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UNIVERSITY OF YORK Department of Eoonomics Urban Development and Po ulpation Growth in Middlesbrough 1831 71 _- Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by James William Leonard B. A. A-9-75 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Variable print quality TEXT CUT OFF IN ORIGINAL DAMAGED TEXT IN ORIGINAL Table of Contents Page 1 Introduetion ....................................................... Chapter 1, The Urban Planners. 4 1) The Economic Background ............................. 12 2) Joseph Pease ......................................... 34 3) The Owners of the Middlesbrough Estate ............... Chapter II, The Urban Plan. 58 1) The Vision of Joseph Pease ........ ......... 2) Town 71 The Grid-Iron ................................... 1C3 3) Some Early Flaws in the Plan ......................... Chapter III Town Affairs Experience. , and 1) Economic Changes 11? ..................................... I 2) 140 Town management ...................................... 208 3) The Quality of Life .................................. Chapter IV, The Population of Middlesbrough. 266 1) General Accounts ..................................... 283 2) Sampling of the Enumerators' Books ................... Chapter V, Assessments of the Early Town. 1) Introduction 451 ......................................... 455 2) Victorian Critics .................................... 3) Modern Critics 468 " ...................................... 481 Conclusions: 1) The Pease Plan .................................... 2) 500 Demography ........................................ 3) 516 Final Remarks ..................................... Fin Appendices ................ "......... ".. "........ "...... "". ".. """". " Bibliography ....................................................... 551 List of Tables Table Number Contents Page Number 1 S. R. D. Railway Investors. 15 2 Middlesbrough Poor Law Costs, 1842 - 56. 210 3 Middlesbrough Poor Law Guardians, 1x'45 and 1848. 213 1. Stockton District cholera and diarrhoea deaths, 1854. 222 5 Stockton District total deaths, 1851 - 55- 223 6 Middlesbrough cholera and diarrhoea cases and deaths, August 1854. 226 7 Middlesbrough total deaths, Aug,/Oct 1854. 230 8 Middlesbrough cholera deaths, 1848 - 55. 231 9 Household head, by type, 1841. 291 10 Household head, by age, 1841. 291 11 Household head, by industry, 1841. 292 12 Household head, by status, 1811. 294 13 Household head, by birthplace, 1841. 295 14 Wives, by age, 1841. 296 15 "Jives, by birthplace, 1841. 297 16- Eldest children, by birthplace, 1841. 298 17 Youngest children, by birthplace, 1841. 298 18 Household head, by status and age, 1841. 300 19 Household head, by status and industry, 1841. 302 20 Household head, by status and birthplace, 1841. 303 21 Wives, by status and average age, 1841. 301, 22 Wives, by status and age group, 18141. 304 23 Wives, by status and birthplace, 16141. 307 24 Children, household average by status, 1641. 309 25 Eldest children, by status and birthplace, 1841. 310 Table Number Contents Page Number 26 Youngest children, by status and birthplace, 1841. 310 27 Household distribution, relations etc. 1841. 311 28 Kin, distribution by household status, 1841. 313 29 Workpeople, distribution by household status, 1841. 314 30 Servants, distribution by household status, 1841. 315 31 Lodgers, distribution by household status, 1841. 316 32 Lodgers, age distribution, 1841. 318 33 Lodgers, status distribution, 1841. 319 34 Lodgers, birthplace distribution, 1841. 320 35 Lodgers, by status and birthplace, 1841. 321 36 Aggregate population increase, 1831/41. 323 37 Aggregate age and sex distribution, 1841. 323 38 Average family size, Middlesbrough, York and Preston, 1851. 330 39 Average household size, ditto. 331 40 Household head, by type, 1851. 331 41 Household head, age distribution, 1851. 332 42 Household head, industrial distribution, 1851. 332 43 Household head, status distribution, 1851. 333 44 Household head, birthplace distribution, 1851. 333 45 Wives, age distribution, 1851. 331E 46 Wives, birthplace distribution, 1851. 335 47 Children, comparative household percentages and averages, Middlesbrough, York and Preston, 1851. 336 448 Females per 1000 males, Middlesbrough, York and England and Wales, 1851. 337. 49 Eldest children, birthplace distribution, 1851. 338 50 Youngest children, birthplace distribution, 1851. 338 51 Household head, by status and age, 1851. 339 52 Household head,. by status and industry, 1851. 342 53 Household head, by status and birthplace, 1851. 342 Table Numbor Contonts Page Number 54 Wives, by average age and status, 1851. 344 55 Wives, by age group and status, 1851. 341 56 Wives, by birthplace and status, 1851. 345 57 Children, average by household status, 1851. 