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Using Information Engineering to Understand the Impact of Train Positioning Uncertainties

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Using Information Engineering to Understand the Impact of Train Positioning Uncertainties Using Information Engineering to Understand the Impact of Train Positioning Uncertainties on Railway Subsystems by Hassan Abdulsalam Hamid A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering School of Engineering University of Birmingham July 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Preliminaries Abstract Many studies propose new advanced railway subsystems, such as Driver Advisory System (DAS), Automatic Door Operation (ADO) and Traffic Management System (TMS), designed to improve the overall performance of current railway systems. Real time train positioning information is one of the key pieces of input data for most of these new subsystems. Many studies presenting and examining the effectiveness of such subsystems assume the availability of very accurate train positioning data in real time. However, providing and using high accuracy positioning data may not always be the most cost-effective solution, nor is it always available. The accuracy of train position information is varied, based on the technological complexity of the positioning systems and the methods that are used. In reality, different subsystems, henceforth referred to as ‘applications’, need different minimum resolutions of train positioning data to work effectively, and uncertainty or inaccuracy in this data may reduce the effectiveness of the new applications. However, the trade-off between the accuracy of the positioning data and the required effectiveness of the proposed applications is so far not clear. A framework for assessing the impact of uncertainties in train positions against application performance has been developed. The required performance of the application is assessed based on the characteristics of the railway system, consisting of the infrastructure, rolling stock and operational data. The uncertainty in the train positioning data is considered based on the characteristics of the positioning system. The framework is applied to determine the impact of the positioning uncertainty on the application’s outcome. So, in that way, the desired position resolution associated with acceptable application performance can be characterised. In this thesis, the framework described above is implemented for DAS and TMS applications to understand the influence of positioning uncertainty on their fundamental functions compared to base case with high accuracy (actual position). A DAS system is modelled and implemented with uncertainty characteristic of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The train energy consumption and journey time are used as performance measures to evaluate the impact of these uncertainties compared to a base case. A TMS is modelled and implemented with the uncertainties of an on-board low-cost low-accuracy positioning system. i Preliminaries The impact of positioning uncertainty on the modelled TMS is evaluated in terms of arrival punctuality for different levels of capacity consumption. The implementation of the framework for DAS and TMS applications determines the following: which of the application functions are influenced by positioning uncertainty; how positioning uncertainty influences the application output variables; how the impact of positioning uncertainties can be identified, through the application output variables, whilst considering the impact of other railway uncertainties; what is the impact of the underperforming application, due to positioning uncertainty, on the whole railway system in terms of energy, punctuality and capacity. ii Preliminaries Acknowledgements First and foremost I am extremely grateful to my supervisors, Prof. Clive Roberts and Dr. Gemma Nicholson for their invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my PhD study. Their immense knowledge and plentiful experience have encouraged me in all the time of my academic research and daily life. I would also like thank Dr. David Kirkwood and Dr. Ning Zhao for their technical support on my study. I would like to thank all the members in the Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education. It is their kind help and support that have made my study and life in UK a wonderful time. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents, my wife and my children. Without their tremendous understanding and encouragement in the past few years, it would be impossible for me to complete my study. iii Preliminaries List of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ xi 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Railway Strategies ................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Energy .............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.2 Punctuality....................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Capacity ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Motivation ............................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research Hypotheses and Objectives ..................................................................................... 6 1.5 Thesis Structure ....................................................................................................................... 7 2 Railway Positioning Systems and Applications ............................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Railway Train Positioning Systems .......................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Positioning Terminology .................................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Current Positioning Systems: Limitations and Challenges ............................................ 12 2.2.2.1 Identifying positions in the railway system .............................................................. 13 2.2.2.2 Static infrastructure data .......................................................................................... 14 2.2.2.3 Train Detection systems............................................................................................ 16 2.2.2.4 Addressing the current limitations ........................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Positioning Requirements ............................................................................................. 25 2.2.4 Alternative Positioning Systems .................................................................................... 26 2.2.5 Time Uncertainty ........................................................................................................... 30 2.3 Railway Network and Service Types ...................................................................................... 32 2.4 Position-Based Applications .................................................................................................. 34 2.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 38 3 Research Framework ..................................................................................................................... 41 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 41 iv Preliminaries 3.2 Framework Description ........................................................................................................
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