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In the Ancient Times Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen Appreciated the Animal Nature of Tapeworms

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In the Ancient Times Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen Appreciated the Animal Nature of Tapeworms 1 In the ancient times Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen appreciated the animal nature of tapeworms. The Arabs susgested that segments passed with the faeces were a separate species of parasite from tapeworms: they called these segments the cucuribitini, after their similarity to cucumber seeds. Andry, in 1718, was first to illustrate the scolex of a tapeworm from a human. Sexually mature tapeworms live in the intestine or its diverticula ( rarely in the coelum) of all classes of vertebrates. These are a group of parasites which are fairly common in both domestic animals and wild animals, and humans. CLASS CESTODA This class differs from the Trematoda in having a tape-like body with no body cavity and alimentarty canal. There is a wide variation in length, ranging from a few milimeters to several meters. The body is segmented, each segment containing one and sometimes two sets of male and female reproductive organs. Almost all the tapeworms of veterinary importance are in the order Cyclophylidea, two exceptions being in the order Pseudophyllidea. During their life cycle, one or two ( or more ) intermediated host are required in each of which the tapeworm undergo a phase of their development. Order : Cyclophyllidea Family : Taenidae Genus : Taenia, Echinococcus Family : Anoplocephalidae Genus : Anoplocephala, Paranoplocephala, Monezia, Thysanosoma,Thysaniezia, Stilesia, Avitellina Family : Dilepididae Genus : Dipylidium , Amoebotaenia, Choanotaenia, Joyeuxiella, Diplopylidium Family : Paruterinidae Genus : Metroliasthes Family : Davaineidae Genus : Davainea, Raillietina, Houttuynia Family : Hymenolepididae Genus : Hymenolepis, Fimbriaria, Rodentolepis Family : Mesocestoididae Genus : Mesocestoides Order : Pseudophyllidea Family : Diphyllobothridae ; Genus : Diphyllobothrium, Spirometra 2 The body of the typical cestoda can be divided into three regions; 1 ) scolex – the holdfast organ – is the anterior end and its morphology and dimensions are important in the identification of these worms; 2 ) the neck region, situated immediately posterior of the scolex, is an unsegmented, poorly differantiated area that is generally narrower than the scolex and the strobila proper, and is the continuously differentiating zone that gives rise to immature proglottids, or body segments, of these worms and 3 ) the strobila, which constitutes the main bulk of the body, is made up of the chain of proglottids. A syncytial cytoplasmic tegument covers the surface of cestodes. Tegumental structure is generally similar in all cestodes. The body of tapeworm, including its scolex, suckers nad bothria is completey covered by tegument, which is a living tissue with high metabolic activity. The regulary arranged microvilli of the tegument of cestodes as called microtriches ( singular: microthrix). The tegument is a metabolically active layer which is involved at least in the absorption of nutrients , in osmoregulation and excretion , and in protection against the effects of host enzymes and immun systems; secretion of the tegument proved to have a digestive function, or might be involved in the defence against immun reactions. The microtriches are concerned with three functions: 1 ) as mean of movement and to keep distance, 2 ) as mean of anchoring, 3 ) the microtriches are obviously involved in increasing the surface area and are thus essential for the uptake of nutrients, which also occurs by endocytosis between the base of the microtrichs. Tissues of most cestodes contain curious structures termed calcareous corpuscles. Possible functions of calcareous corpucles have been subject of much speculation. For example, motilization of the inorganic compounds might buffer the tissue of the worm against the large amounts of organic acids produced in its energy metabolism. Another suggestion has been that they provide depots of ions or carbon dioxide for use when such substances are present in insufficent quantity in the environment. Another idea is that they are an excretory products. The scolex is very small (mostly less than 1mm ) and is provided with specific holdfast systems such as suckers, rostellum, grooves, hooks and bothria. The whole chain is attached to the tissues of the host by the scolex only. It is attached to the host by adhesive organs which may be given the general term holdfast ; these may or may not be supplemented by hooks. Holdfasts are on the scolex only and are never on the proglottids. On the sides of the scolex are four suckers , or acetabula , which sometimes also carry hooks. Some species possess an anteriorly projecting rostellum, which may or may not be armed with