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Lebanon: Second Report on the State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

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Lebanon: Second Report on the State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture LEBANON: SECOND REPORT ON THE STATE OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Edited by Lamis Chalak Genetic Resources National Coordinator, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 287 Zahlé, Lebanon, [email protected] and Nada Sabra National Project Manager, Methyl Bromide Alternatives Project, Ministry of Environment-UNIDO, P.O. Box 11-2727 Beirut, Lebanon, [email protected] Zahle, February 2007 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present report has been prepared in the context of a national project aiming at the Establishment of a National Information Sharing Mechanism for the Implementation of a Global Plan of Action (GPA) on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA). Gratitude is expressed to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and its Plant Production and Protection Division (AGP) for funding the implementation of the GPA mechanism and for providing technical assistance. Acknowledgments are also addressed to the Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) as the national executing agency and to its Director General Dr Michel Afram for having hosted and supported the GPA mechanism. Finally, deep thanks are extended to all project stakeholders for their valuable contributions as well as to project team members. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………… 1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Chapter 1 The State of Diversity J. Noun .….……………….………………………………………………….. 10 Chapter 2 The state of In situ Management R. Ass i ……….…………………………….…………………………………. 19 Chapter 3 The State of Ex situ Management H. Rizk .……………………………………………………………………….. 26 Chapter 4 The State of Use S. El Haj .……………………………………………………………………… 31 Chapter 5 The state of National Programmes, Training and Legislation J. Attieh and S. Abi Dib ...…………………………………..………. 36 Chapter 6 The State of Regional and International Collaboration R. Assi …...……………………………………………………………………. 42 Chapter 7 Access to PGRFA, Sharing of Benefits Arising out of their Use, and Farmers' Rights F. Maalouf ……………………………………………………………………. 45 Chapter 8 The Contribution of PGRFA Management to Food Security and Sustainable Development L. Chalak and M. Abi Antoun ………………………………………. 49 iv ANNEXES ANNEX 1 Participating institutions, work team members, steering 54 committee and work plan of the project "Establishment of a National Information Sharing Mechanism on the Implementation of the Global Plan of Action on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA)". ANNEX 2 Crops cultivation areas and productivity (2001-2003). 59 v ACRONYMS ABSA Access and Benefit - Sharing Agreement between the Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) and the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Kew, United Kingdom ACSAD Arab Center for the studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDP Community Development Plan CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ESCWA United Nations Economic and Social Commission for western Asia FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GEF Global Environment Facility GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (German Technical Cooperation) ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ICU Istituto per la Cooperazione Universitaria IOOC International Olive Oil Council IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute ITRFA International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture LARI Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOE Ministry of Environment MoU Memorandum of Understanding NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCRS National Center for Scientific Research NGO Non Governmental Organization RBG Royal Botanic Gardens SMTA Standard Material Transfer Agreement UNCCD UN Convention on Combating Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change UPOV International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants WANA Regional Office for West Asia and North Africa 1 Executive Summary The present report is the second assessment of the state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) in Lebanon and follows the one presented at the Fourth International Technical Conference on PGRFA in Leipzig in 1996. This second report has been prepared through a consultative participatory process which has involved 14 national institutions and led to the establishment of the Lebanese Information Sharing Mechanism on the implementation of the Global Plan of Action (GPA) for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The national data collected under the GPA Mechanism has allowed to comprehensively review, for the first time, all the activities related to PGRFA in the country and has served as a basis for the preparation of the report. Agriculture has always been an essential sector of the Lebanese economy through its contribution to food production and the export of several agricultural commodities. Nonetheless, the budget allocated to the agricultural sector has never exceeded 0.8% of the annual national budget. As a consequence, agricultural services have been limited and lacked sufficient funds, staff and skills to adequately meet farmers’ needs. After having been negatively affected by 16 years of civil conflict (1975-1990) and several successive wars (the last one was in July-August 2006), the development of the agricultural sector is being addressed by the Ministry of Agriculture through a priority setting and planning process within the framework of an open market economy. Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture have been, are and always will be a primary element around which agricultural systems develop and evolve. Their conservation and sustainable utilization should therefore be thoroughly considered in the development and implementation of any agricultural developmental policy. PGRFA status Though a small country (10 452 km 2), Lebanon hosts various ecosystems that allow for a large number of PGRFA ranging from cold requiring crops to subtropical crops to live and flourish. More than 80 species for food and agriculture are currently cultivated and/or utilized in the country, excluding ornamental, medicinal, forest and forage plants. The main crops grown in Lebanon are olives, fruit trees and cereals each representing over 20% of the total cultivated area in the country, followed by tubers and fruity vegetables. Furthermore, as a result of the local ethno-botanical heritage and traditional food consumption habits, a number of species of the wild flora are harvested and used as food including aromatic plants, spices and condiments. PGRFA in-situ management Concern for in-situ conservation and management of genetic resources has increased in Lebanon over the recent years. This is reflected by an increase in the number of protected areas spread across the country. Seven Nature Reserves have been established between 1992 and 1999 through laws approved by the Parliament. Few projects have been implemented to support in-situ conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, including PGRFA. They followed community-based approach and worked with local communities, farmers and NGOs. Focus was given to target crops of global significance for food and agriculture such as wheat, barley and many local fruit trees. Agro-ecological and eco-geographic studies, as well as socio-economic, 2 indigenous knowledge, and botanical surveys were conducted in some rural villages. Nurseries and seed-cleaning units have also been established. PGRFA ex-situ management National infrastructures for ex situ conservation such as gene banks and arboreta are absent. Actually, many collections have been made and field gene banks established at LARI. In vitro facilities are already available but no conservation activity in this regards has been undertaken. Long-term conservation of seeds is applied to around 1000 Lebanese wild species at both LARI and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The material stored in the Lebanese collections is only characterized by its morphological traits. The establishment of ex-situ collections is limited by multiple constraints due mainly to the absence of a national action plan. Thus, regional and international support are needed to ensure the sustainability of existing collections and to establish new collections based on both field and seed gene banks, and cryo-preservation techniques. PGRFA Uses In Lebanon, the characterization and evaluation of PGRFA is mostly limited to morphological descriptors and agronomical traits. It has been applied so far to landraces and improved varieties of fruit trees, field crops and some vegetables. Molecular characterization has only been applied to a limited number of crops using European funds. Financial and technical support is needed to expand PGRFA characterization and evaluation by using advanced techniques and by strengthening skills and adopting adequate equipments. Only few breeding activities have been carried out in Lebanon. They are limited to wheat, barley, chickpea and lentil. Regarding fruit species, breeding activities are restricted to some clonal selection activities that have been recently conducted for stone fruits and grapevines. There is an urgent need to establish a national strategy for the breeding and improvement of the Lebanese
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