DOCSLIB.ORG

University M Iaxsiims International 300 N

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University M Iaxsiims International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the oiudity of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been Filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University M iaxSiims International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8305395 Soppelsa, Robert Thomas TERRACOTTA TRADITIONS OF THE AKAN OF SOUTHEASTERN IVORY COAST The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1982 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1982 by Soppelsa, Robert Thomas All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all ca se s this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a checkV . mark 1. Glossy photographs or p______ a g e s 2. Colored illustrations, paper or_____ print 3. Photographs with dark background _ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original _ copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides______ of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several______ pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirem______ ents 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost______ in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct______ print 11. P age(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. P age(s)___________ _ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered____________ . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. O ther__________________________________ _______________________________________ University Microfilms International TERRACOTTA TRADITIONS OF THE AKAN OF SOUTHEASTERN IVORY COAST DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert T. Soppelsa, B.A., M.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1982 Reading Committee: Approved By Professor Mathew Herban III, Chairman Professor Franklin M. Ludden Professor Howard Crane Adviser Department of History of Art ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the cooperation of countless potters, elders, and villagers in southeastern Ivory Coast, this dissertation could not have been writ­ ten. Though the individuals are too numerous to mention individually, I extend my deepest thanks to all of them for their patience, hospitality, and cooperation. I wish also to thank my interpreters, Joseph Nogbou and Yapo 0ss6, who provided me with many hours of assistance in the field. Generous assistance was also provided by the following individuals: Susan Vogel, Francine Ndiaye, Colette Nolle, Etienne F6au, Vinigi Grott- anelli, Rende Boser-Sarivaxevanis, Dr, Howard Kofler, Philip Ravenhill and Judith Timyan, Albert and Estera Votaw, Dr. and Mrs. Emmou Koffi, Victor Diabat£, Jean Polet, Jonathan Burmeister, Mamadou Sail, Lillian Baer, and Gabrielle Holcomb. The field research and writing of this dissertation was undertaken in 1978-79 and 1980-81, with the help of the following grants: a Fulbright- Hayes U.S. Office of Education Grant for Dissertation Research Abroad, an Ohio State University Presidential Fellowship, and an Ohio State Uni­ versity Graduate Student Alumni Research Award. I am deeply grateful to all three grantors, without whose support the research would not have been possible. I thank my advisor at Ohio State University, Dr. Mathew Herban, III, for the many hours of attention and encouragement he has given to this project, and Dr. Roy Sieber of Indiana University, who first suggested the topic and has followed its progress with interest. Thanks are also due to Dr. Franklin M. Ludden and Dr. Howard Crane for aggreeing to be members of the reading committee. Finally, my warmest thanks to my wife, Betty, and my son, Peter, for their patience and support during the long hours which were necessary for this project's completion. iii VITA Oct. 16, 1946 ................ Bora - Youngstown, Ohio 1968 .......... .............. B.A. (International Studies), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-70".'.................. U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer, Ivory Coast, Africa 1971 ......................... M.A. (History), New York University, New York City 1974 .........................M.A. (History of Art), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1974-73 .......................Instructor, Dept, of Art, Mary Wash­ ington College, Fredericksburg, Va. 1975 (summer)................ Lecturer, History of Art, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976 ......................... C.I.C. Traveling Scholar, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 1973-74, 1975-78 ............ Graduate Teaching Associate, History of Art, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1978-79 ...................... U.S. Dept, of Health, Education, and Welfare, Fulbright Fellowship, Europe and Ivory Coast 1980-81 .......................Presidential Fellow, The Ohio State University 1 9 8 1 .........................Fellow, The Ohio State University Alum­ ni Association (Dakar, Senegal) 1981-present ................ Assistant Professor, Dept, of Art and Theatre Arts, Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas iv PUBLICATIONS "Patterns for Living: African Arts from Kansas Collections" (review of an exhibition). African Arts XV, No. 1 (November, 1981): 75-76. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History of Art Studies in African Art and Archaeology. Professor Roy Sieber, Professor E.O. Odita Studies in Oceanic and Precolumbian Art. Professor Roy Sieber Studies in M o d e m Art. Professor Mathew Herban III Minor Field: Anthropology Studies in African Cultural Anthropology. Professor John C. Messenger v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................ ii VITA .................................................................. iv LIST OF PLATES .......................................................vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1 II. ETHNOGRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE IVOIRIAN A K A N ........................................... 7 III. M M A ........................................................ 13 Plates to CHAPTER I I I .................................. 90 IV. B A ............................................. ; ........... 154 Plates to CHAPTER I V ..................................... 197 V. ASSO N G U ......................................................241 Plates to CHAPTER V ...................................... 297 VI. THE IVOIRIAN TRADITIONS COMPARED.................... 388 VII. COMPARISON WITH THE GHANAIAN TRADITIONS...................... 402 VIII. CONCLUSIONS............................................... 421 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................... 429 vi LIST OF PLATES Plate Page III-l. Mma (M.N.C.I. D1 7 8 ) .......................................90 III-2. Mma (M.N.C.I. D1 7 9 ) ............... 91 III-3. Mma (M.N.C.I. D213-14) 92 III-4. Mma (M.N.C.I. D2 1 7 ) .......................................93 III-5. Mma (M.N.C.I. D2 1 8 ) .......................................94 III-6. Mma (Krinjabo).......................................... 95 III-7. Mma (Krinjabo)...................................... 96 III-8. Mma..... ( A b y )............................................ 97 III-9. Mma (Musde de 1'Homme MHX.43.27)......................... 98 III-10. Mma (Mus6e de l'Homme MHX.43.38) ........................ 99 III-ll. Mma (Musee de l'Homme MHX.43.39)...................... 100 111-12. Mma (Mus6e de l'Homme MH 00.44.65)..................... 101 111-13. Mma (Musde de l'Homme MH 00.44.67) ..... ........... 102 111-14. Mma (MusSe de l’Homme MH 32.51.1)....................... 103 111-15. Mma (Mus£e de l'Homme MH 33.31.27)..................... 104 111-16. Mma (Musde de l'Homme MH 62.122.2)..................... 105 111-17. Mma (M.A.A.O. MNAN 64.3.46).........................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: an Annotated Bibliography
    Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography Volume 11 Prosody and Intonation in Non- Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Article 1 Bibliography 2009 Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography Christopher R. Green Indiana University Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/ejab Part of the African History Commons, and the African Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Green, Christopher R. (2009) "Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography," Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography: Vol. 11 , Article 1. https://doi.org/10.17077/1092-9576.1010 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Iowa Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography by an authorized administrator of Iowa Research Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Volume 11 (2009) Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography Christopher R. Green, Indiana University Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Atlantic – Ijoid 4 Volta – Congo North 6 Kwa 15 Kru 19 Dogon 20 Benue – Congo Cross River 21 Defoid 23 Edoid 25 Igboid 27 Jukunoid 28 Mande 28 Reference Materials 33 Author Index 40 Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages Introduction Most linguists are well aware of the fact that data pertaining to languages spoken in Africa are often less readily available than information on languages spoken in Europe and some parts of Asia. This simple fact is one of the first and largest challenges facing Africanist linguists in their pursuit of preliminary data and references on which to base their research.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Poverty in Vietnam – a View from Complementary Assessments
    INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT HUMAN SETTLEMENTS WORKING PAPER SERIES POVERTY REDUCTION IN URBAN AREAS – 40 Urban pov erty in V iet nam – a vi ew from com plementary asses sments by HOANG XUAN THANH, with TRUONG TUAN ANH and DINH THI THU PHUONG OCTOBER 2013 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS GROUP Urban poverty in Vietnam – a view from complementary assessments Hoang Xuan Thanh, with Truong Tuan Anh and Dinh Thi Thu Phuong October 2013 i ABOUT THE AUTHORS Hoang Xuan Thanh, Senior Researcher, Ageless Consultants, Vietnam [email protected] Truong Tuan Anh, Researcher, Ageless Consultants, Vietnam [email protected] Dinh Thi Thu Phuong, Researcher, Ageless Consultants, Vietnam [email protected] Acknowledgements: This working paper has been funded entirely by UK aid from the UK Government. Its conclusions do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK Government. © IIED 2013 Human Settlements Group International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road London WC1X 8NH, UK Tel: 44 20 3463 7399 Fax: 44 20 3514 9055 ISBN: 978-1-84369-959-0 This paper can be downloaded free of charge from http://pubs.iied.org/10633IIED.html Disclaimer: The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed here do not represent the views of any organisations that have provided institutional, organisational or financial support for the preparation of this paper. ii Contents Contents ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • INF/15 9 November 2001
    WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WT/MIN(01)/INF/15 ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU COMMERCE 9 November 2001 ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DEL COMERCIO (01-5447) Ministerial Conference Conférence Ministérielle Conferencia Ministerial Fourth Session Quatrième session Cuarto período de sesiones Doha, 9 - 13 November 2001 Doha, 9 - 13 novembre 2001 Doha, 9 - 13 de noviembre de 2001 LIST OF REPRESENTATIVES LISTE DES REPRESENTANTS LISTA DE REPRESENTANTES Chairperson: H.E. Mr. Youssef Hussain KAMAL Président: Minister of Finance, Economy and Trade of Qatar Presidente: Vice-Chairpersons: The Hon. Tebelelo SERETSE Vice-Présidents: Minister for Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism Vicepresidentes: of Botswana H.E. Mr. Kimmo SASI Minister for European Affairs and Foreign Trade of Finland H.E. Dr. Adalberto RODRIGUEZ GIAVARINI Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Argentina ALBANIA Representatives H.E. Mrs. Ermelinda MEKSI Minister of Economic Cooperation and Trade Head of Delegation H.E. Mr. Ksenofon KRISAFI Ambassador Permanent Mission of the Republic of Albania to the United Nations Office at Geneva Mr. Arben MALAJ Member of Parliament Mr. Arben HOTI Chief of Cabinet Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Trade Mr. Ilir KEKO Minister Advisor on Public Awareness Mr. Rezear XHAXHI Minister Advisor on Public Awareness WT/MIN(01)/INF/15 Page 2 ANGOLA Représentants S.E. M. Vitorino Domingos HOSSI Ministre du commerce Chef de délégation S.E. M. Joaquim DAVID Ministre de l'industrie S.E. M. Armando CADETE Ambassadeur de la République d'Angola en Belgique M. João LUSEVIKUENO Directeur national du cabinet de la coopération internationale Ministère du commerce M. Mbumba TSHICO Responsable du département national des organisations économiques nationales Mme Filomena PEREIRA DE SOUSA Juriste Ministère du commerce M.
    [Show full text]
  • Popular, Elite and Mass Culture? the Spanish Zarzuela in Buenos Aires, 1890-1900
    Popular, Elite and Mass Culture? The Spanish Zarzuela in Buenos Aires, 1890-1900 Kristen McCleary University of California, Los Angeles ecent works by historians of Latin American popular culture have focused on attempts by the elite classes to control, educate, or sophisticate the popular classes by defining their leisure time activities. Many of these studies take an "event-driven" approach to studying culture and tend to focus on public celebrations and rituals, such as festivals and parades, sporting events, and even funerals. A second trend has been for scholars to mine the rich cache of urban regulations during both the colonial and national eras in an attempt to mea- sure elite attitudes towards popular class activities. For example, Juan Pedro Viqueira Alban in Propriety and Permissiveness in Bourbon Mexico eloquently shows how the rules enacted from above tell more about the attitudes and beliefs of the elites than they do about those they would attempt to regulate. A third approach has been to examine the construction of national identity. Here scholarship explores the evolution of cultural practices, like the tango and samba, that developed in the popular sectors of society and eventually became co-opted and "sanitized" by the elites, who then claimed these activities as symbols of national identity.' The defining characteristic of recent popular culture studies is that they focus on popular culture as arising in opposition to elite culture and do not consider areas where elite and popular culture overlap. This approach is clearly relevant to his- torical studies that focus on those Latin American countries where a small group of elites rule over large predominantly rural and indigenous populations.
