COVER CROPS and SOIL-BORNE FUNGI DANGEROUS TOWARDS the CULTIVATION of SALSIFY (Tragopogon Porrifolius Var
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COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2002/55/EC of 13 June 2002 on the Marketing Of
20.7.2002 EN Official Journal of the European Communities L 193/33 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2002/55/EC of 13 June 2002 on the marketing of vegetable seed THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, (8) Rules established at international level should be taken into account for certain provisions relating to the approval of varieties at national level. Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 37 thereof, (9) In order to carry out the examinations for the acceptance of a variety, a large number of uniform Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, criteria and minimum requirements must be laid down. 1 Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament ( ), (10) Provisions relating to the length of time during which acceptance of a variety is to remain valid, the grounds on which acceptance may be revoked and the practices Having consulted the Economic and Social Committee, for maintenance of the variety must be standardized. Member States should inform one another of the acceptance and withdrawal of varieties. Whereas: (11) It is desirable to adopt rules in relation to the suitability (1) Council Directive 70/458/EEC of 29 September 1970 of varietal denominations and for the exchange of on the marketing of vegetable seed (2) has been information between the Member States. frequently and substantially amended (3). For reasons of clarity and rationality the said Directive should be codified. (12) Seed of varieties listed in the common catalogue of varieties should not be subject within the Community to (2) The production of vegetable seed occupies an important any marketing restrictions relating to variety. -
Diurnal Foraging Behavior of an Aphidophagous Hoverfly in an Insectary Plant Patch
Foraging behavior of an aphidophagous female JBiopest 10(2):154-162 (2017) Diurnalhoverfly. foraging behavior of an aphidophagous hoverfly in an insectary plant patch Chandrima Emtia and Kazuro O hno* JBiopest 5(1): 1-6 ABSTRACT A series of foraging bouts of Episyrphus balteatus (DeGeer) females were observed and recorded throughout the day in phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham) patches. The dominant transitions of interplant movement, approaching and probing bouts were statistically more frequent in the morning than in the afternoon. In the morning, interplant movement of foragers was significantly longer and they were moving at higher places of phacelia patches. They approached and probed flowers considerably longer in morning compared to afternoon. A significant positive relationship between the number of open flowers in a patch and the patch residence time was observed in the morning. The proportion of females having swollen abdomen filled with phacelia pollen (68.2%) in the afternoon was significantly higher than that (31.82%) in the morning. In our study, E. balteatus females spent more time foraging in phacelia patches in morning compared to afternoon. Based on the results and by considering the dual resources requirements of a female hoverfly (flower foraging and searching for aphids to lay eggs), we will discuss the effective diurnal foraging of E. balteatus females in phacelia patches. Keywords: Conservation biological control (CBC), Episyrphus balteatus (DeGeer), Foraging behavior, Insectary plant, Phacelia tanacetifolia (Bentham). Citation: Chandrima Emtia and Kazuro Ohno. 2017. Diurnal foraging behavior of an aphidophagous hoverfly in an insectary plant patch. Journal of Biopesticides, 10 (2): 154-162. INTRODUCTION (Tenhumberg and Poehling, 1995). -
Transcriptomic Characterization of Soybean - Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Interaction at Early Infection Stages
TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SOYBEAN - SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM INTERACTION AT EARLY INFECTION STAGES BY WEI WEI THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Crop Sciences in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2017 Urbana, Illinois Master’s Committee: Assistant Professor Steven J. Clough, Co-Chair Associate Professor Youfu Zhao, Co-Chair Professor Glen L. Hartman ABSTRACT Sclerotinia stem rot, also referred to as white mold, poses a threat to soybean production world-wide. The causal agent, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, can survive in harsh environments and has an extremely broad host range. No naturally complete resistance has been reported to exist in soybean, which makes it a compelling problem. Studying the molecular interactions between soybean and S. sclerotiorum is a promising approach to identify the soybeans genes that are controlling the quantitative resistance and, on the other hand, to discover pathogenicity and virulence factors in S. sclerotiorum which could be considered as targets to disable and weaken the aggressiveness of the pathogen. This study utilized RNA-sequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of the leaves of a susceptible soybean line (AC) and an AC transgenic line (OxO) which contains an enzyme that degrades the oxalic acid (OA) produced by S. sclerotiorum thereby conferring resistance. The leaves were infected with S. sclerotiorum and samples were collected at 4 and 8 hours post inoculation (hpi) to characterize this interaction and to examine the key determinants of resistance and infection at these early infection stages. More than 600 soybean genes were detected with a fairly stringent cutoff as being significantly differentially expressed in response to S. -
Sclerotinia Diseases of Crop Plants: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management G
Sclerotinia Diseases of Crop Plants: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management G. S. Saharan • Naresh Mehta Sclerotinia Diseases of Crop Plants: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management Dr. G. S. Saharan Dr. Naresh Mehta CCS Haryana Agricultural University CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Haryana, India Hisar, Haryana, India ISBN 978-1-4020-8407-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-8408-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008924858 © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Foreword The fungus Sclerotinia has always been a fancy and interesting subject of research both for the mycologists and pathologists. More than 250 species of the fungus have been reported in different host plants all over the world that cause heavy economic losses. It was a challenge to discover weak links in the disease cycle to manage Sclerotinia diseases of large number of crops. For researchers and stu- dents, it has been a matter of concern, how to access voluminous literature on Sclerotinia scattered in different journals, reviews, proceedings of symposia, workshops, books, abstracts etc. to get a comprehensive picture. With the publi- cation of book on ‘Sclerotinia’, it has now become quite clear that now only three species of Sclerotinia viz., S. -
Poisoning of Tained 1N Human Beings by Weeds Con- (Bread Poisoning.)
