Impact of the Syrian Crisis on the Lebanese Agriculture

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Impact of the Syrian Crisis on the Lebanese Agriculture © 2018 International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and Caritas Switzerland. All rights reserved. ICARDA and Caritas Switzerland encourage fair use of this material for non-commercial purposes with proper citation. Suggested Citation Aw-Hassan, A., Abou Arrage, J., Duqmaq, N., Voborsky, L., Rekik, M. 2018. Linking Refugees and Host Communities to Agricultural Value Chains in the Bekaa Plain, Lebanon “Potatoes, Tomatoes, and Dairy products”. International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and Caritas Switzerland (CACH), Amman, Jordan. ISBN13: 978-9291275250 Key words livelihoods – resilience – agricultural value chains – hosting communities – Syrian refugees ICARDA’s Address Dalia Building, Second Floor, Bashir El Kasser St, Verdun, Beirut, Lebanon 1108-2010. www. icarda.org Caritas Switzerland’s Address Adligenswilerstrasse 15, 6006 Luzern, Switzerland. www.caritas.ch All responsibility for the information in this publication remains with ICARDA. The use of trade names does not imply endorsement of, or discrimination against, any product by the Center. Maps have been used to support research data, and are not intended to show political boundaries. List of Abbreviations CA Cultivated Area CDR Council for Development and Reconstruction CCIABML Chamber of Commerce Industry and Agriculture in Beirut and Mount Lebanon CCIAS Chamber of Commerce Industry and Agriculture in Saida and the South CCIAT Chamber of Commerce Industry and Agriculture in Tripoli and the North CCIAZ Chamber of Commerce Industry and Agriculture in Zahle and the Beqaa ELCIM Euro-Lebanese Center for Industrial Modernization EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCCIAL Federation of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture in Lebanon GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product ha Hectares HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points HORECA Hotel-Restaurants-Catering ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas IDAL Investment Development Authority of Lebanon IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO International Labor Organization IPM Integrated Pest Management ISO International Standard Organization LARI Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute LIVCD Lebanese Industry Value Chain Development LRA Litani River Authority MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOE Ministry of Environment MOEW Ministry of Energy and Water MOF Ministry of Finance MOI Ministry of Industry MOET Ministry of Economy and Trade NFLC National Federation of Lebanese Cooperatives NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations PCMA Participatory Market Chain Approach SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises TADs Transboundary Animal Diseases UNDP United Nations Development Program USAID United States Agency for International Development VC Value Chain WFP World Food Program I Contents List of Abbreviations ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� I Summary ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2 Objectives and methodology ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 Agriculture in Lebanon and the Beqaa plain ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 5 Agriculture: a sector at crossroads ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Agriculture from a socio-economic perspective ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Production systems ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Agricultural area and holdings ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Crop production ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9 Animal production ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Agro-industry and food processing ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 12 Agriculture finance, services, and cooperatives ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Public expenditures ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Mechanization and extension services ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Cooperatives ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Agricultural trade and food security ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Terms of trade ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Trade markets ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Focus on agriculture in the Beqaa plain ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Beqaa plain agricultural production ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 Beqaa plain land tenure ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Beqaa plain water and irrigation ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Beqaa plain agricultural labor ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 Impact of the Syrian crisis on the Lebanese agriculture ����������������������������������������������������������� 21 Borderline farmers ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 23 Export decline and food prices������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 Labor market �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 Production cost and farmers’ income �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 Lack of supervision and illegal competition������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 24 Food safety and plant health ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Livestock ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 II Water and natural resources���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 Food security ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 Selected value chains analysis and potential interventions ������������������������������������������������������ 28 General agricultural value chain model ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 28 Chain influencers and supporters �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 Chain supporters ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 Chain operators ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35 Potato value chain ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36 Input supply for potatoes VC �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 Potatoes post-harvest and processing ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 Potatoes market ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 Potatoes VC analysis and potential interventions��������������������������������������������������������������������� 43 Tomatoes value chain �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 Input supply for tomatoes VC ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Tomatoes production �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Tomatoes post-harvest and processing ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 Tomatoes market ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 Tomatoes VC analysis and potential interventions ������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 Dairy products value chain ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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