Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

146 HISTORICAL-ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE AS THE BASIS OF THE THEORETICAL LEVEL OF ECONOMIC THINKING Aidar M. Tufetulov1 Gulnara N. Hadiullina2 Rival R. Shakirov3 Andrey S. Zayats4

Abstract: Economic theory as an their position. The paper presents an independent science arose in the period analysis the historical process of of the formation of modern market emergence, development, struggle, and relations. The economic thought history the changing of economic ideas. The as a separate branch in the system of main attention is paid to the analysis of economic sciences took shape in the first the main directions of modern economic half of the XIX century. The tradition of theory underlying the decision-making Russian economic thought at all stages of at macro and microeconomic levels. The its development was attention to content of the historical and economic historical trends and factors of socio- knowledge functions: worldview, economic development. The reason for practical, axiological, factual and this is in the specifics of Russia's methodological, is defined. The socioeconomic and spiritual necessity of studying the provisions of development. ХIХ century is alternative economic schools is characterized by the struggle of old and substantiated, what is considered as a new trends in the economic system of prerequisite for the formation of general Russia. In these conditions, cultural and professional competencies representatives of various branches of of specialists in the field of economics. economic thought appealed to the historical experience of the country and Keywords: History of economic humanity in order to prove the truth of doctrines, economic ideas of the Ancient

1 Kazan Federal University. E-mail: verkbund@gmailcom. Tel. : +7 (906) 3219099. 2 Kazan Federal University. E-mail: verkbund@gmailcom. Tel. : +7 (906) 3219099. 3 Kazan Federal University. E-mail: verkbund@gmailcom. Tel. : +7 (906) 3219099. 4 Kazan Federal University. E-mail: verkbund@gmailcom. Tel. : +7 (906) 3219099. Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

147 East and the ancient world, views were not represented in Soviet mercantilism, marginalism, historiography. Keynesianism, neoliberalism, theory of supply-side economics, 1. Methods The methodological basis of the Introduction study is the works on the economic thought history and economic history of The beginning of market Russia and foreign countries, the reforms in the 90-ies of XXth century fundamental provisions of modern, was marked by a surge of interest in primarily, institutional economic theory, historical and economic knowledge the works of representatives of domestic which began to be used as a source to and foreign economic schools and justify the position of newly emerging trends, work in philosophy, sociology, schools and trends, to confirm (refute) culture, and interdisciplinary socio- the governmental program documents economic research. There are two aimed at implementing structural approaches to historical and economic transformations in society [7; 10]. In this analysis: absolutism and relativism. period, Western economic thought was Absolutism considers the logic of the of particular interest, what has been research subject development, which reflected in numerous studies of the consists in moving from the false to the achievements of foreign economists [3; true, from the simple to the complex. 5; 9]. There was a return of the names of Relativism considers every single theory Russian authors whose works proposed in past eras as a more or less contradicted the principles of the Marxist accurate reflection of socio-economic concept that dominated the conditions of conditions. Relativism in its extreme the administrative economy: N. D. form is represented as a class approach Kondratiev, A. V. Chayanov, G. Ya. according to which the ideas of Sokolnikov, et al. At the same time, economists are a reasonable justification interest grew to the scientific heritage of for class or group interests. At the same N.N. Baransky, N. N. Kolosovsky, N. N. time, the nature of the interrelationships Nekrasov, A. E. Probst, Yu. G. Saushkin within a range of questions where this or and others whose multidimensional that theory or doctrine can make sense is Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

