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Revelations from the Dead: Using Funeral Home Records to Help Reconstruct the History of Black Toledo, 1912-1917

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Revelations from the Dead: Using Funeral Home Records to Help Reconstruct the History of Black Toledo, 1912-1917 REVELATIONS FROM THE DEAD: USING FUNERAL HOME RECORDS TO HELP RECONSTRUCT THE HISTORY OF BLACK TOLEDO, 1912-1917 Camillia Z. Rodgers A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2011 Committee: Lillian Ashcraft-Eason, Advisor Kefa Otiso Graduate Faculty Representative Apollos Nwauwa Gary Hess © 2010 Camillia Rodgers All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Lillian Ashcraft-Eason, Advisor The purpose of this study is to examine September 1912 through June 1917 records from the Wanzo Funeral Home toward reconstructing aspects of the history of black Toledo, Ohio during its formative years. That time period marks the early years of the Great Migration and the beginning years of World War I, coinciding with the burgeoning of Toledo’s black community. The funeral records are currently housed at the Dale-Riggs Funeral Home, which in earlier years was owned by Elvin B. Wanzo and was the first publically listed black funeral home in Toledo. This study benefits from the use of both quantitative and qualitative research methods. One of the methodological components of this study is a quantitative approach that allows me to statistically analyze five years in the Wanzo funeral records. Categorization and analysis of the information in the ledgers will help to provide a narrative that offers insights into community dynamics and ultimately creates a profile of the late formative years of black Toledo. This study complements and augments data used in prior studies on black Toledo. The records provide a glimpse into this Mid-western industrial city’s black intra-community social relations, social and economic issues and development, patterns of migration, shifting residential boundaries and burial traditions and related to the disposing of remains of the deceased. Additionally, this study permits explorations in turn- of-the-twentieth century conditions associated with sickness and dying in Toledo. The ledger entries present an abstraction of each individual and propel the researcher toward a iv larger composite profile of various aspects of the black Toledo community in that period. This methodological framework can be extended to doing histories of other local communities throughout the United States. v A Colored Girl’s Life Forty acres and a mule Is enough for me Payment for the disintegration of my history Judas’ kiss of deception and thirty pieces of silver They probably would have sold me for less Because I am three-fifths of a man And all human Alive and yet dead, Like the blood of Attucks Death for freedom But not mine And not his Jambo one day Yes suh the next Negro than African-American But still a nigger The jails await me The ghettos imprison me I live inside of one And am condemned to another And yet what is the difference between a slave and a citizen Color, Class, Oppression, The new trinity We shall overcome and yet curriculum hasn’t Education, religion, don’t include me From genre to genocide Oh freedom Oh freedom Should I die in vain Nimrod to Zipporah to Wheatley to Sojourner to Emmett to me A lineage of pain, Of enslavement, Of death, And yet today I live By Janella Rodgers vi This work is dedicated to those who have gone before me: To my grandmothers Sallie Rodgers and Christine Baskerville, whose belief in the value of education inspired me; to my godfather Djisovi whose creative and intellectual genius inspired so many; and to Elvin B. Wanzo whose records made this work possible. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As an old African proverb states, “it takes a village to raise a child,” although this quote is in reference to childrearing, it also seems to be an appropriate quote that can be directed to the process of completing a doctoral dissertation. There are numerous people who have supported and encouraged me along this journey, and I am sincerely appreciative to the “village” of individuals who have assisted me. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my dissertation advisor and mentor Dr. Lillian Ashcraft-Eason; she not only nurtured my intellectual prowess, but my spiritual, physical and emotional being. Her foresight, unrelenting support and constant encouragement during my tenure at Bowling Green State University were essential to the completion of this dissertation. Additionally her zest for knowledge, research and writing, as well as for life in general, was truly an inspiration. She has made a profound impact on my life. I am also truly grateful to the members of my committee for their assistance and support: Dr. Apollos Nwauwa, for his constant words of encouragement, support, advice, scholarly critique and valuable input; Dr. Gary Hess, for his insightful questions and valuable input, and for disseminating his enthusiasm for US foreign policy and policy studies; he left a lasting impression; and Dr. Kefa Otiso, for his valuable critique of, questions about, and input on, the dissertation. I am