Geschichte Des Esperanto in Neutral-Moresnet
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Demilitarization and Neutralization – the Case of the Åland Islands
DOI : 10.14746/pp.2017.22.4.15 Tomasz BRAŃKA Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Demilitarization and neutralization – the case of the Åland Islands Abstract: Demilitarization and neutralization are among the specific restrictions that apply to the ex- ercise of territorial sovereignty. Although frequently employed in international practice, no generally accepted definitions are available for either of these concepts. The void has given rise to a host of inter- pretations, which vary particularly widely in the case of demilitarization. The Åland Islands are a classic example of an area that has been both militarized and neutralized. Owing to its strategic location, it has repeatedly become the focal point of political clashes between European powers over the last two centuries. The Islands were seen as a key to pursuing Baltic Sea policies and balancing the strengths of European powers. The conflicts that swept through the region in the 19th century led to the gradual improvement of methods to demilitarize and subsequently neutralize the archipelago. Its status was ultimately settled in 1921 by an international convention and recognized after the end of World War II. The international legal status granted to the archipelago at that time has persisted to this day and continues to serve as a model of effective demilitarization and neutralization. Key words: demilitarization, neutralization, Åland Islands, Baltic Sea region emilitarization and neutralization are among the specific restrictions that apply to Dthe exercise of territorial sovereignty. Although frequently employed in internation- al practice, no generally accepted definitions are available for either of these concepts. The void has given rise to a host of interpretations, which vary particularly widely in the case of demilitarization. -
Conference Booklet
FEST Conference 2019 egio Ma he EuR as-Rh in t ine 24 – 28 July 2019 WELCOME WELCOME TO THE FEST CONFERENCE 2019 In the name of our organization Haus der Märchen und Geschichten we welcome you to the Euregio Maas-Rhine. Three years ago when you decided in Paris to come here we just wanted to present our region – through touring, spending time in three countries just a few miles apart from each other, telling our regional smuggler tales, presenting our mutual trickster/hero figure Till Eulenspiegel/Tijl Ulenspegel, talking in our three languages. Rising awareness of what it is like to live in a border area where politics devided the land and where people are not so sure what nationality one is. Meanwhile we won the EU grant and our perception widened to a new FEST approach with more and different responsibilites and abilities. Still you will be presented with „tricky borders“: Jamming with Jazz musicians, looking into trickster behaviour, reflecting on multisensory storytelling and science and tales, brain- storming about a global trickster figure, working with Mixed Reality, but added are the various strands of the grant, the idea of an ambas- sador, the meeting of the Young Storytellers as well as brainstorming about the future of FEST – still all of it is as tricky as this border area. We hope you will enjoy our meeting and may this conference be challenging, fun loving and inspiring! Regina Sommer, Suna Niemetz, Tom Van Outryve, Meta van Appeven TRICKY BORDERS – EUREGIO MAAS-RHINE – HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL TRICKY BORDERS 3 MOVING BORDERS Before the French Revolution The region is a patchwork of secular and clerical territories. -
1816 -1919: Das ‚Vergessene Land' Von Neutral-Moresnet
1816 -1919: Das ‚Vergessene Land’ von Neutral-Moresnet von Herbert Ruland Streit um Galmei Seit dem frühen Mittelalter wurde im äußersten Westen des Gebiets der damaligen Freien Reichsstadt Aachen Galmei abgebaut ( 1). Galmei ist eine Erzmischung aus Zinkkarbonat und Zinksilikat, das in der regionalen Umgangssprache auch heute noch als ‚Keleme’ bezeichnet wird. Die Vorkommen waren so bedeutsam, dass es unter den Grenznachbarn immer wieder zu Streitereien darüber kam, wer den ‚Altenberg’ (‚vieille montagne’) nun eigentlich ausbeuten dürfe. Nachweislich wurde die Grube ab der 2. Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts auf Rechnung der Freien Reichsstadt betrieben. Das hier geförderte Erz war Grundlage der ertragreichen Tätigkeiten der Aachener Kupferschmiede und Messinghändler. Neben den Aachener Bürgern, hatten damals aber auch die Bewohner der anliegenden Dörfer aus dem Herzogtum Limburg das Recht, sich mit dem begehrten Rohstoff einzudecken. 1439 verweilte Philipp der Gute von Burgund, in Personalunion Landesherr von Limburg, zur Heiligtumsfahrt in Aachen. Auf der Rückreise von seiner frommen Einkehr annektierte Philipp kurzerhand den Gebietsstreifen auf dem der Altenberg lag: tatsächliche oder vermeintliche Einschränkungen der Rechte Limburger Bürger am dortigen Erzabbau waren des Guten Vorwand für diese lukrative Tat. Bis zur endgültigen Besitznahme der hiesigen Region durch die Franzosen 1795, stellte der Kelmiser Galmeiberg den wertvollsten Teil der Limburger Domänenverwaltung dar. Und auch nach dem Ende der französischen Herrschaft war der -