Onderstepo01·t Journal of Veterinary Science and A.111:mal I ndustry, Vol'ume I, Number 1. 1933. Poisoning of Human Beings by Weeds con tained 1n Cereals (Bread Poisoning.) By D. G. STEYN, B.Sc., Dr. Med. Vet., Veterinary Research Officer, Onderste poort. I. INTRODUCTION. '''II. PLANTS DISCUSSED IK THIS ARTICLE : A. Borraginaeeae. Lithospermum arvense L. B. Caryophyllaceae. (a) Ag1·ostemma Githayo L. (b) Silene gallica L. C. Compositae. (a) Centaurea picris DC. x(b) Senecio arenarius Thunb. x(c) Seneciv Bu1·chellii DC. x(d) Senecio ilicifolius Thunb. x(e) Senecio isatideus DO. x(j) Senecio laevigat1.ts Thnnb. x(g) Senecio rigidus L. x(h) Senecio rosma.rinifolius L . f. D. Cruciferae. (a) Raphanus raphanistrum L. E. Euphorbiaceac. (a) Euphorbia helioscopia L. (b) Eupho1·bia pepl1.ts L. (c) Ricinus communis L. F. Graminae. Loliv.m terrmlentum L. G. Legnminosae. Yicia sativa L . H. Polygonaceae. Rumex Acetosella L. * Only those plants marked with an x are indigenous. 219 POISONING BY WEEDS CONTATNED IN CEREALS. I. Solanaceae. (a) Datura Stramon·ium L. (b) Datum Tatula L. III. LEGAL ASPECT. TV. DISCUSSION. A. Plants Concerned in Bread Poisoning and in Poisoning by other Foodstuffs Cultivated on Lands. B. }.._re Senecio spp. Concerned in the so-called " Bread Poisoning " in Human Beings. C. Circumstances favouring Bread Poisoning. D. Effect of the Process of Preparation of Bread on the Toxicity of Weeds Contaminating the ::V1ea1. E. The Cause of Death in Senecio Poisoning. v. SUM:\fARY. VI. AcKNowr.EDGENIENTs. VII. LITERATURE. I. INTRODUCTION. fn this article the term " bread poisoning" signifies poisoning caused by the ingestion of bread prepared from wheat contaminated with extraneous seeds. -
Verticillium Wilt of Vegetables and Herbaceous Ornamentals
Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 Huntington Street, P. O. Box 1106 New Haven, CT 06504 Phone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502 Founded in 1875 Email: [email protected] Putting science to work for society Website: www.ct.gov/caes VERTICILLIUM WILT OF VEGETABLES AND HERBACEOUS ORNAMENTALS Verticillium wilt is a disease of over 300 SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE species throughout the United States. This DEVELOPMENT: includes a wide variety of vegetables and Symptoms of Verticillium wilt vary by host herbaceous ornamentals. Tomatoes, and environmental conditions. In many eggplants, peppers, potatoes, dahlia, cases, symptoms do not develop until the impatiens, and snapdragon are among the plant is bearing flowers or fruit or after hosts of this disease. Plants weakened by periods of stressful hot, dry weather. Older root damage from drought, waterlogged leaves are usually the first to develop soils, and other environmental stresses are symptoms, which include yellowing, thought to be more prone to infection. wilting, and eventually dying and dropping from the plant. Infected leaves can also Since Verticillium wilt is a common disease, develop pale yellow blotches on the lower breeding programs have contributed many leaves (Figure 1) and necrotic, V-shaped varieties or cultivars of plants with genetic lesions at the tips of the leaves. resistance—this has significantly reduced the prevalence of this disease on many plants, especially on vegetables. However, the recent interest in planting “heirloom” varieties, which do not carry resistance genes, has resulted in increased incidence of Verticillium wilt on these hosts. -
Identifying Key Components of Interaction Networks Involving Greater Sage Grouse
Identifying Key Components of Interaction Networks Involving Greater Sage Grouse Sarah Barlow and Bruce Pavlik Conservation Department Red Butte Garden and Arboretum Salt Lake City, Utah 84105 Vegetation Forb seed Pollinators collections GSG Insects (chick diet) Chick Survivorship Linked to Vegetation Structure and Food Resource Abundance Gregg and Crawford 2009 J. Wildlife Man. 73:904-913 Astragalus geyeri Microsteris gracilis (Phacelia gracilis) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Microsteris_gracilis_1776.JPG/220px-Microsteris_gracilis_1776.JPG Agoseris heterophylla Achillea millefolium Taraxacum officinale Bransford, W.D. & Dophia http://www.americansouthwest.net/ Literature Survey: Forbs and Insects as Essential Foods Reference Field Site Insect Foods Forb Foods Achillea, Agoseris, Astragalus, Pennington et al. 2016 Review 41 invert taxa, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lactuca, Orthoptera Taraxacum, Trifolium, Lepidium Greg and Crawford 2009 NW Nevada Lepidoptera larvae especially strong Microsteris gracilis relation to SB "productive forbs" not at Thompson et al. 2006 Wyoming > 3<11 cm Hymenoptera, Ants, Coleoptera expense of sagebrush cover Drut, Crawford, Gregg 1994 Oregon Scarabs, Tenebrionids, ants w/ high occurrence Drut, Pyle and Crawford June beetles most preferred on all sites, Agoseris, Astragalus, Crepis, 1994 Oregon then Microsteris Tenebrionids and ants (by mass & freq) Trifolium (by mass & freq) Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (by Peterson 1970 Montana vol & freq) Taraxacum, Tragopogon, Lactuca (by -
