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Forest and Landscape Restoration Guidelines

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Forest and Landscape Restoration Guidelines 1 2 3 2019 Shouf Biosphere Reserve The Lebanese consultancy firm MORES s.a.r.l. has provided technical support to the assessment of water resources and climate change and the restoration of green water-related infrastructures. The ACS staff Wael Edited by: Nizar Hani, Marco Pagliani and Pedro Regato Halawi has provided engineering support to design and build the green infrastructures. The Spanish consultancy firm Grupo Sylvestris (formerly Semillas Montaraz S.A.) has provided support to FLR implementation in the Written by: Pedro Regato SBR, and the researches Jose Manuel Valiente and Alejandro Valdecantos (CEAM, Spain) have provided training, technical support, and equipment to test in the SBR Landscape innovative technologies on water-related issues Contributors (in alphabetical order): Rawya Bou Hussein, Monzer Bouwadi, Rosa Colomer, Nizar Hani, Lara Kanso, Raji Maasri, Marco Pagliani, Pedro Regato, Lina Sarkis, Khaled Sleem, Wael Halawi, Salam Nassar, Nagham for effective forest restoration under dry Mediterranean conditions. Zein Eddine. FLR in the SBR Landscape has actively collaborated and shared know-how with the Italian organizations ILEX Elaboration of GIS maps and statistical data: Paul Ghorayeb (the landscape of Sirente-Vellino Natural Park) and LIPU, in the framework of the Mediterranean Mosaics Project, coordinated by LIPU. The SBR FLR initiative, as part of the FAO global “Forest and Landscape Restoration English editing: Faisal Abu-Izzeddin Mechanism”, is very greatful to the support of the FAO staff Christophe Besacier, Nora Berrahmouni, as well as Chadi Mohana from the Ministry of Agriculture of Lebanon. Photos by: Shouf Biosphere Reserve team and Pedro Regato The FLR initiative in the SBR landscape has been funded by European Union, MAVA Foundation, Italian Agency for Design Layout: Amir Abou Hamdan Development and Cooperation,USAID (United States Agency for International Development) through LRI, BMZ (German Federal Ministry for Economic Development Cooperation) through WFP (World Food Programme), FAO, Acknowledgment: The FLR initiative in the Shouf Biosphere Reserve Landscape has been implemented by a and a number of private sector companies (Middle East Airlines, Byblos Bank, Porches Club Lebanon, Khalil Fatal team of national and international experts and organisations: Nizar Hani, as the Director of the Shouf Biosphere and Sons, Advanced cars, Lycee National Schools, Four Seasons Hotel, HSBC Bank, and Patchi). Reserve, has coordinated the project team and supported all the institutional and policy aspects of FLR, ensuring an effective involvement of, and collaboration with all the concerned municipalities, the Alliance for All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without written permission of the Green Shouf Biosphere Reserve, the MoE, MoA, FAO, international aid agencies, private sector and research the Shouf Biosphere Reserve except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. organisations. Marco Pagliani has provided supervision to the projects (Mediterranean Mosaics and ENPI Grant “Environmentally-sound and Socially-beneficial Forestation in the Shouf Biosphere Reserve) under which FLR has been implemented. Pedro Regato has provided technical coordination, training and technical advise to the “The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the Shouf Biosphere Reserve and can in no way be planning and implementation of FLR, according to the approach and principles of the GPFLR. Rosa Colomer has taken to reflect the views of the European Union.” led all the technical work for the production of native plant species in local nuseries, and the production of crops from wild plant edible and aromatic plant species, in close collaboration with the nursery owner Khaled Sleem. Rawya Bou Hussein, with the assistance of Nagham Zein Eddine, has led the implementation of the awareness raising, environmental education, and capacity building component of FLR. Lina Sarkis and Wael Halawi are coordinating the establishment of the Biodiversity House which will be highlighting the FLR activities using innovative technologies in coordination with MIT. Lara Kanso has provided major assistance in the collection of data for the publication. Monzer Bouwadi has led all the participatory and technical aspects of the FLR field interventions, with special focus on the active restoration of degraded forest land and abandoned agricultural terraces, and the biomass management. M. Bouwadi with the assistance of Iyad Halawi has coordinated a field team including: Hisham Abou Ali, Rabih Abou Shakra, Roni Al Achkar, Naiim Al Halawani, Jad Ammatoury, Moufid Ammatoury, Nour Ammatoury, Shafik Ammatoury, Iyad Ashkar, Bashar El Ashkar, Amin Halawi, Bashar Halawi, Fadi Halawi, Imad Halawi, Malek Halawi, Ismail Hani, Saiid Halawi, Samir Halawi, Hadi Kerbaj, Amin Mahmoud, Awdat Mahmoud, Badii Mahmoud, Imad Mahmoud, Karam Mahmoud, Mahmoud Mahmoud, Naji Mahmoud, Omar Mahmoud,Taymour Mahmoud, Nadim Omar, Raouf Sayd Ahmad, Sari Sayd Ahmad, Naji Zein Eddine. Field monitoring of FLR interventions were the responsibility of the ACS staff Monzer Bouwadi and Nijad Saed Eddine. 