346 58 Eldest children, by status and birthplace, 1851. 346 59 Youngest children, by status and birthplace, 1851. 347 60 Household distribution, relations etc. 1851. 348 61 Comparative percentages of households with kin, Middlesbrough, York and Preston, 1851. 348 62 Comparative percentages of households with kin, 349 pre- and post industrial society. 63 Comparative percentage of households with servants, Middlesbrough, York and Preston, 1851. 349 351 64 - ditto - with lodgers. 65 Distribution of kin by household status, 1851. 352 66 Comparative distribution of kin by household status,. Middlesbrough and York, 1851. 355 67 Workpeople, distribution by household status, 1851. 351+ 354 68 Servants - ditto - 69 Comparative percentage of households with servants, Middlesbrough and York, 1851. 356 70 Lodgers, distribution by household status, 1851. 356 71 Comparative percentages of households with lodgers, by household status, Middlesbrough and York, 1851. 358 72 Lodgers, age distribution, 1851. 359 73 Lodgers, status distribution, 1851. 359 74 Lodgers, birthplace distribution, 1851. 75 Lodgers, by status and birthplace, 1851. ; 62 Table Number Contents 76 Aggregate population increase, 184.1/51. 77 Aggregate age and sex distribution, 1851. 78 Household head by type, 1861. 79 Household head by age distribution, 1861. 80 Household head by industrial distribution, 1861. 81 Household head by status distribution, 1861. 82 Household head by birthplace distribution, 1861. 83 Household head by birthplace distribution percentage gains and losses, 1851/1861. 84 Wives, age distribution, 1861. 85 Wives, birthplace distribution, 1861. 86 Heads and wives, comparative losses and gains in birthplace distribution, 1851/61. 87 Eldest children, birthplace distribution, 1861. 88 Youngest - ditto - 89 Children, comparative gains and losses in the birthplace distribution of eldest and youngest children, 1851/61. 90 Household head, by status and age, 1861. 91 Household head, by status and industry, 1861. 92 Household head, by status and birthplace, 1861. 93 Household head, comparative losses and gains in birthplace distribution, 1851/61. 94 Wives, by average age and status, 1861. 95 Wives, by age group and status, 1861. 96 Wives, by birthplace and status, 1861. 97 Heads and wives, comparative gains and losses of' long distance migrants, by status, 1861. 98 Children, average number by household states, 1861. 99 Eldest children, by birthplace and status, 1861. 100 Youngest children - ditto - 101 Household distribution, relations etc. 1861. 102 Relations distribution , by household status, 1861. Table Number Contents Page Numbor 103 Relations, comparative gains and lossos in distribution, by household status, 1851/61. 401 104 Workpeople, household distribution, 1861. 402 105 Servants - ditto - 403 106 Lodgers - ditto - 404 107 Lodgers, age distribution, 1861. 407 108 Lodgers, status distribution, 1861. 408 109 Lodgers, birthplace distribution, 1861. 408 110 Lodgers, by status and birthplace, 1861. 410 111 Aggregate population increase, 1851/61. 412 112 Aggregate age and sex distribution, 1861. 413 113 Comparative family size, Middlesbrough, Preston and York, 1851 and 1861. 414 114 - ditto - household size. 417 115 Percentage of households with servants, Middlesbrough, York and Preston, 1851 and 1861. 418 116 - ditto - lodgers. 118 117 - ditto - kin. 1+19 118 Household heads, by type, 1871. 1.21 119 Household heads, by age distribution, 1871. 121 120 Household heads, by industrial distribution, 1871. 422 121 Household heads, by status distribution, 1871. 422 122 Household heads, by birthplace distribution, 1871. 1+23 123 Household heads, comparative gains and losses in birthplace distribution, 1861/71. 423 124 Wives, age distribution, 1871. 4-24 125 Wives, birthplace distribution, 1871. 1}25 126 Heads and wives, comparative gains and losses in birthplace distribution, 1861/71. 425 127 Eldest children, birthplace distribution, 1871. 427. 128 Eldest children, comparative gains and losses in birthplace distribution, 1861/71. 427 Table Number Contents Page Number 129 Youngest children, birthplace distribution, 1871. 428 130 Eldest and youngest children, comparative gains and losses in birthplace distribution, 1861/71. 429 131 Household heads, by status and age, 1871. 429 132 Household heads, by status and industry, 1871. 430 1 33 Household heads, by status and birthplace, 1t371. 432 131+ Wives, by average age and status, 1871. 433 135 Wives, by age group and status, 1871. 434 136 Wives, by birthplace and status, 1871. 435 137 Heads and wives, comparative gains and losses by long distance migrants, by status, 1871. 437 138 Children, average distribution by household status, 1871. 437 139 Eldest children, by status and birthplace, 1871. 438 140 Youngest - ditto - 44-0 141 Household distribution,