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Phytoremédiation D'un Sol Contaminé De La Bekaa (Liban)

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Phytoremédiation D'un Sol Contaminé De La Bekaa (Liban) Phytoremédiation d’un sol contaminé de la Bekaa (Liban) : Valorisation de la biomasse par production d’huiles essentielles à activités biologiques Imad El Alam To cite this version: Imad El Alam. Phytoremédiation d’un sol contaminé de la Bekaa (Liban) : Valorisation de la biomasse par production d’huiles essentielles à activités biologiques. Ecologie, Environnement. Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale; École Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie (Beyrouth), 2018. Français. NNT : 2018DUNK0486. tel-03270794 HAL Id: tel-03270794 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03270794 Submitted on 25 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse en cotutelle entre L’Université Libanaise et l’Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE Discipline : Sciences de l’Environnement/Ingénierie des Fonctions Biologiques Phytoremédiation d’un sol contaminé de la Bekaa (Liban) : valorisation de la biomasse par production d'huiles essentielles à activités biologiques Imad El-Alam Soutenue le 30 Janvier 2018, devant le jury : Mme. Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui, Professeur, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale . Directrice de thèse Mr. Ramez Chahine, Professeur, Université Libanaise ..................................................... Directeur de thèse Mr. Anthony Verdin, Ingénieur de recherche, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale .. Co-encadrant de thèse Mr. Hassane Makhlouf, Professeur, Université Libanaise ......................................... Co-encadrant de thèse Mr. Michel-Pierre Faucon, Enseignant chercheur, Institut Polytechnique de La Salle ............... Rapporteur Mr. Jihad Attieh, Professeur, Université Balamand ..................................................................... Rapporteur Mr. Stéphane Firmin, Enseignant chercheur, Institut Polytechnique de La Salle ..................... Examinateur Mr. Marc El-Beyrouthy, Professeur associé, Université de Saint-Esprit de Kaslik .................. Examinateur Mr. Joël Fontaine, Maître de conférences, HDR, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale ......... Membre invité Remerciements Je tiens à remercier tout d’abord tous les membres du jury qui ont accepté d’examiner cette thèse. Je remercie vivement mes directeurs de thèse, Pr. Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui et Pr. Ramez Chahine, de m’avoir transmis leurs savoirs et de m’avoir guidé tout au long de cette thèse. Merci de m’avoir fait confiance et de m’avoir poussé aux bouts de mes limites. Mes remerciements vont également à Dr. Joël Fontaine, Dr. Anthony Verdin et Pr. Hassane Makhlouf d’avoir encadré ma thèse. Merci pour votre aide et votre soutien. Je remercie Yolande Dalpé, Professeur à l’Université d’Ottawa pour l’identification des spores des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules. Merci également à Sophie Fourmentin, Professeur à l’Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale de m’avoir accueilli au sein de son équipe pour l’évaluation des activités antioxydantes des huiles essentielles. Je tiens à remercier également le Dr. Marc El Beyrouthy de l’Université de Saint-Esprit de Kaslik pour son aide pour la détermination de la composition des huiles essentielles. Merci à Natacha, Fréderic et Benoit pour leurs aides techniques et leurs disponibilités. Je voudrais également remercier l’Association de Spécialisation et d’Orientation Scientifique de m’avoir octroyé la bourse de thèse. Je remercie ainsi tous les membres de l’UCEIV Calais, mes collègues et mes amis qui étaient toujours à mes côtés. Un grand Merci à mes parents et mes frères qui m’ont soutenu tout au long de ce trajet. Table des matières Liste des abréviations ............................................................................................................... i Liste des figures ........................................................................................................................ ii Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................... iii Liste des photographies .......................................................................................................... iv Introduction générale -Objectifs ............................................................................................ 1 Chapitre 1 : Le fleuve du Litani ............................................................................................. 7 1. Contexte général ............................................................................................................. 7 2. La pollution du Litani ..................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Les déchets industriels ..................................................................................... 13 2.2. Les déchets agricoles ....................................................................................... 14 2.3. Les déchets ménagers et hospitaliers ............................................................... 14 3. Tests de suivi de la toxicité et d’écotoxicité des sols pollués ....................................... 15 3.1. Tests de suivi de l’écotoxicité du sol ............................................................... 15 3.2. Tests de suivi de la toxicité du sol ................................................................... 17 4. Contexte réglementaire de la gestion des sites et sols pollués ...................................... 18 Chapitre 2 : La phytoremédiation assistée par les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ....................................................................................................... 20 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 20 2. Cycle de développement des CMA............................................................................... 22 2.1. La phase pré-symbiotique ................................................................................ 23 2.2. La phase symbiotique ...................................................................................... 24 3. Intérêt des CMA dans la phytoremédiation .................................................................. 25 3.1. Amélioration de la nutrition minérale et hydrique ........................................... 25 3.2. Protection des plantes contre les stress oxydatifs ............................................ 26 3.3. Résistance aux stress biotiques ........................................................................ 26 3.4. Amélioration de la stabilisation du sol............................................................. 27 3.5. Contribution à la dissipation et/ou à l’immobilisation des polluants ............... 27 4. Exemples de phytoremédiation assistée par les CMA .................................................. 28 Chapitre 3 : Filière de valorisation de la biomasse produite sur sols pollués : production d’huiles essentielles ........................................................................................ 32 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 32 1.1. Les processus de prétraitement ........................................................................ 32 1.2. Le dépôt direct de la biomasse végétale contaminée ....................................... 33 1.3. La pyrolyse....................................................................................................... 33 1.4. L’incinération ................................................................................................... 34 1.5. La gazéification ................................................................................................ 34 1.6. La méthanisation .............................................................................................. 35 1.7. L’extraction liquide .......................................................................................... 35 1.8. L’agromine ....................................................................................................... 35 1.9. La production des biomatériaux....................................................................... 35 1.10. La production d’HE ......................................................................................... 35 2. Huiles essentielles ......................................................................................................... 36 2.1. Méthodes d’extraction ..................................................................................... 37 2.2. Principes actifs des HE .................................................................................... 40 2.3. Activités biologiques des HE ........................................................................... 44 2.4. Domaines d’application ................................................................................... 48 3. Intérêt de l’encapsulation .............................................................................................
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