indebted and truly grateful to Sheryl Riggs, Managing Director of the Dale- Riggs Funeral Home, Inc., without her this project truly would not have been possible. She assisted me in various ways and with numerous resources--providing me access to the Wanzo Funeral Home Records and allowing me to stay afterhours while she waited patiently for me to collect data. Her constant support, enthusiasm for the project, and love for history encouraged me throughout the project. I am also appreciative of the Dale-Riggs Funeral viii Home staff. They were always so gracious and helpful when I was conducting research at the funeral home collecting data. Furthermore, I am sincerely appreciative of the following individuals and institutions that contributed to this project: the National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA), especially Information and Education Specialist Kathleen Walczak, she helped me navigate the archival materials at the Howard C. Raether Library and answered numerous questions about the history of NFDA and the funeral industry; the National Funeral Directors & Morticians Association, Inc., (NFDMA) for the archival materials and information they provided; the funeral directors and industry affiliates at the International National Funeral Directors Association Convention in Boston, who allowed me to gather information from them about funerary records and industry practices--Bruce Barnes, Barnes Funeral Home, Inc., Indiana and Ohio, Gus Nichols, Nichols Funeral Home, Dublin, Ireland., Nigel Lymn Rose, The Family Funeral Service, Nottingham, England, Bill Olner, MP, House of Commons, London, England, Dominic Maguire, Scotland, Great Britain, Ernst C. Adams, Watson, Garret, & Woods Mortuary, Inc, Greenville, SC, Gregory Owens, Westhaven Memorial Funeral Home, Jackson, MS, Charles S. Childs, Jr., A.A. Rayner & Sons, Chicago, IL, Shawnte Harvell, McCall’s Bronxwood Funeral Home, Inc., Bronx, New York, Stephanie and Kenneth Clarke, Clarkes’s Funeral Home, Nassau, Bahamas, Eleanor Davis Starks, founder of 100 Black Women in Funeral Service, Inc.; and the countless others that I interrogated. I am grateful to the History Department, especially to Tina Amos and DeeDee Wentland, for their assistance, positive attitudes, and support. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to the following people and institutions: Mary Wrighten, former ix Bowling Green State University Multicultural Librarian; Carol Singer, Research Librarian; the staff at the Center for Archival Collections at Bowling Green State University; the Toledo Law Association Library staff, they were all so helpful; University of Toledo Law Library staff; the staff at the Lucas County Library Local History Room; Dr. Nancy Schafer Boudreau from the Applied Statistics and Operations Research Department, she provided training on how to run descriptive analysis in SPSS; and Dr. Jualynne Dodson of the African Atlantic Research Team at Michigan State University, who encouraged me, provided research advice and input on the project during its initial stages. Finally, I am eternally grateful to my family and friends who have assisted and supported me throughout this process. They are too many to name here, so I will name a few who were closely related to helping me complete the dissertation: Dax Sullinger—for his help with some of the numerical components of the project; Brian Christian—for his some of the more technical aspects of the dissertation; Dr. Djahna Akinyemi—for advice on the medical terms; Dr. Seneca Vaught--for his editing assistance and for his constant words of encouragement and collegial support; Drs. Michael Kithinji, Ogechi Anyanwu, and Christi Bartman who offered laughter, words of encouragement and a barrage of constant questions pertaining to the completion of the dissertation; my dear friend Dr. Angelique Richardson who supported and encouraged me, she empathized with the many challenges that I faced; my colleagues Shirley and Chris whose friendship and support was refreshing; Ms. Betty Moore and Ms. Barbara Allison—for their constant support and encouragement over the years; Dulani Williams--for his support throughout the entire process; my church family who have been a tremendous support to me and made my tenure at BGSU more delightful; Kay and Dr. David Albrecht, especially Kay, she was a Godsend, I could not have accomplished x this feat without her help. Last, but certainly not least, I am extremely appreciative of the lifetime of love, encouragement and support from my parents Shirley and Emmanuel Rodgers, without their help, the completion of the dissertation would have been impossible–I am grateful to my mother who instilled in me that I could do anything and never to give up on my dreams; her encouragement and unrelenting belief in me helped to motivate me during challenging times. I am thankful to my dad who has always offered his support and advice, which has been helpful in many ways. Also, I am extremely grateful for the constant support and encouragement from my sisters Michaela and Janella, they have been with me every step of this journey and credit many of my academic experiences to the motivation from, and standards set by, my sisters.
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