Epidemiology of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum, Causal Agent of Sclerotinia Stem Rot, on SE US Brassica Carinata
Epidemiology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of Sclerotinia Stem Rot, on SE US Brassica carinata by Christopher James Gorman A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science Auburn, Alabama May 2, 2020 Keywords: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, epidemiology, sclerotia conditioning, apothecia germination, ascospore infection, fungicide assay Copyright 2020 by Christopher James Gorman Approved by Kira Bowen, Professor of Plant Pathology Jeffrey Coleman, Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology Ian Smalls, Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology, UF Austin Hagan, Professor of Plant Pathology ABSTRACT Brassica carinata is a non-food oil seed crop currently being introduced to the Southeast US as a winter crop. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of Sclerotinia Stem Rot (SSR) in oilseed brassicas, is the disease of most concern to SE US winter carinata, having the potential to reduce yield and ultimately farm-gate income. A disease management plan is currently in development which will include the use of a disease forecasting system. Implementation of a disease forecasting system necessitates determining the optimal environmental conditions for various life-stages of SE US isolates of this pathogen for use in validating or modifying such a system. This is because temperature requirements and optimums for disease onset and subsequent development may vary depending on the geographical origin of S. sclerotiorum isolates. We investigated the optimal conditions necessary for three life-stages; conditioning of sclerotia, germination of apothecia, and ascospore infection of dehiscent carinata petals. Multiple isolates of S. sclerotiorum were tested, collected from winter carinata or canola grown in the SE US. -
Fasciation. Lumina C
346 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. III, No. 3, FASCIATION. LUMINA C. RIDDLE. The phenomena of fasciation are sufficiently striking to attract the attention of the most casual observer, and the malformation occurs so frequently that nearly every person has seen one or more cases of it. It manifests itself usually by a remarkable broadening and flattening of the stem, crowded phyllotaxy and often spiral twisting and splitting of this broadened axis, although the portion of the plant affected and the exact character of the growth varies with the nature of the plant. Those having the rosette habit throughout their entire life, as the common dande- lion, show fasciation in the peduncle of the inflorescence. In the thistle (Fig. 2,) which has the rosette habit during the first year Fig. 1. a. Ailanthus glandulosus. b. Ranunculus abortivus, and is stemmed during the second year, it has only been observed in the second year's growth and affected the entire stalk. In the herbaceous hollow-stemmed plant of Ranunculus abortivus, {Fig. 1, b,) the entire stem was found fasciated and inside was found a reversed cylinder having the delicate epidermal layer within and a well developed ring of fibro-vascular tissue surround- ing it. In Erigeron philadelphicus the leaves were so closely Jan., 1903.] Fasciation. 347 compacted that the stem was entirely concealed while the top of the stalk was twisted down. In woody plants fasciated stems are nearly always split or twisted, often both, as shown in Ailanthus glandidosus {Fig. i, a.) Fasciation is found frequently occurring in man}- cultivated plants; the flowers, hyacinths, gladioli, narcissus, violets, gerani- u m s , nasturtiums ( Tropoeolum); the garden vegetables, cabbage or Brassica oleracea, and beets, Beta vulgaris ; and trees, Pinus, Thuya, Taxus, Salix, Alnus,Ulmus, Prunus and Populus. -
Tragopogon-Pratensis.Pdf
