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Cassava Annual Report 2019 The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) delivers research-based solutions that address the global crises of malnutrition, climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation. The Alliance focuses on the nexus of agriculture, environment, and nutrition. We work with local, national, and multinational partners across Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, and with the public and private sectors and civil society. With novel partnerships, the Alliance generates evidence and mainstreams innovations to transform food systems and landscapes so that they sustain the planet, drive prosperity, and nourish people in a climate crisis. The Alliance is part of CGIAR, the world’s largest agricultural research and innovation partnership for a food-secure future dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources. www.alliancebioversityciat.org www.bioversityinternational.org www.ciat.cgiar.org www.cgiar.org CIAT. 2020. Cassava Annual Report 2019. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Cassava Program. Cali, Colombia. 43 p. Corresponding authors: Luis Augusto Becerra, Cassava Program Leader Crops for Nutrition and Health [email protected] Jonathan Newby, Cassava Program, Asia Coordinator Crops for Nutrition and Health [email protected] Some Rights Reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ © Copyright CIAT 2020. Some rights reserved. Design and layout: Daniel Gutiérrez, Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Communications Unit Photo credits: Dominique Dufour/CIRAD (pages 32 and 35). Unless otherwise indicated, the photos used for this report are credited to the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). November 2020 Cassava Annual Report 2019 Partners acronyms AUSTRALIA ACIAR Australian Center for International Agricultural Research UQ University of Queensland UWA The University of Western Australia BRAZIL EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária CAMBODIA CARDI Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute CAVAC Cambodia-Australia Agricultural Value Chain Program GDA General Directorate of Agriculture CHINA CATAS Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences COLOMBIA AGROSAVIA Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria ASOMUSACEAS Asociación Musáceas del Valle COLCIENCIAS Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación UNAL Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Palmira URG-CIAT Unit of Genetic Resources at the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT ENGLAND NRI Natural Resources Institute RHUL Royal Holloway University of London FRANCE CIRAD Agricultural Research for Development RTBFoods Breeding Roots, Tubers and Banana products for end user preferences GERMANY DSMZ Leibniz Institute INDONESIA ILETRI Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute UB Brawijaya University LAOS DOA-LAO Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute PPC The Plant Protection Center MYANMAR DAR Department of Agricultural Research DOA-Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation NIGERIA IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture PERU CIP International Potato Center CRP-RTB CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas FECONAYA Federación de Comunidades Nativas Yaneshas IBC Instituto del Bien Común INIA Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria UNDAC Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión YANESHA Peru Yanesha TANZANIA TARI Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute THAILAND KU Kasetsart University UGANDA NaCRRI National Crops Resources Research Institute NARO National Agricultural Research Organization UNITED STATES B&MGF Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation CORNELL Cornell University INGREDION Ingredion Incorporated MSU Michigan State University UCR University of California, Riverside VIETNAM AGI Agricultural Genetics Institute HLARC Hung Loc Research Agricultural Research Center IAS Institute of Agricultural Sciences for Southern Vietnam NOMAFSI Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute PPRI Plant Protection Research Institute RDRDC Root Crop Research and Development Center, Vietnam TNU Tay Nguyen University Contents 2 RSA-1. Research and Service Area-1: ZERO HUNGER through the Enhancement of Genetic Resources Scientists contributing to RSA-1: Adriana Bohórquez, Erik Delaquis, Hernán Ceballos, Katherine Castillo, Luis Augusto Becerra, Paul Chavarriaga, Tatiana Ovalle, and Xiaofei Zhang Research results Xiaofei Zhang and Hernán Ceballos: Prebreeding, Breeding, and Next-generation breeding Adriana Bohórquez and Luis Augusto Becerra: Next-generation breeding Luis Augusto Becerra, Tatiana Ovalle, and Katherine Castillo: Prebreeding, Breeding, Next- generation breeding, Metabolomics, Cassava agrobiodiversity and genetic resources, Cytogenetics, Varietal identification, Carotene expression profile, Waxy cassava variation, Small-granule expression profile, and Cassava endophytes Paul Chavarriaga: Next-generation breeding: gene editing Erik Delaquis: Cassava agrobiodiversity and genetic resources 16 RSA-2. Research and Service Area-2: LIFE ON LAND through Agronomy and Soil Management Scientist contributing to RSA-2: Imran Malik Research results Imran Malik: Ensure high-quality root products and reliable seed stakes, and Demonstrate economically robust fertilizer management with farmers and value-chain actors 20 RSA-3. Research and Service Area-3: CLIMATE ACTION through diagnostics and surveillance for early warning and