    [Show full text]
  • The NFDA Cremation and Burial Report: Research, Statistics and Projections September 2014
    The NFDA Cremation and Burial Report: Research, Statistics and Projections September 2014 A brand-new state-of-cremation publication featuring statistical information and in-depth analysis of the state of cremation today and what it means for you. The NFDA 2014 Cremation Report: Research, cost-effective for consumers. It is often followed by some Statistics and Projections type of memorialization event with family and friends – but frequently without the services of a funeral home. This results NFDA is the leading and largest funeral director in increased competition from the direct cremation (direct disposal)general sector. more cost-effective for consumers. It is often Theassociation NFDA in the 2014 world. Cremation We help our members Report: achieve followed by some type of memorialization event with Research,more by providing Statistics tools to manage, and a Projections successful family and friends – but frequently without the services of business. Thea funeralrising popularity home. This of cremation results in isincreased attributable competition to a number from NFDA is the leading and largest funeral director association of thfactors,e direct including cremation cost, (direct decreased disposal) household sector. discretionary in the world. We help our members achieve more by State of the Funeral Service Industry income, rising funeral expenses that continue to outpace providing tools to manage a successful business. inflationThe rising (Batesville, popularity 2013), of cremation environmental is attributable concerns, tofewer
    [Show full text]
  • Lowrie, K., M. Friesen, D. Lowrie, and N. Collier. 2009. Year 1 Results Of
    2009 Year 1 Results of Seabird Breeding Atlas of the Lesser Antilles Katharine Lowrie, Project Manager Megan Friesen, Research Assistant David Lowrie, Captain and Surveyor Natalia Collier, President Environmental Protection In the Caribbean 200 Dr. M.L. King Jr. Blvd. Riviera Beach, FL 33404 www.epicislands.org Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3 GENERAL METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 4 Field Work Overview ........................................................................................................................... 4 Water‐based Surveys ...................................................................................................................... 4 Data Recorded ................................................................................................................................. 5 Land‐based Surveys ......................................................................................................................... 5 Large Colonies ................................................................................................................................. 6 Audubon’s Shearwater .................................................................................................................... 7 Threats Survey Method .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title A life of worry : the cultural politics and phenomenology of anxiety in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4q05b9mq Authors Tran, Allen L. Tran, Allen L. Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO A life of worry: The cultural politics and phenomenology of anxiety in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Allen L. Tran Committee in charge: Professor Thomas J. Csordas, Chair Professor Suzanne A. Brenner Professor Yen Le Espiritu Professor Janis H. Jenkins Professor Edmund Malesky Professor Steven M. Parish 2012 ! The Dissertation of Allen L. Tran is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature page……...……………………………………………………………….……iii Table
    [Show full text]
  • African Successes, Volume I: Government and Institutions
    This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: African Successes, Volume I: Government and Institutions Volume Author/Editor: Sebastian Edwards, Simon Johnson, and David N. Weil, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBNs: 978-0-226-31622-X (cloth) Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/afri14-1 Conference Dates: December 11–12, 2009; July 18–20, 2010; August 3–5, 2011 Publication Date: September 2016 Chapter Title: New Tools for the Analysis of Political Power in Africa Chapter Author(s): Ilia Rainer, Francesco Trebbi Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c13390 Chapter pages in book: (p. 145 – 212) 5 New Tools for the Analysis of Political Power in Africa Ilia Rainer and Francesco Trebbi 5.1 Introduction The study of autocratic and weakly institutionalized regimes has long been plagued by scarcity of reliable information useful for furthering their understanding (Tullock 1987). Lewis (1978, 622) appropriately states that “It is more difficult to study dictatorships than democracies because the internal politics of the former are deliberately hidden from the public view.” This chapter identifies in the ethnic composition of the executive branch an important and systematic source of information on the dynamics of power sharing within a sample of fifteen sub-Saharan African countries. Since in- dependence from European colonization, Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia,1 Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Kenya, and Uganda have all experienced widely different political dynamics and often deep political crises.
    [Show full text]
  • Articulating an African Feminism Through the Nana Esi Archetype
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by ASU Digital Repository Malezile Defy Master Narratives: Articulating an African Feminism through the Nana Esi Archetype by Portia Nana Essuman A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Approved November 2012 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Akua Duku Anokye, Chair C. Alejandra Elenes Gloria Cuàdraz ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2012 ABSTRACT Oral history methodologies are used to conduct fifteen interviews with Martha Akesi Ndaarko Sennie-Tumi over the course of three months. Research responded to the following questions: How do African women defy master narratives? When do African women defy master narratives and move from the margins to the center? What roles do African women take on to defy master narratives and why? To what extent does the concept of malezile (women who stand firm) address human rights? Twelve stories of defiance (three of which are folktales) are analyzed for recurring themes, concepts and motifs. Research showed that African women defy master narratives when the system worked to their detriment through the Nana Esi archetype. The stories also showed that women adopt nontraditional roles during defiance by using whatever means available to them at the time of defiance. i DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my beloved grandmother, Martha Akesi Ndaarko Sennie- Tumi. ii ACKNOWLEDMENTS This work is a communal women’s effort and must be viewed as such. This thesis is dedicated to my beloved grandmother, Martha Akesi Ndaarko Sennie-Tumi, who raised me and taught me my first feminist lessons.