4 5 This document is the new addition to a series of publications developed by the Shouf Halting deforestation has to be a priority for us – Lebanese and Europeans. Not Biosphere Reserve with the aim of sharing know-how, best practices, and lessons only because it is the “right” and “ethical” thing to do, but because it is in our learned with other practitioners and other protected areas. “self-interest”, given how critical forests are to the well-being of the planet and to ourselves. Forest Landscape Restoration has been adopted by the Shouf Biosphere Reserve Forests matter to the EU. And this is why we have been supporting the Shouf as a comprehensive ongoing process aiming at recovering the landscape after Biosphere Reserve, Lebanon’s largest nature reserve (=5% of Lebanese territory), the disturbances that have affected it due to series of ecological, socioeconomic, together with other European Member States such as Italy and France. We believe in and cultural modifications, combined with water deficit, extreme weather events, the necessity of acting collectively to halt Lebanon’s loss of biodiversity. We believe and large-scale disturbances due to climate change and causing irreversible shifts that in the world we live in today – characterised by its interdependencies – threats towards undesirable conditions, all affecting human well-being. have to be addressed jointly. And this is why, we – as Europeans – have been funding The Shouf Biosphere Reserve unremittingly strives to remain a learning site for so many environmental interventions in Lebanon, from promoting a clean air, to sustainable development, restoring the ecological functionality of the landscape, protecting Lebanon’s marine and coastal biodiversity, to afforestation activities. building the capacities and enhancing the welfare of the surrounding communities. Forests matter to Lebanon too. And we want to highlight the incredible commitment and work of so many Lebanese actors active in forestry activities, starting with the Finally, I take this opportunity to thank every member of the team who has been Shouf Biosphere Reserve. involved in this endeavor and also to extend our gratitude to the EU for this project, to the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation, MAVA, World Food Programme, and many other donors, for their support, always looking forward to more opportunities of cooperation. Al Shouf Cedar Society Advisor Nora Joumblatt EU Ambassador Christina Lassen 6 7 V.2 Environmental Education FLR PRINCIPLE VI: Considers a Wide Range of Implementation Options with a Cost-benefit Contents View Governance 112 VI.1 Select the Type of Restoration Interventions About this Publication VI.1.1 Carefully Assess Active Restoration Needs Background VI.1.2 Defining FLR Priority Interventions for the SBR Landscape VI.1.3 Developing the FLR Plan A. Forest and Landscape Restoration – The Context 14 FLR PRINCIPLE VII: Maintains and Enhances Natural Ecosystems within the Landscape 126 A.1 The Need to Restore Degraded Forest Landscapes VII.1 The Production of High Quality Plant Material A.1.1 Land Degradation Worldwide VII.1.1 Species Selection Criteria A.1.2 The Global Benefits of Restoration VII.1.2 Selecting High Quality Plant Material A.1.3 Restoration under the Lebanese Commitments to the Rio Conventions VII.1.3 Managing Plant Material A.2 What is Forest and Landscape Restoration VII.1.4 Production of Plant Material in the Tree Nursery A.2.1 The Concept of Forest and Landscape Restoration VII.2 Effective Field Restoration Interventions to Increase Water Availability and Seedling Survival A.2.2 FLR Guiding Principles VII.2.1 Forest Restoration Techniques in the Field B. FLR in the Shouf Biosphere Reserve Landscape 28 VII.2.2 Restoring Dry Stone Walls in Abandoned Agriculture Terraces FLR PRINCIPLE I: Focuses on the Entire Landscape 29 VII.3 Adaptive Management Interventions to Increase Resilience Against Climate Risks I.1 The Shouf Biosphere Reserve Landscape VII.3.1 Thinning and Pruning I.1.1 Physical Environment VII.3.2 Sustainable Grazing I.1.2 Natural Environment VII.4 Economic Development through FLR Implementation I.1.3 Land Use VII.4.1 Creating Local Business for Briquettes Production I.1.4 Social Context VII.4.2 Establishing a Solid Waste Treatment and Composting Unit I.1.5. Cultural Context VII.4.3 Sustainable Agriculture
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