1.2 Avifauna di Mirco Maselli e Claudio Fiorini ............................................................................ 53 3.1.3 Entomofauna (lepidotteri diurni) di Marco Chiavetta ............................................................ 60 3.1.4 Erpetofauna di Francesco Nigro ............................................................................................. 63 1 3.1.5 Funghi di Renato Todeschini e Mirko Illice ............................................................................. 65 3.2 Qualità dell’aria e sequestro di carbonio di Francesco Luca Basile e Federico Grazzini, in collaborazione con Giovanni Trentanovi ..................................................................................................... 82 3.3 Regolazione climatica di Giuseppe Segno e Federico Grazzini ....................................................... 85 3.4 Valore sociale di Federico Montanari ............................................................................................ 89 3.5 Valore estetico-paesaggistico e ricreativo di Benedetta Roatti ..................................................... 95 3.6 Valore storico – culturale di Stefano Pezzoli ................................................................................ 107 4. I PRATI DI CAPRARA TRA RIGENERAZIONE E CONFLITTO SOCIO-AMBIENTALE ........................................ 114 4.1 I boschi urbani e l’approccio dell’ecologia politica di Andrea Zinzani ........................................... 114 4.2 Luoghi (im)possibili. Gli abitanti informali dei Prati di Caprara di Mara Degiorgi ........................ 118 5. CITTADINI PER I PRATI ............................................................................................................................... 123 5.1 Processi partecipativi autogestiti dalla cittadinanza: ParteciPrati e ParteciPratiche di Roberta Bartoletti .................................................................................................................................................... 123 5.2 Manifestazioni e iniziative del comitato di Giovanna Anceschi .................................................... 127 6. SINTESI CONCLUSIVA: IL VALORE ECOLOGICO, SOCIO-CULTURALE ED ECONOMICO DEL BOSCO DEI PRATI DI CAPRARA a cura del comitato, con il contributo di Mariangela Balestra ................................................ 133 7. BIBLIOGRAFIA CITATA E CONSULTATA ...................................................................................................... 136 ALLEGATI CARTOGRAFICI ............................................................................................................................... 142 Prati di Caprara Bosco Urbano / Dossier 2 Prati di Caprara Bosco Urbano / Dossier PREMESSA Uno dei punti fondamentali nella politica dell’Unione Europea per il periodo di programmazione 2014-2020, in conformità al “7° Programma di Azione per l’Ambiente”, adottato con la Decisione del Parlamento Europeo e del Consiglio n. 1386/2013/UE, è quello di incrementare l’adattamento delle città al cambiamento climatico. In una prospettiva di più lungo termine, la sfida di fermare il consumo di suolo e di capitalizzare, in termini ambientali, lo spazio dedicato alla natura nella città gioca un ruolo essenziale (Science for Environment Policy 2016). Tutto ciò ha acquisito rilevanza particolare a seguito della pubblicazione di due Comunicazioni della Commissione Europea: la COM/2005/0718 “Strategia tematica sull’ambiente urbano” e la COM/2013/0249 “Infrastrutture verdi – Rafforzare il capitale naturale in Europa”, recepite in rapporti e delle linee guida nazionali (Chiesura 2010, ISPRA 2016). Su questa linea anche la recentissima “Strategia europea per la biodiversità fino al 2030 – riportare la natura nelle nostre vite” (COM (2020) 380 final): essa afferma che da essa deriveranno strategie maggiormente specifiche entro il 2021 riguardanti proprio dei brownfields (Mathey et al. 2015), ossia siti (letteralmente “campi marroni”) profondamente alterati dal passato uso dell’uomo, basate sulla rigenerazione da parte della natura (nature based solutions1). In questo 3 quadro si inserisce anche il progetto SOS FOR Life (https://www.sos4life.it/), principalmente incentrato sull'applicazione a livello locale degli indirizzi europei in materia di contrasto al consumo e all'impermeabilizzazione del suolo, di cui la Regione Emilia-Romagna è partner. Una delle recenti pubblicazioni di questo progetto sono le Linee guida «Liberare il suolo – Linee guida per la resilienza urbana negli interventi di rigenerazione», scaricabili al seguente link: https://www.sos4life.it/2020/05/pubblicate- le-linee-guida-sulla-rigenerazione-urbana/. Come sottolineato anche dalla Strategia Nazionale per il Verde Urbano promossa dal Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, la salubrità e la sostenibilità dell’ambiente e dei luoghi nei quali l’uomo abita passa quindi necessariamente attraverso la ridefinizione e la progettazione degli spazi urbani e periurbani non edificati. Molti studi scientifici (Kowarik 2005, Lachmud 2013, Sitzia et al. 2016) ed esperienze europee e nazionali hanno contribuito a formare una nuova consapevolezza sui boschi selvatici nelle città spontaneamente insediatesi nelle aree abbandonate, in quanto a pieno titolo considerabili “infrastrutture verdi” complementari alle altre maggiormente “convenzionali”. Da sottolineare infatti come questi boschi, una volta resi accessibili al pubblico (interamente o parzialmente) attraverso alcuni interventi puntuali di 1 soluzioni basate sulla natura, si riferiscono alla gestione e all'uso sostenibile della natura per affrontare sfide socio- ambientali come il cambiamento climatico, il rischio idrico, l'inquinamento dell'acqua, la sicurezza alimentare, la salute umana e la gestione del rischio di calamità ambientali Prati di Caprara Bosco Urbano / Dossier manutenzione e nuova progettazione di rete sentieristica e spazi ad essa collegati, rappresentino un potenziale unico in termini di spazio verde pubblico fruibile dalla cittadinanza a costo manutentivo bassissimo. Non per altro si stanno moltiplicando i convegni e i workshop sul tema della valorizzazione della natura spontanea nelle aree abbandonate delle città: citiamo, solo a titolo di esempio, il recentissimo convegno tenutosi a Padova all’interno dell’iniziativa internazionale del City Nature Challenge 2018 e il convegno mondiale sulle foreste urbane di Mantova (https://www.wfuf2018.com/). La visione del bosco selvatico dei Prati di Caprara quale area di valorizzazione ecologica non è altro quindi che un allineamento verso il cammino tracciato dalle politiche europee e nazionali maggiormente lungimiranti, oltreché dalla comunità scientifica internazionale: tali contributi sottolineano infatti come il concetto di rigenerazione urbana (Gill et al. 2007, Roberts 2017) sia fortemente legato anche pratiche di assecondamento e gestione di servizi ecosistemici ottenibili da fenomeni spontanei di de-sigillazione del suolo ad opera (gratuita) della Natura. I servizi ecosistemici che questi boschi offrono ai cittadini sono spesso maggiori delle aree verdi convenzionali (per le quali sono spesso necessarie spese manutentive poco sostenibili), come riportato da Dinetti (2009); grazie infatti alla densità ed eterogeneità della struttura di questi boschi vi è un deciso incremento
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