A Cultural Ecological Approach for Meal Security a Case Study of the Dynamics of the Food Habits in El Obeid, Sudan

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A Cultural Ecological Approach for Meal Security a Case Study of the Dynamics of the Food Habits in El Obeid, Sudan A Cultural Ecological Approach for Meal Security A Case Study of the Dynamics of the Food Habits in El Obeid, Sudan Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum agriculturarum (Dr. rer. agr.) eingereicht an der Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Dipl.-Ing. agr. Mirjam Röder Geboren am 27.12.1975 in Berlin Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Prof. Dr. Christoph Markschies Dekan der Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Otto Kaufmann Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Friedhelm Streiffeler 2. Dr. Parto Teherani-Krönner eingereicht: 10.09.2007 Datum der Promotion: 13.02.2008 Keywords: Sudan, meal security, food habits, gender, urbanisation Abstract Worldwide more food than ever is produced these days. It would be enough to feed everybody by far. However, only a limited group of the global population enjoys an adequate food supply. About 854 million people are undernourished worldwide. The global situation shows that hunger cannot be fought by just producing enough food. The socio-cultural complex of nutrition and food habits cannot be reduced to the production and marketing of crops. To fight the problem of lacking food security, ecological and socio-cultural conditions have to be taken into account. This research focuses on the questions of ‘what is food’ and ‘why is certain food eaten in a specific way’ as prerequisites to understand the problem of malnutrition and food shortage as well as to fight food insecurity. Humans could eat anything that is digestible and not poisonous. However, they do not do so. Even though all human beings share the need to provide enough energy and nutrients for their metabolic functions, they do not think of the energy or nutrient content of food when they eat. Food is eaten according to certain social and cultural norms and meanings. Food usually is not consumed as grown or found in nature. Through technologies, skills, and knowledge the raw matter is transformed into a meal and eaten in a way according to given socio-cultural norms. People eat a culturally bound meal which satisfies not only their dietary needs but culinary desires. Food habits are a result of the interaction between different natural and cultural factors and the ability of the individual to interact with both these spheres. Therefore, this research analyses the complexity of food habits, their dynamics, and how the food cul- ture of a society interacts with the natural and socio-cultural environment. According to this, a cultural ecological concept of food culture - the cycle of meal - is introduced. It focuses on the interdepend- ence and interactions of food habits within the natural and cultural environment. Moreover, the con- cept emphasises the importance of meal preparation as essential procedure of transforming natural raw matters into culturally bound products and as fundamental element to reach not only food but meal security. This study bases on research conducted in the town El Obeid in Central Sudan, which is located in the remote and famine-prone environment of North Kordofan. The case study shows that food shortage can only be understood and fought if food culture is considered as a central element of meal security. Therefore, the research is based on the examination of food habits, their dynamics, and interactions within the socio-cultural context. i Schlagworte: Sudan, Mahlzeitensicherung, Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Gender, Urbanisierung Zusammenfassung Die weltweite Nahrungsmittelproduktion ist so hoch wie nie zuvor. Dennoch kommt nur eine begrenz- te Gruppe von Menschen in den Genuß eines ausreichenden Nahrungsangebots. Dagegen leiden welt- weit zirka 854 Millionen Menschen an Mangelernährung. Das zeigt, daß Hunger nicht allein durch eine ausreichende Nahrungsmittelproduktion zu bekämpfen ist. Ernährung und Ernährungsverhalten kann nicht auf Produktion und Marktversorgung von Nahrung reduziert werden. Um das Problem von Nahrungsunsicherheit zu mindern, ist es ebenso notwendig, ökologische wie auch soziokulturelle Ver- hältnisse zu betrachten. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Fragen ‚was ist Ernährung’ und ‚wieso werden gewisse Nah- rungsmittel auf bestimmte Weise gegessen’. Die Untersuchungen liefern Erkenntnisse, um die Ursa- chen von Nahrungsmittelknappheit und Mangelernährung besser zu verstehen und um Ansätze zu entwickeln, wie Nahrungsunsicherheit erfolgreich überwunden werden kann. Der Mensch könnte alle Produkte essen, die verdaulich und ungiftig sind. Dennoch tut er das nicht. Obwohl alle Menschen das gleiche Grundbedürfnis haben, genügend Energie und Nährstoffe zu sich zu nehmen, um ihre Stoff- wechsel aufrecht zu erhalten, spielt die Aufnahme bei der Ernährung nur eine sekundäre Rolle. Nah- rung wird vielmehr gemäß gegebenen sozialen und kulturellen Normen und Bedeutungen gegessen. Meist werden Nahrungsmittel nicht in dem Zustand genossen, wie sie die Natur hervorgebracht hat. Durch Technologien, Techniken und Wissen wird der Rohstoff in Anbindung an kulturelle Normen zu Speisen bereitet und auf die Art und Weise verzehrt, die der jeweiligen Kultur entspricht. Das Ernäh- rungsverhalten ist somit an Kultur und Gesellschaft gebunden. Menschen befriedigen nicht nur ihre metabolischen Bedürfnisse, sondern vor allem kulturelles und soziales Verlangen. Die Ernährungsge- wohnheiten sind das Ergebnis der Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen naturellen und kulturel- len Faktoren und der Fähigkeit des Individuums in dieser Umgebung zu interagieren. Daher untersucht diese Arbeit die Vielschichtigkeit von Ernährungsgewohnheiten, ihre Dynamik und beschreibt wie die Ernährungskultur einer Gesellschaft mit ihrer naturellen und soziokulturellen Um- welt interagiert. In diesem Zusammenhang wird das kulturökologische Konzept des Mahlzeitenkreises eingeführt, welches die Interdependenzen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen Ernährungsgewohnheiten und den naturellen und kulturellen Gegebenheiten in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung rückt. Ferner hebt es die Bedeutung der Nahrungszubereitung als entscheidender Prozeß bei der Umwandlung natu- raler Rohstoffe in kulturelle Produkte und wesentliches Element zur Erreichung von Ernährungs- und vor allem Mahlzeitensicherung hervor. Diese Arbeit basiert auf Untersuchungen, die in der zentralsudanesischen Stadt El Obeid durchgeführt wurden. El Obeid liegt in dem abgeschiedenen und häufig von Knappheit und Hunger betroffenen Umfeld von Nord Kordofan. Dieses Fallbeispiel zeigt, daß Nahrungsmittelknappheit nur verstanden und bekämpft werden können, wenn die Ernährungskultur als zentrales Element der Mahlzeitensiche- rung begriffen wird. ii Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... i Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures............................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables............................................................................................................................. vii List of Appendixes ..................................................................................................................... vii Units of Measurement ............................................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................x Introduction a Hunger - A Local Challenge in Globalisation..................................................................1 b Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................................4 c Overview of the Study and Methodology ........................................................................6 Part I: Theoretical Concept The Cycle of Meal - A Cultural Ecological Approach 1 Human Ecology................................................................................................................8 1.1 Principles of Human Ecology.................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Conceptual Models of Human Ecology .................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Park’s Human Ecological Pyramid........................................................................................ 10 1.2.2 Duncan’s Ecological Complex - POET ................................................................................. 12 1.2.3 Steiner’s Triangle of Human Ecology ................................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Fischer-Kowalski’s Concept of Social Metabolism .............................................................. 15 2 Cultural Ecology............................................................................................................16 2.1 Principles of Steward’s Cultural Ecology ............................................................................... 16 2.2 The Method of Cultural Ecology............................................................................................. 17 2.3 Teherani-Krönner’s Cultural
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