148 ignored. Although every commentator of economic science, since its main the economic thought history can be provisions are the result of not a attributed to one pole or another, yet the theoretical analysis, but a simple positions of modern economists- description of observed phenomena and, historians can not be classified as in part, their classification. unambiguously relativistic or absolutist. In its historical development, The basis for the periodization the mercantilism concept goes through of the world economic thought history is two stages. Early mercantilism its belonging to a certain epoch. The (monetarism) was aimed at solving the periodization proposed in this study is problem of gold accumulation presented in three stages. In accordance nationwide through manipulation in the with specific qualitative changes in the sphere of monetary circulation. The economy, the following stages in the central point of mature mercantilism is development of economic thought are the doctrine of the active trade balance as distinguished: an indispensable condition of national 1. Economic doctrines of the pre- prosperity. Representatives of market economy; mercantilism are T. Men, J. B. Colbert, 2. Economic doctrines and A. de Montchretien. concepts of the era of unregulated market In Russia, mercantilism was economy; realized in the economic policy of Peter 3. Economic concepts of the era of the Great in the first half of the 18th a regulated market economy. century. Adoption of a legislative act permitting the owners of manufactories 2. Results to purchase land with peasants assigned to it, which significantly reduced the The emergence of market costs of production of domestic goods; relations in the Modern times era led to the introduction in 1724 of a the emergence of mercantilism which is protectionist tariff setting customs duties the first attempt in the economic thought to imported industrial goods in the history to substantiate the economic amount of 70-75 percent of the selling policy of a state. Mercantilism is not an price of the goods; monetary reform and the introduction of copper money into Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

149 circulation; the prohibition under the for analysis by representatives of the death penalty of exporting gold and classical school. silver from the country and other steps of Classical economic theory the state aimed at protecting the derives prices from the "natural" norms emerging industry were clearly of remuneration for the three factors of mercantilistic in nature. The ideas of late production which are investigated by mercantilism were reflected in the work three independent sections of a single by I.T. Pososhkov (1652 - 1726) "On system: the rent, capital, and wages poverty and wealth" completed in 1724 theories. Representatives of the classical and intended for Peter the Great. school (U. Petty, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, Classical political economy and others) used the developed analytical arose during the period of the tools, including such methods of establishment of capitalist relations. The economic phenomena analysis as development of manufactory capitalism analysis and synthesis, induction and has led to the fact that the sphere of deduction, the principle of the historical production becomes the main source of and logical unity, etc. profit. Marginalism (translated from Unlike mercantilism, within the the French, "marginal" means the framework of the classical school of "ultimate") is a theory that explains political economy, and for the first time processes and phenomena based on the in the economic thought history, a use of marginal, that is, incremental common basis of science was created: a values of economic indicators, extreme unified theory of production and values or states. In the economic distribution, an analysis of the operation literature, the "marginalist revolution" of these abstract principles on historical means by almost simultaneous but not material, and a number of examples of dependent discovery in the early 70s of their application in economic policy. An XIX century by W. St. Jevons (England, analysis of domestic economic relations Manchester), K. Menger (Austria, comes in place of a superficial Vienna), L. Walras (Switzerland, generalization of economic phenomena Lausanne) of the diminishing marginal within the framework of mercantilism. utility principle. However, in 1878, a Material production became the object book by the German author G. Gossen Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

150 was found in the British Museum where von Böhm-Bawerk, F. von Wieser), the the beginnings of a marginal analysis Lausanne school (L. Walras), the were presented. Cambridge school (A. Marshall), and the Traditionally, two stages of the American school (J.B. Clarke). "marginalist revolution" stand out: Formation of a system of The first stage refers to the 70- regulated market economy in the early 80-ies of XIX century and marked by the XX century led to a qualitative change in works of K. Menger, U. Jevons, L. economic ideas, which was reflected in Walras, O. von Böhm-Bawerk, and F. the formation of the economic system of Wieser. For this period of development J.M. Keynes. Keynesian economic of marginalism, the cardinal approach to theory has become dominant in the evaluation of utility and demand is economic thought since the world characteristic, that is, the possibility of economic crisis of 1929-33 and "great estimating an utility in conditional units, depression" and, being largely "utiles" (from the English expression supplemented and modified, it then "utility of good") has been supposed. formed the basis of modern In the 90 years of the XIX macroeconomics. century a second stage in the J. M. Keynes rejected the J. -B. development of marginalism began, for Say's law, grounding on that the interest which a rejection of subjectivism is rate is not able to bring household characteristic. This stage is considered as savings and investment plans of an extension of classical economic entrepreneurs into line. The reason for theory, and with its appearance the this is the fact that savings subjects and neoclassical trend in economic thought is investors are from different social associated. In this period, the works of A. groups, and are guided by different Marshall, J. B. Clarke, V. Pareto have motives for decision-making. At the been developed. same time such decisions are not related Several schools emerged within to the interest rate for savings entities. the framework of marginalism; they J. M. Keynes created a simple differed somewhat in the nature of the model of income determination, which problems analyzed. Among them there reveals the mechanism for the were the Austrian school (K. Menger, E. multiplicative effect of increasing Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