management of emergent threats Scientists contributing to RSA-3: Ana María Leiva, Imran Malik, Juan Manuel Pardo, María Isabel Gómez, Roosevelt Escobar, and Wilmer Cuéllar Research results Wilmer Cuéllar and Juan Manuel Pardo: Diagnostic and surveillance for pest and disease management and early warning M. I. Gómez and W. Cuéllar: Building a knowledge bank of pests and diseases to protect crops Roosevelt Escobar and J. M. Pardo: Management of pests and diseases to secure productivity 26 RSA-4. Research and Service Area-4: RSA-4: NO POVERTY through Seed System and Harvesting Scientists contributing to RSA-4: Imran Malik, Erik Delaquis, and Roosevelt Escobar Research results Imran Malik: Identify priority varieties for multiplication and distribution Roosevelt Escobar: Rapid multiplication Imran Malik: Optimize agronomic management practices Erik Delaquis: Seed system characterization and modeling 32 RSA-5. Research and Service Area-5: GOOD HEALTH and WELL-BEING through Postharvest and Enhanced Nutrition Scientist contributing to RSA-5: Thierry Tran Research results Thierry Tran: Cassava food processing 36 RSA-6. Research and Service Area-6: GENDER Equality through Value Chains, Markets, and Policies Scientists contributing to RSA-6: Jonathan Newby, Ricardo Labarta, and Vanya Slavchevska Research results Jonathan Newby: Market update and outlook, and Adoption and impact Vanya Slavchevska: Gender and social inclusion Ricardo Labarta: Achieving impact at scale through partnerships and knowledge platforms 6 Introduction Cassava cultivation is an entry point for program created an effective multidisciplinary employment and income creation for small- work plan across six strategic Research and Service farm owners and landless farmers as well as for Areas (RSAs), which are strategically aligned to best countless processors and traders worldwide. respond to the demands of our main stakeholders: Cassava thrives in poor soils with unpredictable the CGIAR Research Program for Roots, Tubers and rainfall; thus, it is an ideal crop to grow on marginal Bananas (CRP-RTB), USAID, BMGF, HarvestPlus, lands where cereals and other crops have limited ACIAR, as well as public (i.e., EMBRAPA, INIA, or no options to succeed. What’s more, cassava and AGROSAVIA) and private organizations (i.e., will be a key crop to make crop production systems INGREDION and TTDI) primarily interested in more resilient to climate change in tropical better cassava varieties, access to clean planting environments. This potential will also increase the materials, monitoring and surveillance of pests crop’s susceptibility to pests and diseases, which and diseases, improved farming and postharvest will have a greater range of mobility. In most parts practices, and the development of sustainable of the tropics, cassava production is now labor- cassava value chains to unlock new cassava market intensive and subsistence-oriented, with low levels growth. of technology uptake, high production costs and postharvest losses, and weak linkages to markets, The following are some of the remarkable results despite being a feedstock for numerous industrial the Cassava Program achieved during 2019, applications, including food, feed, and starch. working under the six Research and Service Areas. The fact that Latin America is the center of origin for cassava was a compelling factor for CIAT to create its Global Cassava Program in the early 1970s, prioritizing cassava research that could not only serve the region but also provide diverse germplasm for the planned Cassava Program at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). After nearly 50 years, the program continues to deliver on its initial objective and has embraced the challenges outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. The Global Cassava
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  • Phylogeny, Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Aspergillus

    Phylogeny, Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Aspergillus

    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 78: 141–173. Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus R.A. Samson1*, C.M. Visagie1, J. Houbraken1, S.-B. Hong2, V. Hubka3, C.H.W. Klaassen4, G. Perrone5, K.A. Seifert6, A. Susca5, J.B. Tanney6, J. Varga7, S. Kocsube7, G. Szigeti7, T. Yaguchi8, and J.C. Frisvad9 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, South Korea; 3Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; 4Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, C70 Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 5Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; 6Biodiversity (Mycology), Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; 7Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; 8Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan; 9Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark *Correspondence: R.A. Samson, [email protected] Abstract: Aspergillus comprises a diverse group of species based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characters, which significantly impact biotechnology, food production, indoor environments and human health. Aspergillus was traditionally associated with nine teleomorph genera, but phylogenetic data suggest that together with genera such as Polypaecilum, Phialosimplex, Dichotomomyces and Cristaspora, Aspergillus forms a monophyletic clade closely related to Penicillium. Changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants resulted in the move to one name per species, meaning that a decision had to be made whether to keep Aspergillus as one big genus or to split it into several smaller genera.