Einführung in Die Isotopengeochemie

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Einführung in Die Isotopengeochemie EINFÜHRUNG IN DIE ISOTOPENGEOCHEMIE basierend auf Vorlesungen am Mineralogisch-Petrographischen Institut der Universität zu Köln zwischen 1988 und 1994 überarbeitet und ergänzt ab Winter 1999 HEINZ-GÜNTER STOSCH Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT-Campus Süd) U Lu Al U Hf Rb La Re K Th Mn U Th Sm K Pt La Cr Hf Ar He Sr PbCa Pb Ce Th Ba NdMg Os W Os He Manuskript bitte nur zum eigenen Gebrauch verwenden! – Alle Rechte vorenthalten. Dieses Skript ist bei einer Serie von Vorlesungen im Fach Mineralogie entstanden. Daraus ergibt sich, daß es sich weitgehend mit der Isotopengeochemie von magmatischen Gesteinen, untergeordnet von Sedimenten und Metamorphiten beschäftigt. Große Teile der Anwendungen der stabilen Isotope in den Umweltwissenschaften, der Paläobiologie, der Klimatologie werden Sie da- gegen hier vergeblich suchen, und ich bitte um Nachsicht für dieses Versäumnis. Ich erhebe weder Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit noch Aktualität oder Richtigkeit. Meine beschränkte Zeit wird es mir nur hin und wieder gestatten, das Skript zu aktualisieren, und auch dies nur in jeweils kleinen Bereichen, da ich die Isotopengeochemie in Karlsruhe nicht in der Lehre vertrete. Wenn Sie sachliche Fehler oder auch Druckfehler und sprachliche Unzulänglichkeiten feststellen, oder falls Ihnen sonstige beklagenswerte Zustände aufstoßen, teilen Sie mir dies bitte mit! Dank an: die aktiveren der Hörer/innen der damaligen Vorlesungen, namentlich D. Bosbach, U. Fleischer und G. Lorenz sowie an Herrn Kollegen W. Heinrich/Potsdam für Lob, Tadel und Hinweise, welche letztlich den Ausschlag für die Überarbeitung im Winter 1999 gaben. Dank weiterhin an Z. Berner vom IMG/Karlsruhe für diverse Diskussionen. Besonderer Dank gebührt Herrn R.L. Romer/Potsdam für Hinweise auf Fehler und für seine zahlreichen Verbesserungsvorschläge. letztmals geändert am 12.12.2013 Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Bücher zur Isotopengeochemie . 1 Einführung . 3 Einleitung . 3 Geschichtliches . 4 Radioaktives Zerfallsgesetz . 5 Der Ursprung der Elemente . 9 Massenspektrometrie . 24 Isotopenverdünnungsanalyse . 29 Datierungsmethoden – allgemeine Bemerkungen . 32 Das K–Ar-Zerfallssystem (K–Ar- und Ar–Ar-Methoden) . 33 Die K–Ar-Methode . 34 Die 40Ar/39Ar-Methode . 39 Das Rb–Sr-Isotopensystem . 44 Das Rb–Sr-System als Mittel der Altersbestimmung . 45 Das Rb–Sr-System als Tracer . 51 Die Sr-Isotopenentwicklung der Meteorite und des Erdmantels . 51 Die Sr-Isotopenentwicklung der Ozeane. 53 Das Sm–Nd-System . 55 Allgemeines . 55 Sm–Nd – Anwendung zur Datierung . 60 Nd-Isotope als Tracer und die Korrelation zwischen Sr- und Nd-Isotopen . 63 Modellalter. 64 Zweikomponentenmischungen. 69 Die Massenfraktionierung . 77 Das Lu–Hf-Isotopensystem . 85 Die Hf-Isotopensignatur des subozeanischen oberen Erdmantels . 90 Die Hf-Isotopenentwicklung der Erde . 91 Hinweise von den Hf-Isotopen auf das Ausmaß des globalen Recycling . 92 Das La–Ce-System . 95 Das K–Ca-System . 97 Die Re–Os-Methode . 99 Die U,Th–Pb-Methoden. 109 Die U–Pb- und Th–Pb-Isochronenmethoden . 112 Konkordia und Diskordia . 114 Die Pb–Pb-Methoden („gewöhnliches Blei“ oder „common lead“) . 125 Die Fission-Track-Methode . 139 Die Ungleichgewichtsmethoden . 147 Geschichtliche Anmerkungen . 149 Die 210Pb-Überschußmethode . 150 Die Ionium-Überschußmethode . 151 Die 234U-Überschußmethode. 154 Die 230Th/234U- und 234U/238U-Methoden . 156 238U–230Th-Ungleichgewichte in Vulkaniten . 161 Kosmogene Radionuklide . 167 Die 14C-Methode . 168 Das 10Be . 171 Kosmogene Radionuklide in der Kosmochemie . 180 Die Beschleuniger-Massenspektrometrie . 185 I Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Edelgase und ausgestorbene Radionuklide. 186 3He/4He . 186 Xenon . 195 182Hf-182W-Chronometer . 199 146Sm–142Nd-Chronometer . 206 Stabile Isotope • Allgemeines. 214 Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff. 225 Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff in Hydro- und Atmosphäre . 226 Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff in der Lithosphäre . 234 Kohlenstoff . 252 Stickstoff . 258 Schwefel . 260 Calcium . 267 Eisen und andere schwere Elemente . 269 Literaturzitate . 275 II Einführung in die Isotopengeochemie 1.0 Bücher zur Isotopengeochemie C. J. Allègre (2008) Isotope Geology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 512 Seiten, 42 € [recht gut lesbares umfassendes Lehrbuch von einem der derzeit bedeutendsten Isotopengeochemiker; das Buch hätte ein besseres Lektorat verdient] A. Basu & S. Hart [Herausgeber] (1996) Earth Processes – Reading the Isotopic Clock.
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