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Rare Species As Examples of Plant Evolution G Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs Volume 3 The Endangered Species: A Symposium Article 14 12-1-1979 Rare species as examples of plant evolution G. Ledyard Stebbins Department of Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm Recommended Citation Stebbins, G. Ledyard (1979) "Rare species as examples of plant evolution," Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs: Vol. 3 , Article 14. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm/vol3/iss1/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. RARE SPECIES AS EXAMPLES OF PLANT EVOLUTION G. Ledyaid Stebbins' .\bstract.- Rare species, including endangered ones, can be very valuable sources of information about evolution- arv processes. They may be rare and valuable because: (1) they are evolutionary youngsters and could represent an entirelv new evolutionary strategy of great scientific and practical value; (2) they are evolutionary relicts that have stored enormous amounts of genetic information of great worth; (3) they may represent endemic varieties that har- bor a great deal of the genetic variability in the gene pool that would be of enormous value to a plant geneticist; the rarity of the plant is not necessarily correlated with the size of its gene pool; (4) they may represent unique ecologi- cal adaptations of great value to future generations. Studies of gene pools and the genetics of adaptation constitute a new and developing field of the future. This morning I'm talking about a some- Projected on the screen is a chart which what different topic than yesterday evening Ownbey put in the American Journal of Bot- and one more in hne with my usual interest any in 1950. The three species which are list- because, as many of you know, I am primari- ed all have the chromosome number 2n= 12. ly an evolutionist. The theme that I would They are well-known European plants in- like to develop is that rare species, including troduced as weeds into North America. the endangered ones, can be very valuable There are no species of Tragopogon in the .sources of information about evolutionary Old World that have chromosome numbers processes. To illustrate that theme, I am go- higher than 2n=12 and n = 6. However, in ing to give you examples of four alternative, the backyards and railroad yards around Pull- but not mutually exclusive, theories that have man, Washington, Ownbey found two differ- been suggested for the reason that species are ent entities having 24 chromosomes, twice rare. One of the oldest, which was cham- the number of all the others in the genus. By pioned in the early part of the 20th century a series of ingenious hybridizations and analy- Willis, was that the rare endemic ses of chromosomes, he established without by J. C. species were youngsters. They appeared on doubt that one of them, described as a new the earth recently and haven't had time to species, T. miscellus, was derived from hy- spread. He wrote a whole book on the sub- bridizations between T. ditbius and T. pra- ject, which he called Age and Area. I first tensis. Its chromosome number has been heard of that book from my systematics pro- doubled either before or after the initial fessor, M. L. Fernald, who was very much in- hybridization, giving us a stable intermediate, terested in rare species. He regarded them as a principle long known to geneticists. A sec- senescent relics, and strongly opposed Wil- ond species, T. minis, has originated in the lis's theory. However, Willis was partly cor- same way from a cross between T. porrifoUus rect. We have perhaps more direct evidence and T. duhius. Because T. dubiiis did not ex- of this than for any other hypotheses. This is ist in western North America before about expected, because the origin of some new the 1890s, the age of these two species when species would be recent enough that we he first found them was not more than a half would know when it appeared. A now classic century. They now are spreading. They are example is that presented by the late Marion known in one or two places in Montana. Ownbey, of Washington State University, There is another locality in Arizona. They with respect to the goatsbeard genus, Trag- are certainly not endangered. A hundred opogon. years from now, they may have become com- artmenl of Genetics, University of California. Davis, California ( 113 114 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 3 mon weeds. other two species. Delphinium hesperinm and There are other very young examples, not D. recurvatum have been crossed. The hybrid quite so young as these. Indirect evidence is partly fertile and looks like D. gypsophi- suggests that some species have arisen since lum. The interesting thing is that when the the retreat of the glacial ice from northern F-1 hybrid is crossed with native D. gyp- America and the drying up of the cli- North sophilum it is found to be more compatible in places like California where the mate than the cross with either of its own parents. Pleistocene was a rainy or pluvial period. This is pretty good evidence that the native example is that of three species in the One D. gypsophilum is derived from hybridization Laijia, or "tidy tips," an annual plant genus between the two other species. This again is of the composite family, or Asteraceae. The a recent species. It is too common to be on three species involved are L. jonesii, L. mun- the rare and endangered list, but it is cer- zii, L. leucopappa. They are very closely and tainly recent and uncommon relative to its related, on the l3order line of becoming spe- ancestors. cies. can be hybridized easily and the They An ancient species is the California Big is partly fertile. They are more dis- hybrid Tree, Sequoiadendron giganteum. It is con- tantly related to L. fremontii and L. platij- fined to certain groves in the Sierra Nevada glossa. in California, extending from Sequoia Na- Their distributions are as follows: Laijia jo- tional Forest in the south in Tulare County nesii occurs near the coast of south central into ever-smaller groves, to a very tiny one in California, not far from San Luis Obispo; the northernmost area in Placer County to is in small valleys of Laijia miinzii found the the west of Lake Tahoe. It does not have a the inner south coast ranges; and L. leuco- much-restricted gene pool. Horticulturists pappa, in the central valley of California, on have found they can extract various modifi- or hillsides not far from Bakersfield. one two cations of it by simple inbreeding. Daniel Ax- They are closely related entities occupying elrod, with his brilliant studies of the pa- neighboring areas in the same general region. leobotany of western Nevada, has shown that The climate of this region was drastically California Big Tree was very abundant in likely changed in the Pleistocene. It seems Pliocene forests, six, seven, or eight million that the splitting of these three populations years ago in western Nevada when the Sierra from each other is post-Pleistocene, about six Nevada didn't exist and the climate of Ne- to eight thousand years ago. vada, due to moist winds from the ocean, was is line of Layia miinzii on the border being still relatively mesic. Because of the Pleisto- in season, but is certainly not en- rare a dry cene changes in climate, it has become re- dangered. Layia jonesii, being on the coast, stricted in two ways: (1) the elimination of might be endangered. Layia leucopappa, in the stands to the east of the Sierra Nevada by highly cultivated central valley, definite- the aridity and (2) the reduction of the stands in ly is endangered. A nature conservancy California by the increasing length of the is very group, located in Bakersfield, much rainless dry summer. I say this because of re- interested in it. It occurs on a large private search by the late Woodbridge Metcalf, ex- range area, the manager of which says they tension forester at Berkeley. He showed that are going to preserve it for us. This is a case the big tree would seed itself only in a year is on the rare of a young species which and when the dry season from May till October is list. endangered shorter than usual. If it gets a few of these Another example of a similar nature is a short dry seasons between seed germination species of larkspur. Delphinium hesperinm is and the time when the trees are 8-10 years species of the oak a common widespread old, then it competes with sugar pine, white ranges of Cali- woodlands in the inner coast fir, and other forest species. If young trees fornia. Delphinium recurvatum is foimd in are exposed to a succession of normal dry the central valley and bottom lands and Del- summers, they cannot compete with the implies, phinium gypsophilum, as the name seedlings of the other species. This, then, is lives in gypsumlike soil on the hills bordering an example of an ancient species. the valley. It occupies a habitat between the There are some others. One of the inter- 1979 The Endangered Species: A Symposium 115 esting things that Professor Jack Major and I etic diversity. At that time I was influenced worked out some years ago is that the con- by the work of Sewall Wright on inbreeding centration of rare rehctual species, which and its ramifications, which was very popular were more common in the past, is bipolar in at that time.
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