Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 146 HISTORICAL-ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE AS THE BASIS OF THE THEORETICAL LEVEL OF ECONOMIC THINKING Aidar M. Tufetulov1 Gulnara N. Hadiullina2 Rival R. Shakirov3 Andrey S. Zayats4 Abstract: Economic theory as an their position. The paper presents an independent science arose in the period analysis the historical process of of the formation of modern market emergence, development, struggle, and relations. The economic thought history the changing of economic ideas. The as a separate branch in the system of main attention is paid to the analysis of economic sciences took shape in the first the main directions of modern economic half of the XIX century. The tradition of theory underlying the decision-making Russian economic thought at all stages of at macro and microeconomic levels. The its development was attention to content of the historical and economic historical trends and factors of socio- knowledge functions: worldview, economic development. The reason for practical, axiological, factual and this is in the specifics of Russia's methodological, is defined. The socioeconomic and spiritual necessity of studying the provisions of development. ХIХ century is alternative economic schools is characterized by the struggle of old and substantiated, what is considered as a new trends in the economic system of prerequisite for the formation of general Russia. In these conditions, cultural and professional competencies representatives of various branches of of specialists in the field of economics. economic thought appealed to the historical experience of the country and Keywords: History of economic humanity in order to prove the truth of doctrines, economic ideas of the Ancient 1 Kazan Federal University. E-mail: verkbund@gmailcom. Tel. : +7 (906) 3219099. 2 Kazan Federal University. E-mail: verkbund@gmailcom. Tel. : +7 (906) 3219099. 3 Kazan Federal University. E-mail: verkbund@gmailcom. Tel. : +7 (906) 3219099. 4 Kazan Federal University. E-mail: verkbund@gmailcom. Tel. : +7 (906) 3219099. Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 147 East and the ancient world, views were not represented in Soviet mercantilism, marginalism, historiography. Keynesianism, neoliberalism, theory of supply-side economics, 1. Methods The methodological basis of the Introduction study is the works on the economic thought history and economic history of The beginning of market Russia and foreign countries, the reforms in the 90-ies of XXth century fundamental provisions of modern, was marked by a surge of interest in primarily, institutional economic theory, historical and economic knowledge the works of representatives of domestic which began to be used as a source to and foreign economic schools and justify the position of newly emerging trends, work in philosophy, sociology, schools and trends, to confirm (refute) culture, and interdisciplinary socio- the governmental program documents economic research. There are two aimed at implementing structural approaches to historical and economic transformations in society [7; 10]. In this analysis: absolutism and relativism. period, Western economic thought was Absolutism considers the logic of the of particular interest, what has been research subject development, which reflected in numerous studies of the consists in moving from the false to the achievements of foreign economists [3; true, from the simple to the complex. 5; 9]. There was a return of the names of Relativism considers every single theory Russian authors whose works proposed in past eras as a more or less contradicted the principles of the Marxist accurate reflection of socio-economic concept that dominated the conditions of conditions. Relativism in its extreme the administrative economy: N. D. form is represented as a class approach Kondratiev, A. V. Chayanov, G. Ya. according to which the ideas of Sokolnikov, et al. At the same time, economists are a reasonable justification interest grew to the scientific heritage of for class or group interests. At the same N.N. Baransky, N. N. Kolosovsky, N. N. time, the nature of the interrelationships Nekrasov, A. E. Probst, Yu. G. Saushkin within a range of questions where this or and others whose multidimensional that theory or doctrine can make sense is Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 148 ignored. Although every commentator of economic science, since its main the economic thought history can be provisions are the result of not a attributed to one pole or another, yet the theoretical analysis, but a simple positions of modern economists- description of observed phenomena and, historians can not be classified as in part, their classification. unambiguously relativistic or absolutist. In its historical development, The basis for the periodization the mercantilism concept goes through of the world economic thought history is two stages. Early mercantilism its belonging to a certain epoch. The (monetarism) was aimed at solving the periodization proposed in this study is problem of gold accumulation presented in three stages. In accordance nationwide through manipulation in the with specific qualitative changes in the sphere of monetary circulation. The economy, the following stages in the central point of mature mercantilism is development of economic thought are the doctrine of the active trade balance as distinguished: an indispensable condition of national 1. Economic doctrines of the pre- prosperity. Representatives of market economy; mercantilism are T. Men, J. B. Colbert, 2. Economic doctrines and A. de Montchretien. concepts of the era of unregulated market In Russia, mercantilism was economy; realized in the economic policy of Peter 3. Economic concepts of the era of the Great in the first half of the 18th a regulated market economy. century. Adoption of a legislative act permitting the owners of manufactories 2. Results to purchase land with peasants assigned to it, which significantly reduced the The emergence of market costs of production of domestic goods; relations in the Modern times era led to the introduction in 1724 of a the emergence of mercantilism which is protectionist tariff setting customs duties the first attempt in the economic thought to imported industrial goods in the history to substantiate the economic amount of 70-75 percent of the selling policy of a state. Mercantilism is not an price of the goods; monetary reform and the introduction of copper money into Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 04 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 149 circulation; the prohibition under the for analysis by representatives of the death penalty of exporting gold and classical school. silver from the country and other steps of Classical economic theory the state aimed at protecting the derives prices from the "natural" norms emerging industry were clearly of remuneration for the three factors of mercantilistic in nature. The ideas of late production which are investigated by mercantilism were reflected in the work three independent sections of a single by I.T. Pososhkov (1652 - 1726) "On system: the rent, capital, and wages poverty and wealth" completed in 1724 theories. Representatives of the classical and intended for Peter the Great. school (U. Petty, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, Classical political economy and others) used the developed analytical arose during the period of the tools, including such methods of establishment of capitalist relations. The economic phenomena analysis as development of manufactory capitalism analysis and synthesis, induction and has led to the fact that the sphere of deduction, the principle of the historical production becomes the main source of and logical unity, etc. profit. Marginalism (translated from Unlike mercantilism, within the the French, "marginal" means the framework of the classical school of "ultimate") is a theory that explains political economy, and for the first time processes and phenomena based on the in the economic thought history, a use of marginal, that is, incremental common basis of science was created: a values of economic indicators, extreme unified theory of production and values or states. In the economic distribution, an analysis of the operation literature, the "marginalist revolution" of these abstract principles on historical means by almost simultaneous but not material, and a number of examples of dependent discovery in the early 70s of their application in economic policy. An XIX century by W. St. Jevons (England, analysis of domestic economic relations Manchester), K. Menger (Austria, comes in place of a superficial Vienna), L. Walras (Switzerland, generalization of economic phenomena Lausanne) of the diminishing marginal within the framework of mercantilism. utility principle. However, in 1878, a Material production became the