http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/organicweeds The biology and non-chemical control of Goat’s-beard (Tragopogon pratensis L.) W Bond & G Davies HDRA, Ryton Organic Gardens, Coventry, CV8, 3LG, UK Goat’s-beard (buck’s-beard, common goatsbeard, Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, meadow goat’s-beard, meadow salsify, noon flower) Tragopogon pratensis L. Occurrence Goat’s-beard is an annual, biennial or monocarpic perennial, native in grassy places, on roadsides and in rough and cultivated land (Stace, 1997; Clapham et al., 1987). There are 3 subspecies of which ssp. minor is the native form that is common in most of Britain. Goat’s-beard grows on a variety of soil types ranging from sand to clay. Hybrids may result from crosses with other Tragopogon species. The root and leaves have been eaten by man (Barker, 2001). Biology Goat’s-beard flowers from June to July in the UK (Clapham et al., 1987; Barker, 2001) and May to September in Canada (Frankton & Mulligan, 1977). Flowering usually occurs in the second or subsequent year of growth (Clements et al., 1999). There is a minimum root crown diameter at which flowering occurs but this varies from year to year because other factors are involved. The flowers are insect pollinated. The plants senesce after producing seeds. Each compound flower head (capitulum) contains 20-127 seeds (Clements et al., 1999). Average seed numbers per plant range from 100 to 850. Pawlowski et al. (1970) give the seed number for an average plant as 1,266. Two seed types are produced that differ in morphology. -
Rare Species As Examples of Plant Evolution G
Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs Volume 3 The Endangered Species: A Symposium Article 14 12-1-1979 Rare species as examples of plant evolution G. Ledyard Stebbins Department of Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm Recommended Citation Stebbins, G. Ledyard (1979) "Rare species as examples of plant evolution," Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs: Vol. 3 , Article 14. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm/vol3/iss1/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. RARE SPECIES AS EXAMPLES OF PLANT EVOLUTION G. Ledyaid Stebbins' .\bstract.- Rare species, including endangered ones, can be very valuable sources of information about evolution- arv processes. They may be rare and valuable because: (1) they are evolutionary youngsters and could represent an entirelv new evolutionary strategy of great scientific and practical value; (2) they are evolutionary relicts that have stored enormous amounts of genetic information of great worth; (3) they may represent endemic varieties that har- bor a great deal of the genetic variability in the gene pool that would be of enormous value to a plant geneticist; the rarity of the plant is not necessarily correlated with the size of its gene pool; (4) they may represent unique ecologi- cal adaptations of great value to future generations. Studies of gene pools and the genetics of adaptation constitute a new and developing field of the future. -
Inf.9 Proposal from Germany
INF.9 PROPOSAL FROM GERMANY This proposal reflects the wish of delegates expressed during the 56 th session of the Specialized Section: – to elaborate a standard for root vegetables other than carrots, – to include the tubercle vegetables. The intention of this standard for root and tubercle vegetables is, to integrate the existing UNECE standards for scorzonera (FFV-33), horse-radish (FFV-20), and radishes (FFV-43). Thus, while approving this draft standard as new UNECE standard, these standards should be withdrawn. UNECE STANDARD FFV-No concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of ROOT AND TUBERCLE VEGETABLES 1 I. DEFINITION OF PRODUCE This standard applies to root and tubercle vegetables of varieties (cultivars) grown from the following species to be supplied fresh to the consumer, root and tubercle vegetables for industrial processing being excluded: – beet tubercle ( Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. vulgaris und var. lutea DC.), – celeriac ( Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Mill.) Gaudin), – Hamburg parsley ( Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill var. tuberosum (Bernh.) Mart Crov.), – horse-radish ( Armoracia rusticana Gottfr. Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb.), – kohlrabi, cabbage turnip (Brassica olearacea var. gongylodes L.) – parsnips ( Pastinaca sativa L.), – radishes ( Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus ), – radishes ( Raphanus sativus var. niger (Mill.) J. Kern.). – salsify ( Tragopogon porrifolius L. ssp. porrifolius ), – scorzonera ( Scorzonera hispanica L.), – swede ( Brassica napus L. (Napobrassica-group)), – turnips ( Brassica rapa L. (Rapa-group)), – turnip-rooted chervil or bulbous chervil ( Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.), – root and tubercle vegetables of other species and any hybrids. II. PROVISIONS CONCERNING QUALITY 1 Note: For carrots ( Daucus carota L.) the UNECE standard FFV-10 applies.