8-KALTERHERBERG Ruitzhof, an Idyllic Piece of Germany in Belgium
8-KALTERHERBERG Ruitzhof, an idyllic piece of Germany in Belgium The hamlet of Ruitzhof lies at the confluence of the Rur and the Schwarzbach. A few houses and a couple of farms form the village on its single, little-travelled street. From “Eifel-Blick” (Eifel view), a panorama on the western edge of the hamlet, you can see across the tops of trees to the “Eifel Cathedral”, Kalterherberg church. Down in the valley, at the hamlet’s frontier to Kalterherberg, the Vennbahn used to steam through. Today, Ruitzhof is an idyllic corner; one feels as if one were on an island, far from the bustling world with its hurry and deadlines. In the case of Ruitzhof, this island sensation is no mere fancy, but derives from a real cartographic peculiarity. The hamlet is one of six remaining German exclaves, this one cut off from its motherland by the ribbon of sovereign Belgian territory that carries the Vennbahn embankment. First an explanation: Enclave or exclave? Whether enclave or exclave depends on your territorial point of view. “Enclaves” are pieces of a state’s territory that are surrounded by the territory of another state, with no obvious access to either their parent state or the high seas. The term “exclave” is the same zone, but seen from the point of view of the parent state from which it is territorially separated by another sovereign authority. According to these definitions, Ruitzhof is simultaneously a German enclave intruded into Belgium (from the Belgian point of view) and an exclave of Germany surrounded by Belgium (from the German point of view). -
{Download PDF} Netherland Ebook, Epub
NETHERLAND PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Joseph O'Neill | 300 pages | 04 Mar 2009 | HarperCollins Publishers | 9780007275700 | English | London, United Kingdom Netherland PDF Book Cancel GO. EU Science Hub. Columbia University Press. With Indonesia's independence, a federal constitution was considered too heavy as the economies of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were insignificant compared to that of the Netherlands. III, Harper Bros. Iron ore brought a measure of prosperity, and was available throughout the country, including bog iron. It is the northern city that enjoys life to the fullest. The country remained neutral during World War I. The region called the Low Countries comprising Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg and the Country of the Netherlands, have the same toponymy. Most of present-day Netherlands became part of Middle Francia , which was a weak kingdom and subject of numerous partitions and annexation attempts by its stronger neighbours. Zeeland and South Holland produce a lot of butter, which contains a larger amount of milkfat than most other European butter varieties. The circuit was purpose-built for the Dutch TT in , with previous events having been held on public roads. The Dutch East India Company was established in , and by the end of the 17th century, Holland was one of the great sea and colonial powers of Europe. Art museums Vermeer Centre Delft Add to itinerary. It is relatively safe to travel by rail from city to city, compared to some other European countries. Other activities include sailing, fishing, cycling, and bird watching. Consulate General Amsterdam. The Netherlands has multiple music traditions. You'll see -- or smell -- Amsterdam's infamous "coffee shops" where marijuana is legally sold and consumed. -
In Zuid-Limburg
Willkommen in Zuid-Limburg Die Region Aktivitäten Familie und Kinder Wellness und Gesundheit Entschleunigung und Spiritualität Kultur und Events Unterkünfte und Gastronomie Highlights und Service Zuid-Limburg – Genieße Dein Leben! Willkommen in Zuid-Limburg, der südlichsten Region der Niederlande! Sanfte kleinem Raum. Zuid-Limburg ist der südlichste Hügel, saftige Wiesen und malerische Dörfer. So Teil der Provinz Limburg, zu der außerdem die empfängt Sie Zuid-Limburg frei nach dem Motto: Regionen Noord-Limburg und Midden-Limburg Entspann Dich und genieße Dein Leben! zählen. Die Region erstreckt sich über eine Fläche von cirka 661 km2, ungefähr vergleichbar mit der Große Vielfalt auf kleinem Raum Fläche von Köln und Düsseldorf zusammen. Von Aachen nur einen Steinwurf entfernt, von Vom östlichsten Punkt, der Stadt Heerlen, bis Köln und Düsseldorf in etwa einer Stunde zu zum westlichsten Punkt, der Stadt Maastricht, erreichen, grenzt Zuid-Limburg im Osten an sind es gerade mal etwa 24 Kilometer! Den Nor- Deutschland, im Süden und Westen an Belgien. den und Süden der Region trennen ungefähr Als Mittelpunkt dieses Dreiländerecks „Nieder- 40 Kilometer. Zuid-Limburg ist eine Urlaubsre- lande – Deutschland – Belgien“ besticht Zuid- gion, die das Prädikat „klein aber fein“ wahrlich Limburg durch seine „grenzenlose“ Vielfalt auf verdient. 