    [Show full text]
  • Bɛrɛ: a Language of Côte D'ivoire of Unknown Affiliation
    Bɛrɛ: a language of Côte d’Ivoire of unknown affiliation Exclusive special edition circulated for the workshop Language Isolates in Africa Lyon, December 3 and 4, 2010 Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. BƐRƐ WORDLIST 1 3. THE CLASSIFICATION OF MBRE 9 1. Introduction The Bɛrɛ (Mbre, Bere, Bre, Pre, Pre Pisia) language is spoken in Cote d’Ivoire in the Marabadiassa area, northwest of Bouake and Diabo, Bondosso and Niantibo villages. The number of speakers in 2000 was about 200 with some 700 acknowledging a Bɛrɛ ethnic affiliation. The population is switching to Koro, a Maninka lect. The interest of Bɛrɛ is that it is not aligned with any of the major branches of Niger-Congo. This paper is thus an attempt to establish lexical parallels to try and see where it might ‘fit’. 2. Bɛrɛ wordlist The wordlist is a composite derived from Creisssels’ manuscript and a later unpublished manuscript of Jacques Rongier (Rongier ined.), resorted by semantic category. Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any) Body Parts back gbrεo ? cf. Mande e.g. Maninka bɔ̀rɔ́ beard gbi-komu ? + hair. ? cf. Dyan ŋ̃õkobu belly beɣa ? blood ɲamu Cf. Nyabwa (Kru) ɲemo. bone ko Similar forms are widespread, even in Nilo-Saharan, usually with a bilabial stop in C2 position (W. 238). Mande has close comparisons, e.g. Kpan xɔ́ breast jomu ? cheek bõ chin gbenaŋmruku cough trɔ ̃ ear nε Niger-Congo typically has #nu with back vowel for ‘ear’ elbow gbɔnɔɣɔ eye jisi Cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Niger-Congo Languages Jeff Good University at Buffalo [email protected] December 24, 2013
    Niger-Congo languages Jeff Good University at Buffalo [email protected] December 24, 2013 Abstract The Niger-Congo languages show an enormous geographic distribution across the African conti- nent, ranging from Senegal in the north to South Africa in the south. This puts them in contact with a number of other African language families, resulting in distinctive influences for different subgroups, e.g., Khoisan influence on the Bantu languages in the south of the continent and Chadic influence on Benue-Congo languages much farther to the north. With respect to the internal patterns of Niger-Congo, one finds a striking region, roughly in the family’s center, where a number of subgroups have been affected by areally-determined changes, involving, for example, reductions in word size and noun class systems. One result of these changes is a center-periphery pattern, where Atlantic languages in the family’s northern zone and Bantu languages in its southern one share typological features that are frequently lacking in the languages between them. Part of the explanation for these changes must lie outside of Niger-Congo itself, since the most affected branches of the family lie within a proposed large linguistic area that cross- cuts a number of phyla and has recently been labelled the Macro-Sudan belt. A different issue relating to areality is presented by observed low-level patterns of language creation and diversification in the family. These suggest that a distinctive language ideology is held by the multilingual societies that characterize much of the Niger-Congo area which is likely to play a key role in devising comprehensive models of the family’s areal development.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Historical Linguistics and Genealogical Language Classification in Africa1 Tom Güldemann
    2. Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa1 Tom Güldemann 2.1. African language classification and Greenberg (1963a) 2.1.1. Introduction For quite some time, the genealogical classification of African languages has been in a peculiar situation, one which is linked intricably to Greenberg’s (1963a) study. His work is without doubt the single most important contribution in the classifi- cation history of African languages up to now, and it is unlikely to be equaled in impact by any future study. This justifies framing major parts of this survey with respect to his work. The peculiar situation referred to above concerns the somewhat strained rela- tionship between most historical linguistic research pursued by Africanists in the 1 This chapter would not have been possible without the help and collaboration of various people and institutions. First of all, I would like to thank Harald Hammarström, whose comprehensive collection of linguistic literature enormously helped my research, with whom I could fruitfully discuss numerous relevant topics, and who commented in detail on a first draft of this study. My special thanks also go to Christfried Naumann, who has drawn the maps with the initial assistence of Mike Berger. The Department of Linguistics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig under Bernhard Comrie supported the first stage of this research by financing two student assistents, Holger Kraft and Carsten Hesse; their work and the funding provided are gratefully acknowledged. The Humboldt University of Berlin provided the funds for organizing the relevant International Workshop “Genealogical language classification in Africa beyond Greenberg” held in Berlin in 2010 (see https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.
    [Show full text]