151 aggregate income when the expenditures the technological and social organization are changed. The starting point in the of the society, etc. multiplier theory is to determine the role - independent variables, that is, the of investment in the growth of real marginal efficiency of capital, the rate of aggregate output and employment. The interest, the propensity to consume, etc. growth of investment causes - dependent variables, which include the employment, income and consumption volume of employment and the actual growth. The initial increase in volume of national production. employment caused by new investments leads to an additional increase in 3. Discussion employment and income due to the need to meet the demand of additional The economic crisis of 1979-81 workers. According to J. M. Keynes, the became a crisis of the Keynesian model multiplier indicates that when there is an of state regulation. Under its influence, a increase in the total amount of neo-conservative model of state investment, then the income increases by regulation of the economy was formed. an amount that is M times larger than the Representatives of the neo- increase in investment. The multiplier conservative wave rely on the theory was further developed within the neoclassical school theories. The starting framework of neo- and post-Keynesian points of the neoclassical direction are theory in the works by P. Samuelson, R. the following points: Harrod, H. Haberler, E. Hansen, and - The market system is able to ensure the others. A dynamic multiplier model was full use of resources in the economy, also created. therefore, the situation where the level of Analyzing the theory of state expenditure will be insufficient to regulation of economic processes, it purchase products produced at full should be noted that J. M. Keynes employment is impossible; distinguished three groups of factors in - Violations of the equilibrium state of his analysis, namely: the economy are due to external causes, - initial (preset) variables which include while such control levers as price, wages, the number and quality of the workforce, interest rate are included, so that a reduction in total expenditures does not Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

152 entail a reduction in real output, forefront. This led to the emergence of employment and real incomes. institutionalism. Within the conservative sect, a Institutionalism goes a long number of directions and schools are way in its development. By the 1930s, developing. The most influential of those the old negative school of were: the Chicago school that opposed to institutionalism was aroused, which Keynesianism in the 1950s and 1960s the representative were T. Weblen (1857- monetarism doctrine which was a theory 1920), J.R. Commons (1862-1945), W. based on ideas about the decisive K. Mitchell (1874-1948). In post-war influence of the money supply on prices, years, late institutionalism has been inflation, and the course of economic formed, based on positivism describing processes; the rational expectations the contradictions of the market school which spoke about the "new economy and offering its own classical theory" proving the futility of prescriptions for the transformation of any systematic stabilization policy; and economic policies based on the the Virginia School which advocates the Keynesian theory. This period is rejection of state intervention through represented by economic systems non-traditional arguments for the developed by J. M. Clark, A. Burley, G. classical sect. Minz. In the 1960s neoinstitutionalism, The general conclusion of the or social and institutional direction, was neoclassical theory was that, although being formed. Representatives of this unexpected price fluctuations can cause sect were, first of all, J.K. Galbraith, the short-term macroeconomic instability, creator of the convergence theory, and R. the economy remains stable in the long Heilbroner. run with output volume corresponding to Representatives of the the level of full employment. institutional sect made a great In the late 19th and early 20th contribution to the development of centuries, the role of the state in modern management theory, the system regulating economic processes organization theory, the general theory increased. In these conditions, the need of systems, and in the understanding of to analyze the political and legal aspects the economic cycle mechanism. of the market system is brought to the Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