2 3 Die Region 6 Aktivitäten 16 Familie und Kinder 22 Wellness und Gesundheit 26 Entschleunigung und Spiritualität 30 Kultur und Events 32 Unterkünfte und Gastronomie 38 Highlights 44 Service 50 ankommen, runterkommen, Adressenliste 54 genießen Auf kleinem Raum überzeugt die Region Zuid- Kurzurlaub in Zuid-Limburg. Wir freuen uns nach Valkenburg. Tun Sie Ihrem Körper etwas Gutes und ent- Limburg mit einer großen Auswahl attraktiver schon auf Sie! spannen Sie sich im 32 Grad warmen Thermalwasser in den Angebote für Sie und Ihre Begleiter. -
Religious Encounters in the Borderlands of Early Modern Europe: the Case of Vaals
Chapter 11 Religious Encounters in the Borderlands of Early Modern Europe: The Case of Vaals 1 Introduction In the Dutch province of Limburg, at the far southeastern corner of the Neth- erlands, lies a village named Vaals. Without a train station and almost an hour’s bus ride from Maastricht, it is as remote from the centers of Dutch popula- tion and power as can be, within the confines of the country. Few foreigners have heard of it. Yet Vaals is famous among the Dutch, most of whom, it is no exaggeration to say, have visited it, typically on a school trip or family holiday. What brings them to Vaals is the so-called Drielandenpunt, or “three countries point,” that rises on the edge of the village. At an elevation of 322.5 meters, the Drielandenpunt has the distinction of being the highest point in the Nether- lands. It is also the point where the borders of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany meet – hence its name. From 1839 to 1919, it was even, uniquely, a four countries point, since there existed then a tiny sliver of an artificial coun- try named Moresnet whose border met there as well. Promoted as a tourist destination since the 1920s, the Drielandenpunt attracts more than a million visitors per year.1 Feeding and lodging them is the business of the many hotels and restaurants at the bottom of the hill in the commercial center of Vaals, which nestles in a curve of the Dutch-German border. Vaals owes much of its identity to its location at the intersection of three states. -
Soil Erosion and the Adaptive Cycle Metaphor
Soil erosion and the adaptive cycle metaphor Luuk Dorren and Anton Imeson IBED - Physical Geography, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [email protected] / [email protected] 1 Introduction The landscapes we live in and the changes they undergo play an important part in the qualities of our lives as development of infrastructure and industry, housing and exploitation of the earth's resources are still prerequisites for growth in the current western economies. But landscapes also provide additional natural goods and services of value to us, such as recreation, water and climate regulation, food production, tourism and nature conservation. These goods and services, or so-called functions of nature (de Groot, 1992), can be provided because of the existence of soil, which is a medium between the solid earth and the sphere we live our daily life in. The medium soil is constantly subject to change, of which the causes are dependent on the geographical position of the soil. Examples of causes are activity of microorganisms and animals that live in the soil, weathering of bedrock, which increases the thickness of the soil, input of organic material by farmers or dead plant material. Another example is soil erosion. Soil erosion is identified by the European Commission as one of the major threats to soils in Europe (CEC, 2002). At the time of writing, the European Union is engaged in the process of developing a policy for soil protection and erosion will be one of the focal points in it. During the previous decades much research has been done on soil erosion in different parts in Europe. -
The Geology of the Belvédère Pit and Its Wider Geographical Setting
The geology of the Belvédère pit and its wider geographical setting 2.1 Introduction The aim of this chapter is to give a short description of the Middie and Late Pleistocene deposits at Maastricht-Belvé- dère in order to provide the reader with a general geological framework, certain aspects of which will be discussed in greater detail in the rest of this volume. Before we concen- trate our attention on the Belvédère-pit, a description will be given of the general geological setting of the Ouaternary deposits at Belvédère in a summary of the geology of the region, i.e. the southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg (2.2). The paragraphs following this regional setting discuss the lithology and lithostratigraphy of the recorded sections in the pit (2.3.2), the palaeosols present (2.3.3), and the palaeoenvironment during the formation of the deposits (2.3.4). Finally, the relative and absolute dat- ing evidence of the different units is presented in section 2.3.5, while section 2.3.6 gives a first synthesis of the Mid die Pleistocene sequence at Belvédère. 