one or more rows of hooks. The rostellum can be retracted into the rostellar sac within the scolex. Scolex bears two slit like grooves called bothria ( one on the dorsal surface and one on the ventral surface), which are muscular grooves that provide attachment by pinching host tissue beetwen them. Hooks may be present on the suckers. The proglottids are continuously budded from the neck region and become sexually mature as they pass down the strobila to the distal end of the tapeworm. The portion of the chain of proglottids immediately behind the scolex is the portion that aries first and it may show no external sign of segmentation into proglottids. It may be narrower than the segmented part of chain that succeeds it and this narrower portion just behind the head is then called the neck. Some species , of which the species of the genus Moniezia are example, have no neck. 3 The most anteriorly situated proglottids are generally immature- that is, the reproductive organs, although visible, are nonfunctional. Proglottids posterior to immature proglottids are sexually mature, while those toward the posterior end of the body are usually gravid, filled with eggs. In the sexually mature proglottids, one or two sets of sexual organs, however, do not mature at the same time. Just behind the neck proglottids are immature , then further posterior are proglottids with mature male organs, then those with mature female organs, and finally those the uterus of which contains fertilized eggs; the latter proglottids are thus described as gravid proglottids. Self fertilization within a single proglottid and between proglottids, and copulation between two worms take place among the species, although the latter is exteremerly rare. The genital pores are usually settled on one lateral margin or two margins of the segment ( in Cyclophylidean tapeworms ), and the genital pore is centrally placed in Pseudophyllidean tapeworms. When a gravid proglottid reaches the end of the strobila, it detaches and passed out intact with the feces or partly disintegrates before reaching the anus, and then the eggs pass with feces in the environment. In cases where the uterus as an opening, the proglottids release the eggs and become detached when exhausted. The reproductive system is the most important organ system of the adult cestode, for with their complex life cycle millions eggs must be produced to insure that one may some time produce another adult worm. All known tapeworms are hermaphroditic parasites. Most commonly , each proglottid contains one complete set each of male and female reproductive organs. As the segment moves toward the rear of the strobila, the reproductive organs mature and embryonated eggs are formed. Most commonly, male organs mature first and produce sperms, which are stored until maturation of the ovary. Early maturation of the testes is called protandry. The male reproductive system contains of many testes, each of which has a fine vas efferens. The vasa efferentia unite into a common vas deferens which drains the sperm toward the genital canal. The vas deferens may dilate into a spheroid external and internal seminal vesicle. The sperm is stored in the seminal vesicle. Eventually, the vas deferens leads into a cirrus pouch, which is a muscular sheath containing the terminal portion of the male system. Inside the cirrus pouch, the duct is modified into a muscular cirrus, the male copulatory organ. The cirrus can invaginate into cirrus pouch and evaginate through the cirrus pore. Often, the male and female genital pores open into a common sunken chamber, the genital atrium. This atrium may be simple. The genital atrium may open on the margin or central on the mature or gravid segments. The female reproductive system consists of a single ovary, which may be large or small , compact or diffuse, and may be located anywhere within the proglottid, depending of the genus. Asscociated with ovary are vitelline cells ( or vitellaria, vitelline gland ), which contribute to egg shell formation and nutrition for the developing embryo. These may be in a single compact vitellarium or scattered as follicles in various patterns. As ova mature they leave the ovary through a single oviduct that may have a controlling sphincter, the ovicapt. Fertilization usually occurs in the ootype. Around the ootype are unicellular called Mehlis glands , similar to those of the trematoda. Cells from the vitelline glands pass through a vitelline duct, and join with the zygote. The unicellular secreted substance of Mehlis glands 4 pass into the ootype. The Mehlis glands secrete a very thin membrane around the zygote and associated vitelline cells. Eggshell formation is then complete from within the vitelline cells. Leaving the ootype, the embryonating egg pass into the uterus where embryonation is completed. The form of the uterus varies considerably between groups. It may be a simple or convoluted (or twisted)
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