153 Neo-liberalism is the sect, the In the 1930s an attempt was made to main principle of which laid by A. develop a unified scientific and practical Smith, is reduced to minimizing the state platform. In 1938, a conference was held impact on the economy and granting in Paris, which united the supporters of maximum possible freedom of action to neoliberal ideas about the world. It entrepreneurs. First of all, the principle proclaimed the need for government of free pricing, the principle of the assistance to return the rules of free leading role of private property and non- competition and ensure their state economic structures are among the implementation by all economic entities; principles of neoliberalism. The state in it also formulated the principles of this system should perform, as the building a neoliberal economic system: supporters of this direction put it the priority of private property, freedom figuratively, a "night watchman" or of transactions, and free markets. These "sports arbiter" role. The economic principles can be reviewed by the state systems of Friedrich von Hayek (1899- only in extreme situations - in the 1984), Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950), conditions of war, natural disaster, Ludwig Erhard (1897-1977), author of cataclysm, etc. the book "Welfare for All" (1956), can Since 1948, these ideas have be referred to this sect. become the state doctrine of the Already in the 1930s, the ideas government of Erhard Adenauer of the neoliberal nature were opposed to (Germany). The yearbook "Ordo" the Keynesian ideas of government published by W. Euken since 1948, regulation of the economy, which limited becomes a mouthpiece of neoliberal the system of free competition. Centers ideas. were being set up to develop measures Proponents of the supply-side alternative to government regulation of economics theory proceed from the the economy, which should facilitate the assumption that low rates of growth in practical implementation of the labor productivity and real output are the economic liberalism ideas. In Germany ultimate cause of stagflation and general this was the Freiburg school which mediocre functioning of the economy in included W. Euken, W. Repke, L. the 1970s. Keynesian theory can not Erhard, in the USA - the Chicago school. cope with stagflation, since it focuses on Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

154 aggregate demand, while only a supply- Russian economic thought, economic oriented policy can overcome negative doctrines of the Middle Ages, etc. These developments in the economy. and other questions can be studied with Proponents of supply-side the help of numerous works by economic theory focused on supply note representatives of Russian and foreign that the growth of state influence causes economic schools. an increase in the country's tax payments in the absolute and relative (if to 5. Acknowledgements compare the amount of taxes with the The work is carried out according to the amount of national income) amounts. Russian Government's Program of Proponents of the supply-side theory Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal believe that most taxes are transformed University. into costs of entrepreneurs and shifted to consumers in the form of higher prices. Bibliography The result is an inflation of costs reflected in the shift of the aggregate Anikin A. V. Youth of science. - supply curve to the left. Moscow: Politizdat, 1975.

4. Summary Anthology of economic classics: In 2 volumes / Composed by I.A. Stolyarov. Knowledge of the legacy of the - Moscow: MP "Ekonov", 1991. past will allow the modern generation of economists not to reinvent the wheel, Blaug M. Economic thought in but, relying on a huge historical and retrospect / Translation from English. - economic material, to create new and 4th edition. - Moscow: Delo Ltd, 1994. improve existing theoretical systems, to form an effective economic policy at The World Economic thought history: In macro and micro levels. Due to objective 6 vols. - M, 1987. - V. 1; 1988. - V. 2; circumstances, this paper could not fully 1989. - V. 3; 1990. - V. 3; 1991. - V. 4; analyze the entire heritage of mankind in 1992. - V. 5. the history of economic doctrines. Outside of consideration are problems of Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

155 Charles Gide, Charles Rist. History of economic doctrines: Translation from English. - Moscow: The Economy, 1995.

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