2.2 The wider geological setting South Limburg is situated in the transitional fault-block area between the Dutch Central Graben and the Ardennes highlands, as shown in figure 7. The continuation of the Central Graben into Germany is called the Rurtal Graben (fig. 7). In general terms, the Ardennes Massif may be seen as an erosional area, while the Central Graben is a deposi- tional environment. In South Limburg there are a large number of southeast/northwest orientated faults, of which the northernmost Feldbiss fault is the most pronounced. -
Broschüre DG EN Neu 2016 DRUCK
THE GERMAN-SPEAKING COMMUNITY AND ITS PARLIAMENT IMPRESSUM Legally liable publisher: Stephan Thomas, Secretary general Concept and text: Information Department of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community Design: Freddy Betsch Photos: Harald Lamberty Stephan Offermann Fotalia Printing: Parliament of the German-speaking Community © Parliament of the German-speaking Community, 2016 Platz des Parlaments 1 B-4700 EUPEN Tel.: +32 (0)87/31 84 00 Fax: +32 (0)87/31 84 01 [email protected] www.pdg.be 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Parliament of the German-speaking Community ...................................................... 4 The German-speaking Community ............................................................................................ 7 Key historical dates ........................................................................................................................... 10 Institutional development milestones ..................................................................................... 13 The German-speaking Community within the Belgian State structure .................. 19 The Parliament of the German-speaking Community - a legislative institution ................................................................................................................... 25 How does a decree come into being? ..................................................................................... 29 Competences .................................................................................................................................... -
The World Factbook Europe :: Netherlands Introduction :: Netherlands Background: the Dutch United Provinces Declared Their Indep
The World Factbook Europe :: Netherlands Introduction :: Netherlands Background: The Dutch United Provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1579; during the 17th century, they became a leading seafaring and commercial power, with settlements and colonies around the world. After a 20-year French occupation, a Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, but suffered invasion and occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. The country was a founding member of NATO and the EEC (now the EU) and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999. In October 2010, the former Netherlands Antilles was dissolved and the three smallest islands - Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba - became special municipalities in the Netherlands administrative structure. The larger islands of Sint Maarten and Curacao joined the Netherlands and Aruba as constituent countries forming the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Geography :: Netherlands Location: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany Geographic coordinates: 52 30 N, 5 45 E Map references: Europe Area: total: 41,543 sq km country comparison to the world: 135 land: 33,893 sq km water: 7,650 sq km Area - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey Land boundaries: total: 1,027 km border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km Coastline: 451 km Maritime claims: -
Europe Disclaimer
World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019 Europe Disclaimer Copyright © 2019 by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Center on Small Hydro Power. The World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019 is jointly produced by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide development information about small hydropower. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in signed articles are the responsibility of the authors and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO or ICSHP. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information herein, neither UNIDO, its Member States nor ICSHP assume any responsibility for consequences that may arise from the use of the material. This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as ‘developed’, ‘industrialized’ and ‘developing’ are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. This document may be freely quoted or reprinted but acknowledgement is requested.